GS-4024 - Network switch ZYXEL - Free user manual and instructions

USER MANUAL GS-4024 ZYXEL

Copyright © 2005 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation.

The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation.

Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved.

Disclaimer

ZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or software described herein. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right to make changes in any products described herein without notice. This publication is subject to change without notice.

Interference Statements andWarnings

FCC Statement

This switch complies with Part 15 of the FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:

1 This switch may not cause harmful interference.
2 This switch must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operations.

FCC Warning

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital switch, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.

CE Mark Warning:

This is a class A product. In a domestic environment this product may cause radio interference in which case the user may be required to take adequate measures.

Taiwanese BSMI (Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection) A Warning:

警告使用者

Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.

This Class A digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.

2 Select your product from the drop-down list box on the ZyXEL home page to go to that product's page.
3 Select the certification you wish to view from this page.

Registration

Register your product online for free future product updates and information at www.zyxel.com for global products, or at www.us.zyxel.com for North American products.

SafetyWarnings

For your safety, be sure to read and follow all warning notices and instructions.

• To reduce the risk of fire, use only No. 26 AWG (American Wire Gauge) or larger telecommunication line cord.
• Do NOT open the device or unit. Opening or removing covers can expose you to dangerous high voltage points or other risks. ONLY qualified service personnel can service the device. Please contact your vendor for further information.
• Use ONLY the dedicated power supply for your device. Connect the power cord or power adaptor to the right supply voltage (110V AC in North America or 230V AC in Europe).
• Do NOT use the device if the power supply is damaged as it might cause electrocution.
• If the power supply is damaged, remove it from the power outlet.
• Do NOT attempt to repair the power supply. Contact your local vendor to order a new power supply.
• Place connecting cables carefully so that no one will step on them or stumble over them. Do NOT allow anything to rest on the power cord and do NOT locate the product where anyone can walk on the power cord.
• If you wall mount your device, make sure that no electrical, gas or water pipes will be damaged.
• Do NOT install nor use your device during a thunderstorm. There may be a remote risk of electric shock from lightning.
• Do NOT expose your device to dampness, dust or corrosive liquids.
• Do NOT use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming pool.
• Make sure to connect the cables to the correct ports.
• Do NOT obstruct the device ventilation slots, as insufficient airflow may harm your device
• Do NOT store things on the device.
• Connect ONLY suitable accessories to the device.

ZyXEL Limited Warranty

ZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in materials or workmanship for a period of up to two years from the date of purchase. During the warranty period, and upon proof of purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship and/or materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective products or components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it shall deem necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating condition. Any replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally equivalent product of equal value, and will be solely at the discretion of ZyXEL. This warranty shall not apply if the product is modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected to abnormal working conditions.

Note

Repair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser. This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for indirect or consequential damages of any kind of character to the purchaser.

To obtain the services of this warranty, contact ZyXEL's Service Center for your Return Material Authorization number (RMA). Products must be returned Postage Prepaid. It is recommended that the unit be insured when shipped. Any returned products without proof of purchase or those with an out-dated warranty will be repaired or replaced (at the discretion of ZyXEL) and the customer will be billed for parts and labor. All repaired or replaced products will be shipped by ZyXEL to the corresponding return address, Postage Paid. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights that vary from country to country.

Customer Support

Please have the following information ready when you contact customer support.

Product model and serial number.
Warranty Information.
- Date that you received your device.
- Brief description of the problem and the steps you took to solve it.

METHOD LOCATION	SUPPORT E-MAIL	TELEPHONE*	WEB SITE	REGULAR MAIL
	SALES E-MAIL	FAX	FTP SITE
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS (WORLDWIDE)	[e-mail]	[phone]	www.zyxel.com www.europe.zyxel.com	ZyXEL Communications Corp. 6 Innovation Road II Science Park Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
	[e-mail]	[phone]	ftp.zyxel.com ftp.europe.zyxel.com
CZECH REPUBLIC	[e-mail]	[phone]	www.zyxel.cz	ZyXEL Communications Czech s.r.o. Modranská 621 143 01 Praha 4 - Modraney Ceská Republika
	[e-mail]	[phone]
DENMARK	[e-mail]	[phone]	www.zyxel.dk	ZyXEL CommunicationsA/S Columbusvej 5 2860 Soeborg Denmark
	[e-mail]	[phone]
FINLAND	[e-mail]	[phone]	www.zyxel.fi	ZyXEL Communications Oy Malminkaari 10 00700 Helsinki Finland
	[e-mail]	[phone]
FRANCE	[e-mail]	[phone]	www.zyxel.fr	ZyXEL France 1 rue des Vergers Bat. 1/C 69760 Limonest France
		[phone]
GERMANY	[e-mail]	[phone]	www.zyxel.de	ZyXEL Deutschland GmbH. Adenauerstr. 20/A2 D-52146 Wuerselen Germany
	[e-mail]	[phone]
NORTH AMERICA	[e-mail]	[phone]	www.us.zyxel.com	ZyXEL Communications Inc. 1130 N. Miller St. Anaheim CA 92806-2001 U.S.A.
		[phone]
	[e-mail]	[phone]	ftp.us.zyxel.com
NORWAY	[e-mail]	[phone]	www.zyxel.no	ZyXEL CommunicationsA/S Nils Hansens vei 13 0667 Oslo Norway
	[e-mail]	[phone]
SPAIN	[e-mail]	[phone]	www.zyxel.es	ZyXEL Communications Alejandro Villegas 33 1°,28043Madrid Spain
	[e-mail]	[phone]
SWEDEN	[e-mail]	[phone]	www.zyxel.se	ZyXEL Communications A/S Sjöporten 4, 41764 Göteborg Sweden
	[e-mail]	[phone]
UNITED KINGDOM	[e-mail]	[phone]	www.zyxel.co.uk	ZyxEL Communications UK Ltd.,11 The Courtyard, Eastern Road, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG12 2XB, United Kingdom (UK)
	[e-mail]	[phone] 0906 7370001(UK only)	ftp.zyxel.co.uk

• “+” is the (prefix) number you enter to make an international telephone call.

Table of Contents

Copyright 1

Interference Statements andWarnings 2

ZyXEL Limited Warranty 4

Customer Support 5

Table of Contents 7

List of Figures 19

List of Tables 25

Preface 29

Chapter 1
Getting to Know Your Switch 31

1.1 Introduction 31
1.2 Software Features 31
1.3 Hardware Features 34
1.4 Applications 35

1.4.1 Backbone Application 35
1.4.2 Bridging Example 35
1.4.3 High Performance Switching Example 36
1.4.4 IEEE 802.1Q VLAN Application Examples 36
1.4.4.1 Tag-based VLAN Example 37
1.4.4.2 VLAN Shared Server Example 37

Chapter 2 Hardware Installation and Connection 39

2.1 Freestanding Installation 39
2.2 Mounting the Switch on a Rack 40

2.2.1 Rack-mounted Installation Requirements 40
2.2.1.1 Precautions 40

2.2.2 Attaching the Mounting Brackets to the Switch 40
2.2.3 Mounting the Switch on a Rack 40

Chapter 3 Hardware Overview 43

3.1 Front Panel Connection 43

3.1.1 Console Port 43
3.1.2 Gigabit Ethernet Ports 44
3.1.2.1 Default Ethernet Settings 44
3.1.3 Mini-GBIC Slots 44
3.1.3.1 Transceiver Installation 44
3.1.3.2 Transceiver Removal 45

3.2 Rear Panel 46

3.2.1 Power Connector 46
3.2.2 External Backup Power Supply Connector 47

3.3 Front Panel LEDs 47
3.4 Accessing the Switch 48

Chapter 4

The Web Configurator 49

4.1 Introduction 49
4.2 System Login 49
4.3 The Status Screen 50

4.3.1 Change Your Password 54

4.4 Switch Lockout 54
4.5 Resetting the Switch 55

4.5.1 Reload the Configuration File 55

4.6 Logging Out of the Web Configurator 56
4.7 Help 56

Chapter 5

Initial Setup Example 57

5.1 Overview 57

5.1.1 Configuring an IP Interface 57
5.1.2 Configuring DHCP Server Settings 58
5.1.3 Creating a VLAN 59
5.1.4 Setting Port VID 60
5.1.5 Enabling RIP 61

Chapter 6

System Status and Port Statistics 63

6.1 Overview 63
6.2 Port Status Summary 63
6.2.1 Port Details 64

Chapter 7

Basic Setting 69

7.1 Overview 69
7.2 System Information 69

7.3 General Setup 71
7.4 Introduction to VLANs 73
7.5IGMP Snooping 74
7.6 Switch Setup Screen 74
7.7 IP Setup 76

7.7.1 IP Interfaces 76

7.8 Port Setup 78

Chapter 8 VLAN 81

8.1 Introduction to IEEE 802.1Q Tagged VLAN 81

8.1.1 Forwarding Tagged and Untagged Frames 81

8.2 Automatic VLAN Registration 82

8.2.1 GARP 82
8.2.1.1 GARP Timers 82
8.2.2 GVRP 82

8.3 Port VLAN Trunking 83

8.4 Selecting the VLAN Type 83
8.5 Static VLAN 84

8.5.1 Static VLAN Status 84
8.5.2 Configure a Static VLAN 85
8.5.3 Configure VLAN Port Settings 86

8.6 Port-based VLANs 88

8.6.1 Configure a Port-based VLAN 88

Chapter 9 Static MAC Forward Setup. 93

9.1 Overview 93
9.2 Configuring Static MAC Forwarding 93

Chapter 10 Filtering 95

10.1 Overview 95
10.2 Configure a Filtering Rule 95

Chapter 11 Spanning Tree Protocol. 97

11.1 Overview 97

11.1.1 STP Terminology 97
11.1.2 How STP Works 98
11.1.3 STP Port States 98

11.2 STP Status 98

11.2.1 Configure STP 100

Chapter 12

Bandwidth Control 103

12.1 Configuring 103

Chapter 13

Broadcast Storm Control 105

13.1 Overview 105
13.2 Broadcast Storm Control Setup 105

Chapter 14

Mirroring 107

14.1 Overview 107
14.2 Port Mirroring Configuration 107

Chapter 15

Link Aggregation 109

15.1 Overview 109

15.1.1 Dynamic Link Aggregation 109
15.1.2 Link Aggregation ID 110

15.2 Link Aggregation Status 110
15.3 Link Aggregation Setup 111

Chapter 16

Port Authentication 115

16.1 Overview 115
16.1.1 RADIUS 115

16.2 Configure Port Authentication 115

16.2.1 Activate IEEE 802.1x Security 116
16.2.2 Configuring RADIUS Server Settings 117

Chapter 17

Port Security 119

17.1 Overview 119
2 Port Security Setup 119

Chapter 18

Classifier 121

18.1 Overview 121
18.2 Configuring the Classifier 121
18.3 Viewing and Editing Classifier Configuration 124
18.4 Classifier Example 125

Chapter 19

Policy Rule 127

19.1 Overview 127

19.1.1 DiffServ 127
19.1.2 DSCP and Per-Hop Behavior 127

19.2 Configuring Policy Rules 127

19.3 Viewing and Editing Policy Configuration 130
19.4 Policy Example 131

Chapter 20

Queuing Method 133

20.1 Overview 133

20.1.1 Strict Priority Queuing (SPQ) 133
20.1.2 Weighted Round Robin Scheduling (WRR) 134

20.2 Configuring Queuing 134

Chapter 21

VLAN Stacking 137

21.1 Introduction 137
21.1.1 VLAN Stacking Example 137

21.2 VLAN Stacking Port Roles 138
21.3 VLAN Tag Format 138
21.3.1 Frame Format 139
21.4 Configuring VLAN Stacking 140

Chapter 22

Static Route 143

22.1 Configuring 143

Chapter 23

RIP 145

23.1 Overview 145
23.2 Configuring 145

Chapter 24

OSPF 147

24.1 Overview 147

24.1.1 OSPF Autonomous Systems and Areas 147
24.1.2 How OSPF Works 148
24.1.3 Interfaces and Virtual Links 148
24.1.4 Configuring OSPF 148

24.2 OSPF Status 149
24.3 Enabling OSPF and General Settings 150

24.4 Configuring OSPF Areas 152
24.4.1 Viewing OSPF Area Information Table 153
24.5 Configuring OSPF Interfaces 154
24.6 OSPF Virtual Links 155

Chapter 25

IGMP 157

25.1 Overview 157
25.2 Configuring 157

Chapter 26

DVMRP 159

26.1 Overview 159
26.2 How DVMRP Works 159

26.2.1 DVMRP Terminology 160

26.3 Configuring DVMRP 160
26.3.1 DVMRP Configuration Error Messages 161
26.4 Default DVMRP Timer Values 162

Chapter 27

IP Multicast 163

27.1 Overview 163
27.2 Configuring 163

Chapter 28

Differentiated Services 165

28.1 Overview 165

28.1.1 DSCP and Per-Hop Behavior 165
28.1.2 DiffServ Network Example 165

28.2 Activating DiffServ 166
28.3 DSCP-to-IEEE802.1p Priority Mapping 167
28.3.1 Configuring DSCP Settings 167

Chapter 29

DHCP 169

29.1 Overview 169

29.1.1 DHCP modes 169
29.1.2 DHCP Relay Agent Information 169

29.2 DHCP Server Status 170
29.3 Configuring DHCP Server 170
29.3.1 DHCP Server Configuration Example 172

29.4 Configuring DHCP Relay 172

29.4.1 DHCP Relay Configuration Example 173

Chapter 30

VRRP 175

30.1 Overview 175
30.2 Viewing VRRP Status 176
30.3 Configuring VRRP 177

30.3.1 IP Interface Setup 177
30.3.2 VRRP Parameters 178

30.3.2.1 Advertisement Interval 178
30.3.2.2 Priority 178
30.3.2.3 Preempt Mode 178

30.3.3 Configuring VRRP Parameters 179

30.4 VRRP Configuration Summary 180
30.5 VRRP Configuration Examples 180

30.5.1 One Subnet Network Example 180
30.5.2 Two Subnets Example 182

Chapter 31

Maintenance 185

31.1 The Maintenance Screen 185
31.2 Firmware Upgrade 185
31.3Restore a Configuration File 186
31.4 Backing Up a Configuration File 186
31.5 Load Factory Defaults 187
31.6Reboot System 187
31.7 FTP Command Line 188

31.7.1 Filename Conventions 188
31.7.1.1 Example FTP Commands 188
31.7.2 FTP Command Line Procedure 189
31.7.3 GUI-based FTP Clients 189
31.7.4 FTP over WAN Restrictions 190

Chapter 32

Access Control 191

32.1 Overview 191
32.2 The Access Control Main Screen 191
32.3 About SNMP 192

32.3.1 Supported MIBs 193
32.3.2 SNMP Traps 193
32.3.3 Configuring SNMP 194
32.3.4 Setting Up Login Accounts 194

32.4 SSH Overview 195
32.5 How SSH works 196
32.6 SSH Implementation on the Switch 197

32.6.1 Requirements for Using SSH 197
32.7 Introduction to HTTPS 197
32.8 HTTPS Example 198
32.8.1 Internet Explorer Warning Messages 198
32.8.2 Netscape Navigator Warning Messages 199
32.8.3 The Main Screen 200
32.9 Service Port Access Control 202
32.10 Remote Management 202

Chapter 33

Diagnostic 205

33.1 Diagnostic 205

Chapter 34

Cluster Management 207

34.1 Overview 207
34.2 Cluster Management Status 208

34.2.1 Cluster Member Switch Management 209
34.2.1.1 Uploading Firmware to a Cluster Member Switch 209
34.3 Configuring Cluster Management 210

Chapter 35

MAC Table 213

35.1 Overview 213
35.2 Viewing the MAC Table 214

Chapter 36

IP Table 215

36.1 Overview 215
36.2 Viewing the IP Table 216

Chapter 37

ARP Table 217

37.1 Overview 217
37.1.1 How ARP Works 217
37.2 Viewing the ARP Table 217

Chapter 38

Routing Table 219

38.1 Overview 219
38.2 Viewing the Routing Table 219

Chapter 39

Introducing the Commands 221

39.1 Overview 221
39.1.1 Switch Configuration File 221
39.2 Accessing the CLI 221
39.2.1 Access Priority 222
39.2.2 The Console Port 222
39.2.2.1 Initial Screen 222
39.2.3 Telnet 222
39.3 The Login Screen 223
39.4 Command Syntax Conventions 223
39.5 Getting Help 224
39.5.1 List of Available Commands 224
39.5.2 Detailed Command Information 225
39.6 Command Modes 225
39.7 Using Command History 226
39.8 Saving Your Configuration 226
39.8.1 Logging Out 227
39.9 Command Summary 227
39.9.1User Mode 227
39.9.2 Enable Mode 228
39.9.3 General Configuration Mode 232
39.9.4 interface port-channel Commands 243
39.9.5 interface route-domain Commands 246
39.9.6 config-vlan Commands 247

Chapter 40

Command Examples 249

40.1 Overview 249
40.2 show Commands 249

40.2.1 show system-information 249
40.2.2 show hardware-monitor 250
40.2.3 show ip 250
40.2.4 show logging 251
40.2.5 show interface 251
40.2.6 show mac address-table 252

40.3 ping 253
40.4 traceroute 254
40.5 Enabling RSTP 254
40.6 Configuration File Maintenance 255

40.6.1 Backing up Configuration 255
40.6.2 Restoring Configuration 255
40.6.3 Using a Different Configuration File 256

40.6.4 Resetting to the Factory Default 256

40.7 no Command Examples 257

40.7.1 no mirror-port 257
40.7.2 no https timeout 257
40.7.3 no trunk 258
40.7.4 no port-access Authenticator 258
40.7.5 no ssh 259

40.8 interface Commands 259

40.8.1 interface port-channel 260
40.8.2 interface route-domain 260
40.8.3 bpdu-control 261
40.8.4 broadcast-limit 261
40.8.5 bandwidth-limit 262
40.8.6 mirror 263
40.8.7 gvrp 263
40.8.8 ingress-check 264
40.8.9 frame-type 264
40.8.10 spq 265
40.8.11 wrr 265
40.8.12 egress set 266
40.8.13 qos priority 266
40.8.14 name 267
40.8.15 speed-duplex 267

Chapter 41

IEEE 802.1Q Tagged VLAN Commands 269

41.1 IEEE 802.1Q Tagged VLAN Overview 269
41.2 VLAN Databases 269

41.2.1 Static Entries (SVLAN Table) 269
41.2.2 Dynamic Entries (DVLAN Table) 270

41.3 Configuring Tagged VLAN 270
41.4 Global VLAN1Q Tagged VLAN Configuration Commands 271

41.4.1 GARP Status 271
41.4.2 GARP Timer 271
41.4.3 GVRP Timer 272
41.4.4 Enable GVRP 272
41.4.5 Disable GVRP 273

41.5 Port VLAN Commands 273

41.5.1 Set Port VID 273
41.5.2 Set Acceptable Frame Type 273
41.5.3 Enable or Disable Port GVRP 274
41.5.4 Modify Static VLAN 274
41.5.4.1 Modify a Static VLAN Table Example 275

41.5.4.2 Forwarding Process Example 275

41.5.5 Delete VLAN ID 275

41.6 Enable VLAN 276
41.7 Disable VLAN 276
41.8 Show VLAN Setting 276

Chapter 42

Troubleshooting 279

42.1 Problems Starting Up the Switch 279
42.2 Problems Accessing the Switch 279

42.2.1 Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions 280

42.2.1.1 Internet Explorer Pop-up Blockers 280
42.2.1.2 JavaScripts 283
42.2.1.3 Java Permissions 285

42.3 Problems with the Password 287

Appendix A

Product Specifications 289

Appendix B

IP Subsetting 293

Index 301

List of Figures

Figure 1 Backbone Application 35

Figure 2 Bridging Application 36

Figure 3 High Performance Switched Workgroup Application 36

Figure 4 VLAN Application 37

Figure 5 Shared Server Using VLAN Example 37

Figure 6 Attaching Rubber Feet 39

Figure 7 Attaching the Mounting Brackets 40

Figure 8 Mounting the Switch on a Rack 41

Figure 9 Front Panel 43

Figure 10 Transceiver Installation Example 45

Figure 11 Installed Transceiver 45

Figure 12 Opening the Transceiver's Latch Example 46

Figure 13 Transceiver Removal Example 46

Figure 14 Rear Panel 46

Figure 15 Web Configurator: Login 49

Figure 16 Web Configurator Home Screen (Status) 50

Figure 17 Change Administrator Login Password 54

Figure 18 Resetting the Switch: Via the Console Port 56

Figure 19 Web Configurator:Logout Screen 56

Figure 20 Initial Setup Network Example: IP Interface 57

Figure 21 Initial Setup Network Example: VLAN 59

Figure 22 Initial Setup Network Example: Port VID 60

Figure 23 Status 63

Figure 24 Status: Port Details 65

Figure 25 System Info 70

Figure 26 General Setup 72

Figure 27 Switch Setup 74

Figure 28 IP Setup 77

Figure 29 Port Setup 78

Figure 30 Port VLAN Trunking 83

Figure 31 Switch Setup: Select VLAN Type 83

Figure 32 VLAN: VLAN Status 84

Figure 33 VLAN: Static VLAN 85

Figure 34 VLAN: VLAN Port Setting 87

Figure 35 Port Based VLAN Setup (All Connected) 89

Figure 36 Port Based VLAN Setup (Port Isolation) 90

Figure 37 Static MAC Forwarding 93

Figure 38 Filtering 95

Figure 39 Spanning Tree Protocol: Status 99

Figure 40 Spanning Tree Protocol: Configuration 100

Figure 41 Bandwidth Control 103

Figure 42 Broadcast Storm Control 105

Figure 43 Mirroring 107

Figure 44 Link Aggregation Control Protocol Status 110

Figure 45 Link Aggregation Control Protocol: Configuration 112

Figure 46 RADIUS Server 115

Figure 47 Port Authentication 116

Figure 48 Port Authentication: 802.1x 116

Figure 49 Port Authentication: RADIUS 117

Figure 50 Port Security 119

Figure 51 Classifier 122

Figure 52 Classifier: Summary Table 124

Figure 53 Classifier: Example 126

Figure 54 Policy 128

Figure 55 Policy: Summary Table 130

Figure 56 Policy Example 132

Figure 57 Queuing Method 134

Figure 58 VLAN Stacking Example 138

Figure 59 VLAN Stacking 140

Figure 60 Static Routing 143

Figure 61 RIP 146

Figure 62 OSPF Network Example 148

Figure 63 OSPF Status 149

Figure 64 OSPF Configuration: Activating and General Settings 151

Figure 65 OSPF Configuration: Area Setup 152

Figure 66 OSPF Configuration: Summary Table 153

Figure 67 OSPF Interface 154

Figure 68 OSPF Virtual Link 155

Figure 69 IGMP 157

Figure 70 How DVMRP Works 160

Figure 71 DVMRP 160

Figure 72 DVMRP: IGMP/RIP Not Set Error 161

Figure 73 DVMRP: Unable to Disable IGMP Error 161

Figure 74 DVMRP: Duplicate VID Error Message 162

Figure 75 IP Multicast 163

Figure 76 DiffServ: Differentiated Service Field 165

Figure 77 DiffServ Network Example 166

Figure 78 DiffServ 166

Figure 79 DiffServ: DSCP Setting 167

Figure 80 DHCP: DHCP Server Status 170

Figure 81 DHCP: Server 171

Figure 82 DHCP Server Network Example 172

Figure 83 DHCP Server Configuration Example 172

Figure 84 DHCP: Relay 173

Figure 85 DHCP Relay Network Example 174

Figure 86 DHCP Relay Configuration Example 174

Figure 87 VRRP: Example 1 175

Figure 88 VRRP Status 176

Figure 89 VRRP Configuration: IP Interface 177

Figure 90 VRRP Configuration: VRRP Parameters 179

Figure 91 VRRP Configuration: Summary 180

Figure 92 VRRP Configuration Example: One Virtual Router Network 181

Figure 93 VRRP Example 1: VRRP Parameter Settings on Switch A 181

Figure 94 VRRP Example 1: VRRP Parameter Settings on Switch B 181

Figure 95 VRRP Example 1: VRRP Status on Switch A 182

Figure 96 VRRP Example 1: VRRP Status on Switch B 182

Figure 97 VRRP Configuration Example: Two Virtual Router Network 182

Figure 98 VRRP Example 2: VRRP Parameter Settings for VR2 on Switch A ....183

Figure 99 VRRP Example 2: VRRP Parameter Settings for VR2 on Switch B ....183

Figure 100 VRRP Example 2: VRRP Status on Switch A 183

Figure 101 VRRP Example 2: VRRP Status on Switch B 183

Figure 102 Maintenance 185

Figure 103 Firmware Upgrade 185

Figure 104 Restore Configuration 186

Figure 105 Backup Configuration 186

Figure 106 Load Factory Default: Conformation 187

Figure 107 Load Factory Default: Start 187

Figure 108 Reboot System: Confirmation 187

Figure 109 Reboot System: Start 188

Figure 110 Console Port Priority 191

Figure 111 Access Control 192

Figure 112 SNMP Management Model 192

Figure 113 Access Control: SNMP 194

Figure 114 Access Control: Logins 195

Figure 115 SSH Communication Example 196

Figure 116 How SSH Works 196

Figure 117 HTTPS Implementation 198

Figure 118 Security Alert Dialog Box (Internet Explorer) 199

Figure 119 Security Certificate 1 (Netscape) 199

Figure 120 Security Certificate 2 (Netscape) 200

Figure 121 Login Screen (Internet Explorer) 201

Figure 122 Login Screen (Netscape) 201

Figure 123 Access Control: Service Access Control 202

Figure 124 Access Control: Remote Management 203

Figure 125 Diagnostic 205

Figure 126 Clustering Application Example 207

Figure 127 Cluster Management: Status 208

Figure 128 Cluster Management: Cluster Member Web Configurator Screen .......209

Figure 129 Example: Uploading Firmware to a Cluster Member Switch 210

Figure 130 Clustering Management Configuration 211

Figure 131 MAC Table Flowchart 213

Figure 132 MAC Table 214

Figure 133 IP Table Flowchart 215

Figure 134 IP Table 216

Figure 135 ARP Table 218

Figure 136 Routing Table Status 219

Figure 137 Initial Console Port Screen 222

Figure 138 CLI: Login Screen 223

Figure 139 CLI Help: List of Commands: Example 1 224

Figure 140 CLI Help: List of Commands: Example 2 225

Figure 141 CLI Help: Detailed Command Information: Example 1 225

Figure 142 CLI: Help: Detailed Command Information: Example 2 225

Figure 143 CLI: History Command Example 226

Figure 144 CLI: write memory 226

Figure 145 show system-information Command Example 249

Figure 146 show hardware-monitor Command Example 250

Figure 147 show ip Command Example 251

Figure 148 show logging Command Example 251

Figure 149 show interface Command Example 252

Figure 150 show mac address-table Command Example 253

Figure 151 ping Command Example 253

Figure 152 traceroute Command Example 254

Figure 153 Enable RSTP Command Example 255

Figure 154 CLI: Backup Configuration Example 255

Figure 155 CLI:Restore Configuration Example 256

Figure 156 CLI: boot config Command Example 256

Figure 157 CLI: reload config Command Example 256

Figure 158 CLI: Reset to the Factory Default Example 257

Figure 159 no mirror-port Command Example 257

Figure 160 no https timeout Command Example 257

Figure 161 no trunk Command Example 258

Figure 162 no port-access-authenticated Command Example 259

Figure 163 no ssh Command Example 259

Figure 164 interface Command Example 260

Figure 165 interface Command Example 261

Figure 166 interface bpdu-control Command Example 261

Figure 167 broadcast-limit Command Example 262

Figure 168 bandwidth-limit Command Example 262

Figure 169 mirror Command Example 263

Figure 170 gvrp Command Example 264

Figure 171 ingress-check Command Example 264

Figure 172 frame-type Command Example 265

Figure 173 spq Command Example 265

Figure 174 wrr Command Example 266

Figure 175 egress set Command Example 266

Figure 176 qos priority Command Example 267

Figure 177 name Command Example 267

Figure 178 speed-duplex Command Example 267

Figure 179 Tagged VLAN Configuration and Activation Example 270

Figure 180 CPU VLAN Configuration and Activation Example 271

Figure 181 GARP STATUS Command Example 271

Figure 182 GARP Timer Command Example 272

Figure 183 GVRP Status Command Example 272

Figure 184 vlan1q port default vid Command Example 273

Figure 185 frame type Command Example 274

Figure 186 no gvrp Command Example 274

Figure 187 Modifying Static VLAN Example 275

Figure 188 no vlan Command Example 276

Figure 189 show vlan Command Example 277

Figure 190 Pop-up Blocker 280

Figure 191 Internet Options 281

Figure 192 Internet Options 282

Figure 193 Pop-up Blocker Settings 283

Figure 194 Internet Options 284

Figure 195 Security Settings - Java Scripting 285

Figure 196 Security Settings - Java 286

Figure 197 Java (Sun) 287

List of Tables

Table 1 Front Panel 43

Table 2 Front Panel LEDs 47

Table 3 Navigation Panel Sub-links Overview 51

Table 4 Web Configurator Screen Sub-links Details 52

Table 5 Navigation Panel Links 52

Table 6 Status 64

Table 7 Status: Port Details 65

Table 8 System Info 70

Table 9 General Setup 72

Table 10 Switch Setup 75

Table 11 IP Setup 77

Table 12 Port Setup 79

Table 13 GARP Terminology 82

Table 14 VLAN: VLAN Status 84

Table 15 VLAN: Static VLAN 86

Table 16 VLAN: VLAN Port Setting 87

Table 17 Port Based VLAN Setup 91

Table 18 Static MAC Forwarding 94

Table 19 Filtering 95

Table 20 STP Path Costs 97

Table 21 STP Port States 98

Table 22 Spanning Tree Protocol: Status 99

Table 23 Spanning Tree Protocol: Configuration 100

Table 24 Bandwidth Control 103

Table 25 Broadcast Storm Control 106

Table 26 Mirroring 108

Table 27 Link Aggregation ID: Local Switch 110

Table 28 Link Aggregation ID: Peer Switch 110

Table 29 Link Aggregation Control Protocol: Status 111

Table 30 Link Aggregation Control Protocol: Configuration 112

Table 31 Port Authentication: 802.1x 116

Table 32 Port Authentication: RADIUS 117

Table 33 Port Security 120

Table 34 Classifier 122

Table 35 Classifier: Summary Table 124

Table 36 Common Ethernet Types and Protocol Number 124

Table 37 Common IP Ports 125

Table 38 Policy 129

Table 39 Policy: Summary Table 130

Table 40 Physical Queue Priority 133

Table 41 Queuing Method 135

Table 42 VLAN Tag Format 138

Table 43 Single and Double Tagged 802.11Q Frame Format 139

Table 44 802.1Q Frame 139

Table 45 VLAN Stacking 140

Table 46 Static Routing 143

Table 47 RIP 146

Table 48 OSPF vs. RIP 147

Table 49 OSPF: Router Types 147

Table 50 OSPF Status 149

Table 51 OSPF Status: Common Output Fields 150

Table 52 OSPF Configuration: Activating and General Settings 151

Table 53 OSPF Configuration: Area Setup 152

Table 54 OSPF Configuration: Summary Table 153

Table 55 OSPF Interface 154

Table 56 OSPF Virtual Link 155

Table 57 IGMP 157

Table 58 DVMRP 161

Table 59 DVMRP: Default Timer Values 162

Table 60 IP Multicast 164

Table 61 DiffServ 166

Table 62 Default DSCP-IEEE802.1p Mapping 167

Table 63 DiffServ: DSCP Setting 168

Table 64 DHCP: DHCP Server Status 170

Table 65 DHCP: Server 171

Table 66 DHCP: Relay 173

Table 67 VRRP Status 176

Table 68 VRRP Configuration: IP Interface 178

Table 69 VRRP Configuration: VRRP Parameters 179

Table 70 VRRP Configuring: VRRP Parameters 180

Table 71 Filename Conventions 188

Table 72 Access Control Summary 191

Table 73 SNMP Commands 193

Table 74 SNMP Traps 193

Table 75 Access Control: SNMP 194

Table 76 Access Control: Logins 195

Table 77 Access Control: Service Access Control 202

Table 78 Access Control: Remote Management 203

Table 79 Diagnostic 205

Table 80 ZyXEL Clustering Management Specifications 207

Table 81 Cluster Management: Status 208

Table 82 FTP Upload to Cluster Member Example 210

Table 83 Clustering Management Configuration 211

Table 84 MAC Table 214

Table 85 IP Table 216

Table 86 ARP Table 218

Table 87 Routing Table Status 219

Table 88 Command Summary: User Mode 227

Table 89 Command Summary: Enable Mode 228

Table 90 Command Summary: Configuration Mode 232

Table 91 interface port-channel Commands 244

Table 92 interface route-domain Commands 247

Table 93 Command Summary: config-vlan Commands 247

Table 94 Troubleshooting the Start-Up of Your Switch 279

Table 95 Troubleshooting Accessing the Switch 279

Table 96 Troubleshooting the Password 287

Table 97 General Product Specifications 289

Table 98 Management Specifications 290

Table 99 Physical and Environmental Specifications 291

Table 100 Classes of IP Addresses 293

Table 101 Allowed IP Address Range By Class 294

Table 102 "Natural" Masks 294

Table 103 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation 295

Table 104 Two Subnets Example 295

Table 105 Subnet 1 296

Table 106 Subnet 2 296

Table 107 Subnet 1 297

Table 108 Subnet 2 297

Table 109 Subnet 3 297

Table 110 Subnet 4 298

Table 111 Eight Subnets 298

Table 112 Class C Subnet Planning 298

Table 113 Class B Subnet Planning 299

Preface

Congratulations on your purchase of the GS-4024 Ethernet Switch.

This preface introduces you to the GS-4024 Ethernet Switch and discusses the conventions of this User's Guide. It also provides information on other related documentation.

Note: Register your product online to receive e-mail notices of firmware upgrades and information at www.zyxel.com for global products, or at www.us.zyxel.com for North American products.

About This User's Guide

This manual is designed to guide you through the installation and configuration of your switch for its various applications.

Related Documentation

Web Configurator Online Help

Embedded web help for descriptions of individual screens and supplementary information.

ZyXEL Glossary and Web Site

Please refer to www.zyxel.com for an online glossary of networking terms and additional support documentation.

Syntax Conventions

• "Enter" means for you to type one or more characters. "Select" or "Choose" means for you to use one of the predefined choices.
• Command and arrow keys are enclosed in square brackets. [ENTER] means the Enter, or carriage return key; [ESC] means the Escape key and [SPACE BAR] means the Space Bar.
• Mouse action sequences are denoted using a comma. For example, "click the Apple icon, Control Panels and then Modem" means first click the Apple icon, then point your mouse pointer to Control Panels and then click Modem.
• For brevity's sake, we will use "e.g.," as a shorthand for "for instance", and "i.e.," for "that is" or "in other words" throughout this manual.
• The GS-4024 Ethernet Switch may be referred to as "the GS-4024" or "the switch" in this User's Guide.

Graphics Icons Key

GS-4024	Computer	Server
Computer	DSLAM	Gateway
Central Office/ ISP	Internet	Hub/Switch

User Guide Feedback

Help us help you. E-mail all User Guide-related comments, questions or suggestions for improvement to [e-mail] or send regular mail to The Technical Writing Team, ZyXEL Communications Corp., 6 Innovation Road II, Science-Based Industrial Park, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan. Thank you.

CHAPTER 1

Getting to Know Your Switch

This chapter introduces the main features and applications of the switch.

1.1 Introduction

The GS-4024 is a stand-alone layer-3 Gigabit Ethernet switch with 24 10/100/1000 Mbps ports and four Gigabit Ethernet/mini-GBIC ports. By integrating router functions, the switch performs wire-speed layer-3 routing in addition to layer-2 switching.

With its built-in web configurator, managing and configuring the switch is easy. In addition, the switch can also be managed via Telnet, any terminal emulator program on the console port, or third-party SNMP management.

1.2 Software Features

This section describes the general software features of the switch.

IP Routing Domain

An IP interface (also known as an IP routing domain) is not bound to a physical port. Configure an IP routing domain to allow the switch to route traffic between different networks.

DHCP

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows individual computers to obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. You can configure the switch as a DHCP server or disable it. When configured as a server, the switch provides the TCP/IP configuration for the clients. If you disable the DHCP service, you must have another DHCP server on your LAN, or else the computer must be manually configured.

VLAN

A VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) allows a physical network to be partitioned into multiple logical networks. Devices on a logical network belong to one group. A device can belong to more than one group. With VLAN, a device cannot directly talk to or hear from devices that are not in the same group(s); the traffic must first go through a router.

VLAN Stacking

Use VLAN stacking to add an outer VLAN tag to the inner IEEE 802.1Q tagged frames that enter the network. By tagging the tagged frames ("double-tagged" frames), the service provider can manage up to 4,094 VLAN groups with each group containing up to 4,094 customer VLANs. This allows a service provider to provide different service, based on specific VLANs, for many different customers.

Differentiated Services (DiffServ)

With DiffServ, the switch marks packets so that they receive specific per-hop treatment at DiffServ-compliant network devices along the route based on the application types and traffic flow.

Classifier and Policy

You can create a policy to define actions to be performed on a traffic flow grouped by a classifier according to specific criteria such as the IP address, port number or protocol type, etc..

Queuing

Queuing is used to help solve performance degradation when there is network congestion. Two scheduling services are supported: Strict Priority Queuing (SPQ) and Weighted Round Robin (WRR). This allows the switch to maintain separate queues for packets from each individual source or flow and prevent a source from monopolizing the bandwidth.

Port Mirroring

Port mirroring allows you to copy traffic going from one or all ports to another or all ports in order that you can examine the traffic from the mirror port (the port you copy the traffic to) without interference.

Static Route

Static routes tell the switch how to forward IP traffic when you configure the TCP/IP parameters manually.

IGMP

IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a session-layer protocol used to establish membership in a multicast group - it is not used to carry user data.

IGMP Snooping

The switch supports IGMP snooping enabling group multicast traffic to be only forwarded to ports that are members of that group; thus allowing you to significantly reduce multicast traffic passing through your switch.

IP Multicast

With IP multicast, the switch delivers IP packets to a group of hosts on the network - not everybody. In addition, the switch can send packets to Ethernet devices that are not VLAN-aware by untagging (removing the VLAN tags) IP multicast packets.

RIP

RIP (Routing Information Protocol) allows a routing device to exchange routing information with other routers.

OSPF

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a link-state protocol designed to distribute routing information within an autonomous system (AS). An autonomous system is a collection of networks using a common routing protocol to exchange routing information. OSPF is best suited for large networks.

DVMRP

DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol) is a protocol used for routing multicast data within an autonomous system (AS). DVMRP provides multicast forwarding capability to a layer 3 switch that runs both the IPv4 protocol (with IP Multicast support) and the IGMP protocol.

VRRP

Virtual Routing Redundancy Protocol (VRRP), defined in RFC 2338, allows you to create redundant backup gateways to ensure that the default gateway of a host is always available.

STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) / RSTP (Rapid STP)

(R)STP detects and breaks network loops and provides backup links between switches, bridges or routers. It allows a switch to interact with other (R)STP -compliant switches in your network to ensure that only one path exists between any two stations on the network.

Link Aggregation

Link aggregation (trunking) is the grouping of physical ports into one logical higher-capacity link. You may want to trunk ports if for example, it is cheaper to use multiple lower-speed links than to under-utilize a high-speed, but more costly, single-port link.

Port Authentication and Security

For security, the switch allows authentication using IEEE 802.1x with an external RADIUS server and port security that allows only packets with dynamically learned MAC addresses and/or configured static MAC addresses to pass through a port on the switch.

Maintenance and Management Features

• Access Control

You can specify the service(s) and computer IP address(es) to control access to the switch for management.

• Cluster Management

Cluster management (also known as iStacking) allows you to manage switches through one switch, called the cluster manager. The switches must be directly connected and be in the same VLAN group so as to be able to communicate with one another.

• Configuration and Firmware Maintenance

You can backup or restore the switch configuration or upgrade the firmware on the switch.

1.3 Hardware Features

This section describes the ports on the switch.

Mini-GBIC Slots

Install SPF transceivers in these slots to connect to other Ethernet switches at longer distances than the Ethernet port.

Gigabit Ethernet Ports

The ports allow the switch to connect to another WAN switch or daisy-chain to other switches.

Management Port

Connect a computer to this port for management purposes. You cannot access the network through this port.

Console Port

Use the console port for local management of the switch.

Backup Power Supply Port

Connect a backup power supply device to this port to ensure uninterrupted network connection in the event of a power failure.

Fans

The fans cool the switch sufficiently to allow reliable operation of the switch in even poorly ventilated rooms or basements.

1.4 Applications

This section shows a few examples of using the switch in various network environments.

1.4.1 Backbone Application

In this application, the switch is an ideal solution for small networks where rapid growth can be expected in the near future.

The switch can be used standalone for a group of heavy traffic users. You can connect computers directly to the switch's port or connect other switches to the switch.

In this example, all computers can share high-speed applications on the server. To expand the network, simply add more networking devices such as switches, routers, computers, print servers etc.

Figure 1 Backbone Application

1.4.2 Bridging Example

In this example application the switch connects different company departments (RD and Sales) to the corporate backbone. It can alleviate bandwidth contention and eliminate server and network bottlenecks. All users that need high bandwidth can connect to high-speed department servers via the switch. You can provide a super-fast uplink connection by using a Gigabit Ethernet/mini-GBIC port on the switch.

Moreover, the switch eases supervision and maintenance by allowing network managers to centralize multiple servers at a single location.

Figure 2 Bridging Application

1.4.3 High Performance Switching Example

The switch is ideal for connecting two networks that need high bandwidth. In the following example, use trunking to connect these two networks.

Switching to higher-speed LANs such as ATM (Asynchronous Transmission Mode) is not feasible for most people due to the expense of replacing all existing Ethernet cables and adapter cards, restructuring your network and complex maintenance. The switch can provide the same bandwidth as ATM at much lower cost while still being able to use existing adapters and switches. Moreover, the current LAN structure can be retained as all ports can freely communicate with each other.

Figure 3 High Performance Switched Workgroup Application

1.4.4 IEEE 802.1Q VLAN Application Examples

A VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) allows a physical network to be partitioned into multiple logical networks. Stations on a logical network belong to one group. A station can belong to more than one group. With VLAN, a station cannot directly talk to or hear from stations that are not in the same group(s) unless such traffic first goes through a router.

For more information on VLANs, refer to or Chapter 8, "VLAN," on page 81.

1.4.4.1 Tag-based VLAN Example

Ports in the same VLAN group share the same frame broadcast domain thus increase network performance through reduced broadcast traffic. VLAN groups can be modified at any time by adding, moving or changing ports without any re-cabling.

Figure 4 VLAN Application

1.4.4.2 VLAN Shared Server Example

Shared resources such as a server can be used by all ports in the same VLAN as the server, as shown in the following example. In this example, only ports that need access to the server need belong to VLAN 1. Ports can belong to other VLAN groups too.

Figure 5 Shared Server Using VLAN Example

CHAPTER 2

Hardware Installation and Connection

This chapter shows you how to install the hardware and make port connections.

2.1 Freestanding Installation

1 Make sure the switch is clean and dry.
2 Set the switch on a smooth, level surface strong enough to support the weight of the switch and the connected cables. Make sure there is a power outlet nearby.
3 Make sure there is enough clearance around the switch to allow air circulation and the attachment of cables and the power cord.
4 Remove the adhesive backing from the rubber feet.
5 Attach the rubber feet to each corner on the bottom of the switch. These rubber feet help protect the switch from shock or vibration and ensure space between devices when stacking.

Figure 6 Attaching Rubber Feet

Note: Do NOT block the ventilation holes. Leave space between devices when stacking.

For proper ventilation, allow at least 4 inches (10 cm) of clearance at the front and 3.4 inches (8 cm) at the back of the switch. This is especially important for enclosed rack installations.

2.2 Mounting the Switch on a Rack

This section lists the rack mounting requirements and precautions and describes the installation steps.

2.2.1 Rack-mounted Installation Requirements

• Two mounting brackets.
  Eight M3 flat head screws and a #2 Philips screwdriver.
• Four M5 flat head screws and a #2 Philips screwdriver.

Note: Failure to use the proper screws may damage the unit.

2.2.1.1 Precautions

• Make sure the rack will safely support the combined weight of all the equipment it contains.
• Make sure the position of the switch does not make the rack unstable or top-heavy. Take all necessary precautions to anchor the rack securely before installing the unit.

2.2.2 Attaching the Mounting Brackets to the Switch

1 Position a mounting bracket on one side of the switch, lining up the four screw holes on the bracket with the screw holes on the side of the switch.

Figure 7 Attaching the Mounting Brackets

2 Using a #2 Philips screwdriver, install the M3 flat head screws through the mounting bracket holes into the switch.
3 Repeat steps 1 and 2 to install the second mounting bracket on the other side of the switch.
4 You may now mount the switch on a rack. Proceed to the next section.

2.2.3 Mounting the Switch on a Rack

1 Position a mounting bracket (that is already attached to the switch) on one side of the rack, lining up the two screw holes on the bracket with the screw holes on the side of the rack.

Figure 8 Mounting the Switch on a Rack

2 Using a #2 Philips screwdriver, install the M5 flat head screws through the mounting bracket holes into the rack.
3 Repeat steps 1 and 2 to attach the second mounting bracket on the other side of the rack.

CHAPTER 3

Hardware Overview

This chapter describes the front panel and rear panel of the switch and shows you how to make the hardware connections.

3.1 Front Panel Connection

The figure below shows the front panel of the switch.

Figure 9 Front Panel

The following table describes the port labels on the front panel.

Table 1 Front Panel

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
CONSOLE	Only connect this port if you want to configure the switch using the command line interface (CLI) via the console port.
24 10/100/1000 Mbps RJ-45 Gigabit Ethernet Ports	Connect these ports to a computer, a hub, an Ethernet switch or router.
Gigabit/mini-GBIC ports	For Gigabit uplink.

3.1.1 Console Port

For local management, you can use a computer with terminal emulation software configured to the following parameters:

• VT100 terminal emulation
  9600 bps
• No parity, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit
• No flow control

Connect the male 9-pin end of the console cable to the console port of the switch. Connect the female end to a serial port (COM1, COM2 or other COM port) of your computer.

3.1.2 Gigabit Ethernet Ports

The GS-4024 has 24 10/100/1000Mbps auto-negotiating, auto-crossover Gigabit Ethernet ports. In 10/100/1000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet, the speed can be 10Mbps, 100Mbps or 1000Mbps and the duplex mode can be half duplex (for 10 or 100 Mbps) or full duplex.

There are four pairs of Gigabit Ethernet/mini-GBIC ports. The mini-GBIC ports have priority over the Gigabit ports. This means that if a mini-GBIC port and the corresponding Gigabit port are connected at the same time, the Gigabit port will be disabled.

An auto-negotiating port can detect and adjust to the optimum Ethernet speed (10/100Mpbs) and duplex mode (full duplex or half duplex) of the connected device.

An auto-crossover (auto-MDI/MDI-X) port automatically works with a straight-through or crossover Ethernet cable.

3.1.2.1 Default Ethernet Settings

The factory default negotiation settings for the Ethernet ports on the switch are:

• Speed: Auto
• Duplex: Auto
• Flow control: on

3.1.3 Mini-GBIC Slots

These are slots for mini-GBIC (Gigabit Interface Converter) transceivers. A transceiver is a single unit that houses a transmitter and a receiver. The switch does not come with transceivers. You must use transceivers that comply with the Small Form-factor Pluggable (SFP) Transceiver MultiSource Agreement (MSA). See the SFF committee's INF-8074i specification Rev 1.0 for details.

You can change transceivers while the switch is operating. You can use different transceivers to connect to Ethernet switches with different types of fiber-optic connectors.

• Type: SFP connection interface
• Connection speed: 1 Gigabit per second (Gbps)

Note: To avoid possible eye injury, do NOT look into an operating fiber-optic module's connectors.

3.1.3.1 Transceiver Installation

Use the following steps to install a mini-GBIC transceiver (SFP module).

1 Insert the transceiver into the slot with the exposed section of PCB board facing down.

Figure 10 Transceiver Installation Example

2 Press the transceiver firmly until it clicks into place.
3 The switch automatically detects the installed transceiver. Check the LEDs to verify that it is functioning properly.

Figure 11 Installed Transceiver

3.1.3.2 Transceiver Removal

Use the following steps to remove a mini-GBIC transceiver (SFP module).

1 Open the transceiver's latch (latch styles vary).

Figure 12 Opening the Transceiver's Latch Example

2 Pull the transceiver out of the slot.

Figure 13 Transceiver Removal Example

3.2 Rear Panel

The following figure shows the rear panel of the switch. The rear panel contains a connector for backup power supply (BPS) and the power receptacle.

Figure 14 Rear Panel

3.2.1 Power Connector

Make sure you are using the correct power source as shown on the panel.

To connect the power to the switch, insert the female end of power cord to the power receptacle on the rear panel. Connect the other end of the supplied power cord to a 100~240VAC/1.5A power outlet. Make sure that no objects obstruct the airflow of the fans.

3.2.2 External Backup Power Supply Connector

The backup power supply constantly monitors the status of the internal power supply. The backup power supply automatically provides power to the switch in the event of a power failure. Once the switch receives power from the backup power supply, it will not automatically switch back to using the internal power supply even when the power is resumed.

3.3 Front Panel LEDs

The LEDs are located on the front panel. The following table describes the LEDs on the front panel.

Table 2 Front Panel LEDs

LED	COLOR	STATUS	DESCRIPTION
BPS	Green	Blinking	The system is receiving power from the backup power supply.
		On	The backup power supply is connected and active.
		Off	The backup power supply is not ready or not active.
PWR	Green	On	The system is turned on.
		Off	The system is off.
SYS	Green	Blinking	The system is rebooting and performing self-diagnostic tests.
		On	The system is on and functioning properly.
		Off	The power is off or the system is not ready/malfunctioning.
ALM	Red	On	There is a hardware failure.
		Off	The system is functioning normally.
Gigabit Ethernet Ports
LNK/ACT	Green	Blinking	The system is transmitting/receiving to/from a 10/1000 Mbps Ethernet network.
		On	The link to a 10/1000 Mbps Ethernet network is up.
	Amber	Blinking	The system is transmitting/receiving to/from a 100 Mbps Ethernet network.
		On	The link to a 100 Mbps Ethernet network is up.
		Off	The link to an Ethernet network is down.
FDX	Amber	On	The Ethernet port is negotiating in full-duplex mode.
		Off	The Ethernet port is negotiating in half-duplex mode and no collisions are occurring.
Mini-GBIC Slots
LNK	Green	On	The port has a successful connection.
		Off	No Ethernet device is connected to this port.
ACT	Green	Blinking	The port is sending or receiving data.
		Off	The port is not sending or receiving data.
MGMT Port
10	Green	On	The link to a 10 Mbps Ethernet network is up.
		Blinking	The port is receiving or transmitting data. at 10 Mbps.
		Off	The link to a 10 Mbps Ethernet network is up.
100	Amber	On	The link to a 100 Mbps Ethernet network is up.
		Blinking	The port is receiving or transmitting data. at 100 Mbps.
		Off	The link to a 100 Mbps Ethernet network is up.

3.4 Accessing the Switch

You may use the embedded web configurator or command line interface to configure the switch. If you're using the web configurator, you need Internet Explorer 5.5 and later or Netscape Navigator 6 and later.

You can access the command line interface using a terminal emulation program on a computer connected to the switch console port (see Section 3.1.1 on page 43) or access the switch via an Ethernet port using Telnet.

CHAPTER 4

The Web Configurator

This section introduces the configuration and functions of the web configurator.

4.1 Introduction

The web configurator is an HTML-based management interface that allows easy switch setup and management via Internet browser. Use Internet Explorer 6.0 and later or Netscape Navigator 7.0 and later versions. The recommended screen resolution is 1024 by 768 pixels.

In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:

• Web browser pop-up windows from your device. Web pop-up blocking is enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2.
• JavaScripts (enabled by default).
• Java permissions (enabled by default).

4.2 System Login

1 Start your web browser.
2 Type "http://" and the IP address of the switch (for example, the default is 192.168.1.1) in the Location or Address field. Press [ENTER].
3 The login screen appears. The default username is admin and associated default password is 1234. The date and time display as shown if you have not configured a time server nor manually entered a time and date in the General Setup screen.

Figure 15 Web Configurator: Login

4 Click OK to view the first web configurator screen.

4.3 The Status Screen

The Status screen is the first screen that displays when you access the web configurator.

The following figure shows the navigating components of a web configurator screen.

Figure 16 Web Configurator Home Screen (Status)

In the navigation panel, click a main link to reveal a list of submenu links.

Table 3 Navigation Panel Sub-links Overview

BASIC SETTING	ADVANCED APPLICATION	IP APPLICATION	MANAGEMENT
MENU	MENU	MENU	MENU
Basic Setting	Basic Setting	Basic Setting	Basic Setting
Advanced Application	Advanced Application	Advanced Application	Advanced Application
IP Application	IP Application	IP Application	IP Application
Management	Management	Management	Management
System Info	VLAN	Static Routing	Maintenance
General Setup	Static MAC Forwarding	RIP	Access Control
Switch Setup	Filtering	OSPF	Diagnostic
IP Setup	Spanning Tree Protocol	IGMP	Cluster Management
Port Setup	Bandwidth Control	DVMRP	MAC Table
	Broadcast Storm Control	IP Multicast	IP Table
	Mirroring	DiffServ	ARP Table
	Link Aggregation	DHCP	Routing Table
	Port Authentication	VRRP
	Port Security
	Classifier
	Policy Rule
	Queuing Method
	VLAN Stacking

The following table lists the various web configurator screens within the sub-links

Table 4 Web Configurator Screen Sub-links Details

BASIC SETTING	ADVANCED APPLICATION	IP APPLICATION	MANAGEMENT
System Info	VLAN	Static Routing	Maintenance
General Setup	VLAN Status	RIP	Firmware Upgrade
Switch Setup	VLAN Port Setting	OSPF Status	Restore Configuration
IP Setup	Static VLAN	OSPF Configuration	Backup Configuration
Port Setup	Static MAC Forwarding	OSPF Interface	Load Factory Default
	Filtering	OSPF Virtual Link	Reboot System
	Spanning Tree Protocol	IGMP	Access Control
	Status	DVMRP	SNMP
	Spanning Tree Protocol Configuration	IP Multicast	Logins
	Bandwidth Control	DiffServ	Service Access Control
	Broadcast Storm Control	DSCP Setting	Remote Management
	Mirroring	DHCP Server Status	Diagnostic
	Link Aggregation	DHCP Server	Cluster Management Status
	Link Aggregation	DHCP Relay	Cluster Management
	Protocol Status	VRRP	Configuration
	Link Aggregation	Status	MAC Table
	Port Authentication	VRRP Configuration	IP Table
	RADIUS		ARP Table
	802.1x		Routing Table
	Port Security
	Classifier
	Policy Rule
	Queuing Method
	VLAN Stacking

The following table describes the links in the navigation panel.

Table 5 Navigation Panel Links

LINK	DESCRIPTION
Basic Settings
System Info	This link takes you to a screen that displays general system and hardware monitoring information.
General Setup	This link takes you to a screen where you can configure general identification information about the switch.
Switch Setup	This link takes you to a screen where you can set up global switch parameters such as VLAN type, MAC address learning, IGMP snooping, GARP and priority queues.
IP Setup	This link takes you to a screen where you can configure the IP address, subnet mask (necessary for switch management) and DNS (domain name server) and set up to 64 IP routing domains.
Port Setup	This link takes you to screens where you can configure settings for individual switch ports.
Advanced Application
VLAN	This link takes you to screens where you can configure port-based or 802.1Q VLAN (depending on what you configured in the Switch Setup menu).
Static MAC Forwarding	This link takes you to screens where you can configure static MAC addresses for a port. These static MAC addresses do not age out.
Filtering	This link takes you to a screen to set up filtering rules.
Spanning Tree Protocol	This link takes you to screens where you can configure the STP/RSTP to prevent network loops.
Bandwidth Control	This link takes you to screens where you can cap the maximum bandwidth allowed from specified source(s) to specified destination(s).
Broadcast Storm Control	This link takes you to a screen to set up broadcast filters.
Mirroring	This link takes you to screens where you can copy traffic from one port or ports to another port in order that you can examine the traffic from the first port without interference
Link Aggregation	This link takes you to a screen where you can logically aggregate physical links to form one logical, higher-bandwidth link.
Port Authentication	This link takes you to a screen where you can configure RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service), a protocol for user authentication that allows you to use an external server to validate an unlimited number of users.
Port Security	This link takes you to a screen where you can activate MAC address learning and set the maximum number of MAC addresses to learn on a port.
Classifier	This link takes you to a screen where you can configure the switch to group packets based on the specified criteria.
Policy Rule	This link takes you to a screen where you can configure the switch to perform special treatment on the grouped packets.
Queuing Method	This link takes you to a screen where you can configure SPQ or WFQ with associated queue weights for each port.
VLAN Stacking	This link takes you to a screen where you can configure VLAN stacking.
IP Application
Static Route	This link takes you to screens where you can configure static routes. A static route defines how the switch should forward traffic by configuring the TCP/IP parameters manually.
RIP	This link takes you to a screen where you can configure the RIP (Routing Information Protocol) direction and versions.
OSPF	This link takes you to screens where you can view the OSPF status and configure OSPF settings.
IGMP	This link takes you to a screen where you can configure the IGMP settings.
DVMRP	This link takes you to a screen where you can configure the DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol) settings.
IP Multicast	This link takes you to a screen where you can configure the switch to remove VLAN tags from IP multicast packets on an out-going port.
DiffServ	This link takes you to screens where you can enable DiffServ, configure marking rules and set DSCP-to-IEEE802.1p mappings.
DHCP	This link takes you to a screen where you can configure the DHCP settings for the network on the switch.
VRRP	This link takes you to screens where you can configure redundant virtual router for your network.
Management
Maintenance	This link takes you to screens where you can perform firmware and configuration file maintenance as well as reboot the system.
Access Control	This link takes you to screens where you can change the system login password and configure SNMP and remote management.
Diagnostic	This link takes you to screens where you can view system logs and test port(s).
Cluster Management	This link takes you to a screen where you can configure clustering management and view its status.
MAC Table	This link takes you to a screen where you can view the MAC addresses (and types) of devices attached to what ports and VLAN IDs.
IP Table	This link takes you to a screen where you can view the IP addresses (and types) of devices attached to what ports and VLAN IDs.
ARP Table	This link takes you to a screen where you can view the MAC addresses – IP address resolution table.
Routing Table	This link takes you to a screen where you can view the routing table in the switch.

4.3.1 Change Your Password

After you log in for the first time, it is recommended you change the default administrator password. Click Management, Access Control and then Logins to display the next screen.

Figure 17 Change Administrator Login Password

4.4 Switch Lockout

Note: You cannot log into the switch using the same administrator account concurrently on different IP routing domains.

You could lock yourself (and all others) out from the switch by:

1 Deleting the management VLAN (default is VLAN 1).
2 Deleting all IP routing domains.
3 Deleting all port-based VLANs with the CPU port as a member. The "CPU port" is the management port of the switch.
4 Filtering all traffic to the CPU port.
5 Disabling all ports.
6 Assigning minimum bandwidth to the CPU port. If you limit bandwidth to the CPU port, you may find that the switch performs negligibly or not at all.

Note: Be careful not to lock yourself and others out of the switch.

4.5 Resetting the Switch

If you lock yourself (and others) from the switch or forget the switch password, you will need to reload the factory-default configuration file or reset the switch back to the factory defaults.

4.5.1 Reload the Configuration File

Uploading the factory-default configuration file replaces the current configuration file with the factory-default configuration file. This means that you will lose all previous configurations and the speed of the console port will be reset to the default of 9600bps with 8 data bit, no parity, one stop bit and flow control set to none. The password will also be reset to "1234" and the IP address to 192.168.1.1.

To upload the configuration file, do the following:

1 Connect to the console port using a computer with terminal emulation software. See Section 3.1.1 on page 43 for details.
2 Disconnect and reconnect the switch's power to begin a session. When you reconnect the switch's power, you will see the initial screen.
3 When you see the message “Press any key to enter Debug Mode within 3 seconds …” press any key to enter debug mode.
4 Type at1c after the "Enter Debug Mode" message.
5 Wait for the "Starting XMODEM upload" message before activating XMODEM upload on your terminal.
6 After a configuration file upload, type atgo to restart the switch.

Figure 18 Resetting the Switch: Via the Console Port

Bootbase Version: V1.0 | 04/25/2003 10:01:06  
RAM: Size = 32768 Kbytes  
FLASH: Intel 32M  
Zynos Version: V3.50(DU.0) | 07/11/2003 18:00:29  
Press any key to enter debug mode within 3 seconds.  
Enter Debug Mode  
GS-4024> atlc  
Starting XMODEM upload (CRC mode)...  
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC  
Total 262144 bytes received.  
Erasing..  
OK  
GS-4024> atgo 

The switch is now reinitialized with a default configuration file including the default password of "1234".

4.6 Logging Out of the Web Configurator

Click Logout in a screen to exit the web configurator. You have to log in with your password again after you log out. This is recommended after you finish a management session for security reasons.

Figure 19 Web Configurator:Logout Screen

4.7 Help

The web configurator's online help has descriptions of individual screens and some supplementary information.

Click the Help link from a web configurator screen to view an online help description of that screen.

CHAPTER 5 Initial Setup Example

This chapter shows how to set up the switch for an example network.

5.1 Overview

The following lists the configuration steps for the example network:

• Configure an IP interface
• Configure DHCP server settings
  Create a VLAN
• Set port VLAN ID
• Enable RIP

5.1.1 Configuring an IP Interface

On a layer-3 switch, an IP interface (also known as an IP routing domain) is not bound to a physical port. The default IP address of the switch is 192.168.1.1 with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0.

In the example network, since the RD network is already in the same IP interface as the switch, you don't need to create an IP interface for it. However, if you want to have the Sales network on a different routing domain, you need to create a new IP interface. This allows the switch to route traffic between the RD and Sales networks.

Figure 20 Initial Setup Network Example: IP Interface

1 Connect your computer to the MGMT port that is used only for management. Make sure your computer is in the same subnet as the MGMT port.

2 Open your web browser and enter 192.168.0.1 (the default MGMT port IP address) in the address bar to access the web configurator. See Section 4.2 on page 49 for more information.
3 Click Basic Setting and IP Setup in the navigation panel.
4 Configure the related fields in the IP Setup screen.

For the Sales network, enter 192.168.2.1 as the IP address and 255.255.255.0 as the subnet mask.

5 In the VID field, enter the ID of the VLAN group to which you want this IP interface to belong. This is the same as the VLAN ID you configure in the Static VLAN screen.
6 Click Add.

5.1.2 Configuring DHCP Server Settings

You can set the switch to assign network information (such as the IP address, DNS server, etc.) to DHCP clients on the network.

For the example network, configure two DHCP client pools on the switch for the DHCP clients in the RD and Sales networks.

1 In the web configurator, click IP Application and DHCP in the navigation panel and click the Server link.
2 In the DHCP Server screen, specify the ID of the VLAN to which the DHCP clients belong, the starting IP address pool, subnet mask, default gateway address and the DNS server address(es).
3 Click Add to save the settings.

5.1.3 Creating a VLAN

VLANs confine broadcast frames to the VLAN group in which the port(s) belongs. You can do this with port-based VLAN or tagged static VLAN with fixed port members.

In this example, you want to configure port 10 as a member of VLAN 2.

Figure 21 Initial Setup Network Example: VLAN

1 Click Advanced Application and VLAN in the navigation panel and click the Static VLAN link.

2 In the Static VLAN screen, select ACTIVE, enter a descriptive name in the Name field and enter 2 in the VLAN Group ID field for the Sales network.

Note: The VLAN Group ID field in this screen and the VID field in the IP Setup screen refer to the same VLAN ID.

3 Since the Sales network is connected to port 10 on the switch, select Fixed to configure port 10 to be a permanent member of the VLAN only.
4 To ensure that VLAN-unaware devices (such as computers and hubs) can receive frames

properly, clear the TX Tagging check box to set the switch to remove VLAN tags before sending.

5 Click Add to save the settings.

5.1.4 Setting Port VID

Use PVID to add a tag to incoming untagged frames received on that port so that the frames are forwarded to the VLAN group that the tag defines.

In the example network, configure 2 as the port VID on port 10 so that any untagged frames received on that port get sent to VLAN 2.

Figure 22 Initial Setup Network Example: Port VID

1 Click Advanced Applications and VLAN in the navigation panel. Then click the VLAN Port Setting link.
2 Enter 2 in the PVID field for port 10 and click Apply to save the settings.

5.1.5 Enabling RIP

To exchange routing information with other routing devices across different routing domains, enable RIP (Routing Information Protocol) in the RIP screen.

1 Click IP Application and RIP in the navigation panel.
2 Select Both in the Direction field to set the switch to broadcast and receive routing information.
3 In the Version field, select RIP-1 for the RIP packet format that is universally supported.
4 Click Apply to save the settings.

CHAPTER 6

System Status and Port

Statistics

This chapter describes the system status (web configurator home page) and port details screens.

6.1 Overview

The home screen of the web configurator displays a port statistical summary with links to each port showing statistical details.

6.2 Port Status Summary

To view the port statistics, click Status in all web configurator screens to display the Status screen as shown next.

Figure 23 Status

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 6 Status

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
System up Time	This field shows how long the system has been running since the last time it was started.
Port	This identifies the Ethernet port. Click a port number to display the Port Details screen (refer to Figure 24 on page 65).
Link	This field displays the speed (either 10M for 10Mbps, 100M for 100Mbps or 1000M for 1000Mbps) and the duplex (F for full duplex or H for half duplex). It also shows the cable type (Copper or Fiber) for the combo ports.
State	This field displays the STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) state of the port. See the chapter on STP for details on STP states.
LACP	This fields displays whether LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol) has been enabled on the port.
TxPkts	This field shows the number of transmitted frames on this port.
RxPkts	This field shows the number of received frames on this port.
Errors	This field shows the number of received errors on this port.
Tx KB/s	This field shows the number of kilobytes per second transmitted on this port.
Rx KB/s	This field shows the number of kilobytes per second received on this port.
Up Time	This field shows the total amount of time in hours, minutes and seconds the port has been up.
Poll Interval(s)	The text box displays how often (in seconds) this screen refreshes. You may change the refresh interval by typing a new number in the text box and then clicking Set Interval.
Stop	Click Stop to halt system statistic polling.
Clear Counter	Select a port from the Port drop-down list box and then click Clear Counter to erase the recorded statistical information for that port.

6.2.1 Port Details

Click a number in the Port column in the Status screen to display individual port statistics. Use this screen to check status and detailed performance data about an individual port on the switch.

Figure 24 Status: Port Details

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 7 Status: Port Details

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Port Info
Link	This field displays the speed (either 10M for 10Mbps, 100M for 100Mbps or 1000M for 1000Mbps) and the duplex (F for full duplex or H for half duplex). It also shows the cable type (Copper or Fiber) for the combo ports.
Status	This field shows the training state of the ports. The states are FORWARDING (forwarding), which means the link is functioning normally or STOP (the port is stopped to break a loop or duplicate path).
LACP	This field shows if LACP is enabled on this port or not.
TxPkts	This field shows the number of transmitted frames on this port
RxPkts	This field shows the number of received frames on this port
Errors	This field shows the number of received errors on this port.
Tx KB/s	This field shows the number kilobytes per second transmitted on this port.
Rx KB/s	This field shows the number of kilobytes per second received on this port.
Up Time	This field shows the total amount of time the connection has been up.
Tx PacketThe following fields display detailed information about packets transmitted.
TX Packets	This field shows the number of good packets (unicast, multicast and broadcast) transmitted.
Multicast	This field shows the number of good multicast packets transmitted.
Broadcast	This field shows the number of good broadcast packets transmitted.
Pause	This field shows the number of 802.3x Pause packets transmitted.
Tagged	This field shows the number of packets with VLAN tags transmitted.
Rx PacketThe following fields display detailed information about packets received.
RX Packets	This field shows the number of good packets (unicast, multicast and broadcast) received.
Multicast	This field shows the number of good multicast packets received.
Broadcast	This field shows the number of good broadcast packets received.
Pause	This field shows the number of 802.3x Pause packets received.
Tagged	This field shows the number of packets with VLAN tags received.
Control	This field shows the number of control packets received (including those with CRC error) but it does not include the 802.3x Pause packets.
TX CollisionThe following fields display information on collisions while transmitting.
Single	This is a count of successfully transmitted packets for which transmission is inhibited by exactly one collision.
Multiple	This is a count of successfully transmitted packets for which transmission was inhibited by more than one collision.
Excessive	This is a count of packets for which transmission failed due to excessive collisions. Excessive collision is defined as the number of maximum collisions before the retransmission count is reset.
Late	This is the number of times a late collision is detected, that is, after 512 bits of the packets have already been transmitted.
Error Packet	The following fields display detailed information about packets received that were in error.
RX CRC	This field shows the number of packets received with CRC (Cyclic Redundant Check) error(s).
Length	This field shows the number of packets received with a length that was out of range.
Runt	This field shows the number of packets received that were too short (shorter than 64 octets), including the ones with CRC errors.
Distribution
64	This field shows the number of packets (including bad packets) received that were 64 octets in length.
65-127	This field shows the number of packets (including bad packets) received that were between 65 and 127 octets in length.
128-255	This field shows the number of packets (including bad packets) received that were between 128 and 255 octets in length.
256-511	This field shows the number of packets (including bad packets) received that were between 256 and 511 octets in length.
512-1023	This field shows the number of packets (including bad packets) received that were between 512 and 1023 octets in length.
1024-1518	This field shows the number of packets (including bad packets) received that were between 1024 and 1518 octets in length.
Giant	This field shows the number of packets dropped because they were bigger than the maximum frame size.
Poll Interval(s)	The text box displays how often (in seconds) this screen refreshes. You may change the refresh interval by typing a new number in the text box and then clicking Set Interval.
Stop	Click Stop to stop port statistic polling.

CHAPTER 7 Basic Setting

This chapter describes how to configure the System Info, General Setup, Switch Setup, IP Setup and Port Setup screens.

7.1 Overview

The System Info screen displays general switch information (such as firmware version number) and hardware polling information (such as fan speeds). The General Setup screen allows you to configure general switch identification information. The General Setup screen also allows you to set the system time manually or get the current time and date from an external server when you turn on your switch. The real time is then displayed in the switch logs. The Switch Setup screen allows you to set up and configure global switch features. The IP Setup screen allows you to configure a switch IP address in each routing domain, subnet mask(s) and DNS (domain name server) for management purposes.

7.2 System Information

In the navigation panel, click Basic Setting and System Info to display the screen as shown. You can check the firmware version number and monitor the switch temperature, fan speeds and voltage in this screen.

Figure 25 System Info

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 8 System Info

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
System Name	This field displays the descriptive name of the switch for identification purposes.
ZyNOS F/W Version	This field displays the version number of the switch 's current firmware including the date created.
Ethernet Address	This field refers to the Ethernet MAC (Media Access Control) address of the switch.
Hardware Monitor
Temperature Unit	The switch has temperature sensors that are capable of detecting and reporting if the temperature rises above the threshold. You may choose the temperature unit (Centigrade or Fahrenheit) in this field.
Temperature	MAC, CPU and PHY refer to the location of the temperature sensors on the switch printed circuit board.
Current	This shows the current temperature in degrees centigrade at this sensor.
MAX	This field displays the maximum temperature measured at this sensor.
MIN	This field displays the minimum temperature measured at this sensor.
Threshold	This field displays the upper temperature limit at this sensor.
Status	This field displays Normal for temperatures below the threshold and Error for those above.
Fan Speed (RPM)	A properly functioning fan is an essential component (along with a sufficiently ventilated, cool operating environment) in order for the device to stay within the temperature threshold. Each fan has a sensor that is capable of detecting and reporting if the fan speed falls below the threshold shown.
Current	This field displays this fan's current speed in Revolutions Per Minute (RPM).
MAX	This field displays this fan's maximum speed measured in Revolutions Per Minute (RPM).
MIN	This field displays this fan's minimum speed measured in Revolutions Per Minute (RPM). "<41" is displayed for speeds too small to measure (under 2000 RPM).
Threshold	This field displays the minimum speed at which a normal fan should work.
Status	Normal indicates that this fan is functioning above the minimum speed. Error indicates that this fan is functioning below the minimum speed.
Voltage(V)	The power supply for each voltage has a sensor that is capable of detecting and reporting if the voltage falls out of the tolerance range.
Current	This is the current voltage reading.
MAX	This field displays the maximum voltage measured at this point.
MIN	This field displays the minimum voltage measured at this point.
Threshold	This field displays the percentage tolerance of the voltage with which the switch still works.
Status	Normal indicates that the voltage is within an acceptable operating range at this point; otherwise Error is displayed.
Poll Interval(s)	The text box displays how often (in seconds) this screen refreshes. You may change the refresh interval by typing a new number in the text box and then clicking Set Interval.
Stop	Click Stop to halt statistic polling.

7.3 General Setup

Click Basic Setting and General Setup in the navigation panel to display the screen as shown.

Figure 26 General Setup

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 9 General Setup

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
System Name	Choose a descriptive name for identification purposes. This name consists of up to 32 printable characters; spaces are not allowed.
Location	Enter the geographic location (up to 30 characters) of your switch.
Contact Person's Name	Enter the name (up to 30 characters) of the person in charge of this switch.
Login Precedence	Use this drop-down list box to select which database the switch should use (first) to authenticate an administrator (user for switch management).Configure the local user accounts in the Access Control Logins screen. The RADIUS is an external server. Before you specify the priority, make sure you have set up the corresponding database correctly first.Select Local Only to have the switch just check the administrator accounts configured in the Access Control Logins screen.Select Local then RADIUS to have the switch check the administrator accounts configured in the Access Control Logins screen. If the user name is not found, the switch then checks the user database on the specified RADIUS server. You need to configure Port Authentication Radius first.Select RADIUS Only to have the switch just check the user database on the specified RADIUS server for a login username and password.
Use Time Server when Bootup	Enter the time service protocol that a timeserver sends when you turn on the switch. Not all time servers support all protocols, so you may have to use trial and error to find a protocol that works. The main differences between them are the time format. Daytime (RFC 867) format is day/month/year/time zone of the server. Time (RFC-868) format displays a 4-byte integer giving the total number of seconds since 1970/1/1 at 0:0:0. NTP (RFC-1305) is similar to Time (RFC-868). None is the default value. Enter the time manually. Each time you turn on the switch, the time and date will be reset to 2000-1-1 0:0.
Time Server IP Address	Enter the IP address (or URL if you configure a domain name server in the IP Setup screen) of your timeserver. The switch searches for the timeserver for up to 60 seconds. If you select a timeserver that is unreachable, then this screen will appear locked for 60 seconds. Please wait.
Current Time	This field displays the time you open this menu (or refresh the menu).
New Time (hh:min:ss)	Enter the new time in hour, minute and second format. The new time then appears in the Current Time field after you click Apply.
Current Date	This field displays the date you open this menu.
New Date (yyyy-mm-dd)	Enter the new date in year, month and day format. The new date then appears in the Current Date field after you click Apply.
Time Zone	Select the time difference between UTC (Universal Time Coordinated, formerly known as GMT, Greenwich Mean Time) and your time zone from the drop-down list box.
Apply	Click Apply to save the settings.
Cancel	Click Cancel to reset the fields to your previous configuration.

7.4 Introduction to VLANs

A VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) allows a physical network to be partitioned into multiple logical networks. Devices on a logical network belong to one group. A device can belong to more than one group. With VLAN, a device cannot directly talk to or hear from devices that are not in the same group(s); the traffic must first go through a router.

In MTU (Multi-Tenant Unit) applications, VLAN is vital in providing isolation and security among the subscribers. When properly configured, VLAN prevents one subscriber from accessing the network resources of another on the same LAN, thus a user will not see the printers and hard disks of another user in the same building.

VLAN also increases network performance by limiting broadcasts to a smaller and more manageable logical broadcast domain. In traditional switched environments, all broadcast packets go to each and every individual port. With VLAN, all broadcasts are confined to a specific broadcast domain.

Note: VLAN is unidirectional; it only governs outgoing traffic.

See Chapter 8 on page 81 for information on port-based and 802.1Q tagged VLANs.

7.5 IGMP Snooping

A switch can passively snoop on IGMP Query, Report and Leave (IGMP version 2) packets transferred between IP multicast routers/switches and IP multicast hosts to learn the IP multicast group membership. It checks IGMP packets passing through it, picks out the group registration information, and configures multicasting accordingly. IGMP snooping allows the switch to learn multicast groups without you having to manually configure them.

The switch forwards multicast traffic destined for multicast groups (that it has learned from IGMP snooping or that you have manually configured) to ports that are members of that group. The switch discards multicast traffic destined for multicast groups that it does not know. IGMP snooping generates no additional network traffic, allowing you to significantly reduce multicast traffic passing through your switch.

7.6 Switch Setup Screen

Click Basic Setting and then Switch Setup in the navigation panel to display the screen as shown. The VLAN setup screens change depending on whether you choose 802.1Q or Port Based in the VLAN Type field in this screen. Refer to the chapter on VLAN.

Figure 27 Switch Setup

The following table describes the labels in this screen

Table 10 Switch Setup

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
VLAN Type	Choose 802.1Q or Port Based. The VLAN Setup screen changes depending on whether you choose 802.1Q VLAN type or Port Based VLAN type in this screen. See Chapter 8 on page 81 for more information.
Bridge Control Protocol Transparency	Select Active to allow the switch to handle bridging control protocols (STP for example). You also need to define how to treat a BPDU in the Port Setup screen.
IGMP Snooping	Select the Active checkbox to enable IGMP snooping have group multicast traffic only forwarded to ports that are members significantly reducing multicast traffic passing through your switch. See Section 7.5 on page 74 for more information on IGMP snooping.Note: You cannot enable both IGMP snooping and IGMP at the same time. Refer to Chapter 25 on page 157 for more information.
MAC Address Learning	MAC address learning reduces outgoing traffic broadcasts. For MAC address learning to occur on a port, the port must be active.
Aging Time	Enter a time from 10 to 3000 seconds. This is how long all dynamically learned MAC addresses remain in the MAC address table before they age out (and must be relearned).
GARP Timer: Switches join VLANs by making a declaration. A declaration is made by issuing a Join message using GARP. Declarations are withdrawn by issuing a Leave message. A Leave All message terminates all registrations. GARP timers set declaration timeout values. See the chapter on VLAN setup for more background information.
Join Timer	Join Timer sets the duration of the Join Period timer for GVRP in milliseconds. Each port has a Join Period timer. The allowed Join Time range is between 100 and 65535 milliseconds; the default is 200 milliseconds. See the chapter on VLAN setup for more background information.
Leave Timer	Leave Time sets the duration of the Leave Period timer for GVRP in milliseconds. Each port has a single Leave Period timer. Leave Time must be two times larger than Join Timer; the default is 600 milliseconds.
Leave All Timer	Leave All Timer sets the duration of the Leave All Period timer for GVRP in milliseconds. Each port has a single Leave All Period timer. Leave All Timer must be larger than Leave Timer; the default is 1000 milliseconds.
Priority Queue AssignmentIEEE 802.1p defines up to 8 separate traffic types by inserting a tag into a MAC-layer frame that contains bits to define class of service. Frames without an explicit priority tag are given the default priority of the ingress port. Use the next two fields to configure the priority level-to-physical queue mapping.The switch has eight physical queues that you can map to the 8 priority levels. On the switch, traffic assigned to higher index queues gets through faster while traffic in lower index queues is dropped if the network is congested.
Priority Level (The following descriptions are based on the traffic types defined in the IEEE 802.1d standard (which incorporates the 802.1p).
Level 7	Typically used for network control traffic such as router configuration messages.
Level 6	Typically used for voice traffic that is especially sensitive to jitter (jitter is the variations in delay).
Level 5	Typically used for video that consumes high bandwidth and is sensitive to jitter.
Level 4	Typically used for controlled load, latency-sensitive traffic such as SNA (Systems Network Architecture) transactions.
Level 3	Typically used for “excellent effort” or better than best effort and would include important business traffic that can tolerate some delay.
Level 2	This is for “spare bandwidth”.
Level 1	This is typically used for non-critical “background” traffic such as bulk transfers that are allowed but that should not affect other applications and users.
Level 0	Typically used for best-effort traffic.
Apply	Click Apply to save the settings.
Cancel	Click Cancel to reset the fields to your previous configuration.

7.7 IP Setup

Use the IP Setup screen to configure the default gateway device, the default domain name server and add IP domains.

7.7.1 IP Interfaces

The switch needs an IP address for it to be managed over the network. The factory default IP address is 192.168.1.1. The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. The factory default subnet mask is 255.255.255.0.

On the switch, as a layer-3 device, an IP address is not bound to any physical ports. Since each IP address on the switch must be in a separate subnet, the configured IP address is also known as IP interface (or routing domain). In addition, this allows routing between subnets based on the IP address without additional routers.

You can configure multiple routing domains on the same VLAN as long as the IP address ranges for the domains do not overlap. To change the IP address of the switch in a routing domain, simply add a new routing domain entry with a different IP address in the same subnet.

Figure 28 IP Setup

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 11 IP Setup

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Default Gateway	Enter the IP address of the default outgoing gateway in dotted decimal notation, for example 192.168.1.254.
Domain Name Server	DNS (Domain Name System) is for mapping a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa. Enter a domain name server IP address in order to be able to use a domain name instead of an IP address.
Default Management	Specify which traffic flow (In-Band or Out-of-band) the switch is to send packets originating from itself (such as SNMP traps) or packets with unknown source. Select Out-of-band to have the switch send the packets to the management port labelled MGMT. This means that device(s) connected to the other port(s) do not receive these packets. Select In-Band to have the switch send the packets to all ports except the management port (labelled MGMT) to which connected device(s) do not receive these packets.
Management IP Address Use these fields to set the settings for the out-of-band management port.
IP Address	Enter the out-of-band management IP address of your switch in dotted decimal notation. For example, 192.168.0.1.
IP Subnet Mask	Enter the IP subnet mask of your switch in dotted decimal notation for example 255.255.255.0.
Default Gateway	Enter the IP address of the default outgoing gateway in dotted decimal notation, for example 192.168.0.254
Apply	Click Apply to save the settings.
Cancel	Click Cancel to reset the fields to your previous configuration.
IP Interface Use these fields to create or edit IP routing domains on the switch.
IP Address	Enter the IP address of your switch in dotted decimal notation for example 192.168.1.1. This is the IP address of the switch in an IP routing domain.
IP Subnet Mask	Enter the IP subnet mask of an IP routing domain in dotted decimal notation. For example, 255.255.255.0.
VID	Enter the VLAN identification number to which an IP routing domain belongs.
Add	Click Add to save the new rule to the switch. It then displays in the summary table at the bottom of the screen.
Cancel	Click Cancel to reset the fields to your previous configuration.
Index	This field displays the index number of an entry.
IP Address	This field displays IP address of the switch in the IP domain.
Subnet Mask	This field displays the subnet mask of the switch in the IP domain.
VID	This field displays the VLAN identification number of the IP domain on the switch.
Delete	Click Delete to remove the selected entry from the summary table. Note: Deleting all IP domains locks you out from the switch.
Cancel	Click Cancel to clear the Delete check boxes.

7.8 Port Setup

Click Basic Setting and then Port Setup in the navigation panel to display the configuration screen.

Figure 29 Port Setup

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 12 Port Setup

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Port	This is the port index number.
Active	Select this check box to enable a port. The factory default for all ports is enabled. A port must be enabled for data transmission to occur.
Name	Enter a descriptive name (up to nine printable characters) that identifies this port.
Type	This field displays 10/100/1000M for the Ethernet/ Fast Ethernet ports or 1000M for the Gigabit/ mini-GBIC ports
Speed/Duplex	Select the speed and the duplex mode of the connection on this port. Choices are Auto, 10M/Half Duplex, 10M/Full Duplex, 100M/Half Duplex, 100M/Full Duplex and 1000M/Full Duplex. Selecting Auto (auto-negotiation) allows one port to negotiate with a peer port automatically to obtain the connection speed and duplex mode that both ends support. When auto-negotiation is turned on, a port on the switch negotiates with the peer automatically to determine the connection speed and duplex mode. If the peer port does not support auto-negotiation or turns off this feature, the switch determines the connection speed by detecting the signal on the cable and using half duplex mode. When the switch's auto-negotiation is turned off, a port uses the pre-configured speed and duplex mode when making a connection, thus requiring you to make sure that the settings of the peer port are the same in order to connect.
Flow Control	A concentration of traffic on a port decreases port bandwidth and overflows buffer memory causing packet discards and frame losses. Flow Control is used to regulate transmission of signals to match the bandwidth of the receiving port. The switch uses IEEE802.3x flow control in full duplex mode and back pressure flow control in half duplex mode. IEEE802.3x flow control is used in full duplex mode to send a pause signal to the sending port, causing it to temporarily stop sending signals when the receiving port memory buffers fill. Back Pressure flow control is typically used in half duplex mode to send a "collision" signal to the sending port (mimicking a state of packet collision) causing the sending port to temporarily stop sending signals and resend later. Select Flow Control to enable it.
802.1P Priority	This priority value is added to incoming frames without a (802.1p) priority queue tag. See Priority Queue Assignment in Table 10 on page 75 for more information.
BPDU Control	Configure the way to treat BPDUs received on this port. You must activate bridging control protocol transparency in the Switch Setup screen first. Select Peer to process any BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Units) received on this port. Select Tunnel to forward BPDUs received on this port. Select Discard to drop any BPDU received on this port. Select Network to process a BPDU with no VLAN tag and forward a tagged BPDU.
Apply	Click Apply to save the settings.
Cancel	Click Cancel to reset the fields to your previous configuration.

CHAPTER 8 VLAN

The type of screen you see here depends on the VLAN Type you selected in the Switch Setup screen. This chapter shows you how to configure 802.1Q tagged and port-based VLANs.

8.1 Introduction to IEEE 802.1Q Tagged VLAN

A tagged VLAN uses an explicit tag (VLAN ID) in the MAC header to identify the VLAN membership of a frame across bridges - they are not confined to the switch on which they were created. The VLANs can be created statically by hand or dynamically through GVRP. The VLAN ID associates a frame with a specific VLAN and provides the information that switches need to process the frame across the network. A tagged frame is four bytes longer than an untagged frame and contains two bytes of TPID (Tag Protocol Identifier, residing within the type/length field of the Ethernet frame) and two bytes of TCI (Tag Control Information, starts after the source address field of the Ethernet frame).

The CFI (Canonical Format Indicator) is a single-bit flag, always set to zero for Ethernet switches. If a frame received at an Ethernet port has a CFI set to 1, then that frame should not be forwarded as it is to an untagged port. The remaining twelve bits define the VLAN ID, giving a possible maximum number of 4,096 (212) VLANs. Note that user priority and VLAN ID are independent of each other. A frame with VID (VLAN Identifier) of null (0) is called a priority frame, meaning that only the priority level is significant and the default VID of the ingress port is given as the VID of the frame. Of the 4096 possible VIDs, a VID of 0 is used to identify priority frames and value 4095 (FFF) is reserved, so the maximum possible VLAN configurations are 4,094.

TPID 2 Bytes

User Priority 3 Bits

CFI 1 Bit

VLAN ID 12 bits

8.1.1 Forwarding Tagged and Untagged Frames

VLAN group ID (or VID) is a unique number than identifies a VLAN. A port VID (PVID) is the VID associated to a physical port. A PVID defines the VLAN group to which a port belongs.

Each port on the switch is capable of passing tagged or untagged frames. To forward a frame from an 802.1Q VLAN-aware switch to an 802.1Q VLAN-unaware switch, the switch first decides where to forward the frame and then strips off the VLAN tag. To forward a frame from an 802.1Q VLAN-unaware switch to an 802.1Q VLAN-aware switch, the switch first decides where to forward the frame, and then inserts a VLAN tag reflecting the ingress port's default VID. The default PVID is VLAN 1 for all ports, but this can be changed.

8.2 Automatic VLAN Registration

GARP and GVRP are the protocols used to automatically register VLAN membership across switches.

8.2.1 GARP

GARP (Generic Attribute Registration Protocol) allows network switches to register and de-register attribute values with other GARP participants within a bridged LAN. GARP is a protocol that provides a generic mechanism for protocols that serve a more specific application, for example, GVRP.

8.2.1.1 GARP Timers

Switches join VLANs by making a declaration. A declaration is made by issuing a Join message using GARP. Declarations are withdrawn by issuing a Leave message. A Leave All message terminates all registrations. GARP timers set declaration timeout values.

8.2.2 GVRP

GVRP (GARP VLAN Registration Protocol) is a registration protocol that defines a way for switches to register necessary VLAN members on ports across the network. Enable this function to permit VLANs groups beyond the local switch.

Please refer to the following table for common GARP terminology.

Table 13 GARP Terminology

VLAN PARAMETER	TERM	DESCRIPTION
VLAN Type	Permanent VLAN	This is a static VLAN created manually.
	Dynamic VLAN	This is a VLAN configured by a GVRP registration/deregistration process.
VLAN Administrative Control	Registration Fixed	Fixed registration ports are permanent VLAN members.
	Registration Forbidden	Ports with registration forbidden are forbidden to join the specified VLAN.
	Normal Registration	Ports dynamically join a VLAN using GVRP.
VLAN Tag Control	Tagged	Ports belonging to the specified VLAN tag all outgoing frames transmitted.
	Untagged	Ports belonging to the specified don't tag all outgoing frames transmitted.
VLAN Port	Port VID	This is the VLAN ID assigned to untagged frames that this port received.
	Acceptable frame type	You may choose to accept both tagged and untagged incoming frames or just tagged incoming frames on a port.
	Ingress filtering	If set, the switch discards incoming frames for VLANs that do not have this port as a member

8.3 Port VLAN Trunking

Enable VLAN Trunking on a port to allow frames belonging to unknown VLAN groups to pass through that port. This is useful if you want to set up VLAN groups on end devices without having to configure the same VLAN groups on intermediary devices.

Refer to the following figure. Suppose you want to create VLAN groups 1 and 2 (V1 and V2) on devices A and B. Without VLAN Trunking, you must configure VLAN groups 1 and 2 on all intermediary switches C, D and E; otherwise they will drop frames with unknown VLAN group tags. However, with VLAN Trunking enabled on a port(s) in each intermediary switch you only need to create VLAN groups in the end devices (A and B). C, D and E automatically allow frames with VLAN group tags 1 and 2 (VLAN groups that are unknown to those switches) to pass through their VLAN trunking port(s).

Figure 30 Port VLAN Trunking

8.4 Selecting the VLAN Type

Select a VLAN type in the Switch Setup screen.

Figure 31 Switch Setup: Select VLAN Type

8.5 Static VLAN

Use a static VLAN to decide whether an incoming frame on a port should be

• sent to a VLAN group as normal depends on its VLAN tag.
• sent to a group whether it has a VLAN tag or not.
• blocked from a VLAN group regardless of its VLAN tag.

You can also tag all outgoing frames (that were previously untagged) from a port with the specified VID.

8.5.1 Static VLAN Status

Click Advanced Application, VLAN from the navigation panel to display the VLAN Status screen as shown next.

Figure 32 VLAN: VLAN Status

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 14 VLAN: VLAN Status

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
The Number of VLAN	This is the number of VLANs configured on the switch.
Index	This is the VLAN index number.
VID	This is the VLAN identification number that was configured in the VLAN Setup screen.
Port Number	This column displays the ports that are participating in a VLAN. A tagged port is marked as T, an untagged port is marked as U and ports not participating in a VLAN are marked as “-”.
Elapsed Time	This field shows how long it has been since a normal VLAN was registered or a static VLAN was set up.
Status	This field shows how this VLAN was added to the switch; dynamically using GVRP or statically, that is, added as a permanent entry.
Poll Interval(s)	The text box displays how often (in seconds) this screen refreshes. You may change the refresh interval by typing a new number in the text box and then clicking Set Interval.
Stop	Click Stop to halt polling statistics.
Change Pages	Click Previous Page or Next Page to show the previous/next screen if all status information cannot be seen in one screen.

8.5.2 Configure a Static VLAN

To configure a new VLAN, click Static VLAN in the VLAN Status screen to display the screen as shown next.

Figure 33 VLAN: Static VLAN

The following table describes the related labels in this screen.

Table 15 VLAN: Static VLAN

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
ACTIVE	Select this check box to activate the VLAN settings.
Name	Enter a descriptive name (up to nine printable ASCII characters) for the VLAN group for identification purposes.
VLAN Group ID	Enter the VLAN ID for this VLAN group. The valid range is between 1 and 4094.
Port	The port number identifies the port you are configuring.
Control	Select Normal for the port to dynamically join this VLAN group using GVRP. This is the default selection. Select Fixed for the port to be a permanent member of this VLAN group. Select Forbidden if you want to prohibit the port from joining this VLAN group.
Tagging	Select TX Tagging if you want the port to tag all outgoing frames (that were previously untagged) transmitted with this VLAN Group ID.
Add	Click Add to add the settings as a new entry in the summary table below.
Cancel	Click Cancel to reset the fields.
Clear	Click Clear to start configuring the screen again.
VID	This field displays the ID number of the VLAN group. Click the number to edit the VLAN settings.
Active	This field indicates whether the VLAN settings are enabled (Yes) or disabled (No).
Name	This field displays the descriptive name for this VLAN group.
Delete	Click Delete to remove the selected entry from the summary table.
Cancel	Click Cancel to clear the Delete check boxes.

8.5.3 Configure VLAN Port Settings

To configure the VLAN settings on a port, click the VLAN Port Setting link in the VLAN Status screen.

Figure 34 VLAN: VLAN Port Setting

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 16 VLAN: VLAN Port Setting

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
GVRP	GVRP (GARP VLAN Registration Protocol) is a registration protocol that defines a way for switches to register necessary VLAN members on ports across the network. Select this check box to permit VLAN groups beyond the local switch.
Port Isolation	Port Isolation allows each port (1 to 26) to communicate only with the CPU management port but not communicate with each other. All incoming ports are selected while only the CPU outgoing port is selected. This option is the most limiting but also the most secure.
Port	This field displays the port number.
Ingress Check	Select this check box to activate ingress filtering. Clear this check box to disable ingress filtering.
PVID	Enter a number between 1 and 4094 as the port VLAN ID.
GVRP	Select this check box to allow GVRP on this port.
Acceptable Frame Type	Specify the type of frames allowed on a port. Choices are All and Tag Only. Select All from the drop-down list box to accept all untagged or tagged frames on this port. This is the default setting. Select Tag Only to accept only tagged frames on this port. All untagged frames will be dropped.
VLAN Trunking	Enable VLAN Trunking on ports connected to other switches or routers (but not ports directly connected to end users) to allow frames belonging to unknown VLAN groups to pass through the switch.
Apply	Click Apply to save the changes
Cancel	Click Cancel to start configuring the screen again.

8.6 Port-based VLANs

Port-based VLANs are VLANs where the packet forwarding decision is based on the destination MAC address and its associated port.

Port-based VLANs require allowed outgoing ports to be defined for each port. Therefore, if you wish to allow two subscriber ports to talk to each other, for example, between conference rooms in a hotel, you must define the egress (an egress port is an outgoing port, that is, a port through which a data packet leaves) for both ports.

Port-based VLANs are specific only to the switch on which they were created.

Note: When you activate port-based VLAN, the switch uses a default VLAN ID of 1. You cannot change it.

In screens (such as IP Setup and Filtering) that require a VID, you must enter 1 as the VID.

The port-based VLAN setup screen is shown next. The CPU management port forms a VLAN with all Ethernet ports.

8.6.1 Configure a Port-based VLAN

Select Port Based as the VLAN Type in the Switch Setup screen and then click VLAN from the navigation panel to display the next screen.

Figure 35 Port Based VLAN Setup (All Connected)

Figure 36 Port Based VLAN Setup (Port Isolation)

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

]

Table 17 Port Based VLAN Setup

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Setting Wizard	Choose All connected or Port isolation.All connected means all ports can communicate with each other, that is, there are no virtual LANs. All incoming and outgoing ports are selected. This option is the most flexible but also the least secure.Port isolation means that each port can only communicate with the CPU management port and cannot communicate with each other. All incoming ports are selected while only the CPU outgoing port is selected. This option is the most limiting but also the most secure.After you make your selection, click Apply (top right of screen) to display the screens as mentioned above. You can still customize these settings by adding/deleting incoming or outgoing ports, but you must also click Apply at the bottom of the screen.
Incoming	These are the ingress ports; an ingress port is an incoming port, that is, a port through which a data packet enters. If you wish to allow two subscriber ports to talk to each other, you must define the ingress port for both ports. The numbers in the top row denote the incoming port for the corresponding port listed on the left (its outgoing port).CPU refers to the switch management port. By default it forms a VLAN with all Ethernet ports. If it does not form a VLAN with a particular port then the switch cannot be managed from that port.
Outgoing	These are the egress ports; an egress port is an outgoing port, that is, a port through which a data packet leaves. If you wish to allow two subscriber ports to talk to each other, you must define the egress port for both ports. CPU refers to the switch management port. By default it forms a VLAN with all Ethernet ports. If it does not form a VLAN with a particular port then the switch cannot be managed from that port.
Apply	Click Apply to save the changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to start configuring the screen again.

CHAPTER 9

Static MAC Forward Setup

Use these screens to configure static MAC address forwarding.

9.1 Overview

A static MAC address is an address that has been manually entered in the MAC address table. Static MAC addresses do not age out. When you set up static MAC address rules, you are setting static MAC addresses for a port. This may reduce the need for broadcasting.

Static MAC address forwarding together with port security allows you to allow only computers in the MAC address table to access the switch. See Chapter 17 on page 119 for more information on port security.

9.2 Configuring Static MAC Forwarding

Click Advanced Applications, Static MAC Forwarding in the navigation panel to display the configuration screen as shown. Scroll down to the bottom of the screen to view the summary table for the settings.

Figure 37 Static MAC Forwarding

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 18 Static MAC Forwarding

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Active	Select this check box to activate your rule. You may temporarily deactivate a rule without deleting it by clearing this check box.
Name	Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable ASCII characters) for identification purposes for this static MAC address forwarding rule.
MAC Address	Enter the MAC address in valid MAC address format, that is, six hexadecimal character pairs.Note: Static MAC addresses do not age out.
VID	Enter the VLAN identification number.
Port	Select a port where the MAC address entered in the previous field will be automatically forwarded.
Add	After you set the fields above, click Add to insert a new rule.
Cancel	Click Cancel to reset the fields.
Clear	Click Clear to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Index	Click an index number to modify the settings.
Active	This field displays whether this static MAC address forwarding rule is active (Yes) or not (No). You may temporarily deactivate a rule without deleting it.
Name	This field displays the descriptive name for identification purposes for this static MAC address-forwarding rule.
MAC Address	This field displays the MAC address that will be forwarded and the VLAN identification number to which the MAC address belongs.
Port	This field displays the port where the MAC address shown in the next field will be forwarded.
Delete	Click Delete to remove the selected entry from the summary table.
Cancel	Click Cancel to clear the Delete check boxes.

CHAPTER 10 Filtering

This chapter discusses static MAC address port filtering.

10.1 Overview

Filtering means sifting traffic going through the switch based on the source and/or destination MAC addresses and VLAN group (ID).

10.2 Configure a Filtering Rule

Click Advanced Application, Filtering in the navigation panel to display the screen as shown next. Scroll down to the bottom of the screen to view the summary table for the settings.

Figure 38 Filtering

The following table describes the related labels in this screen.

Table 19 Filtering

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Active	Make sure to select this check box to activate your rule. You may temporarily deactivate a rule without deleting it by deselecting this check box.
Name	Type a descriptive name (up to 32 printable ASCII characters). This is for identification purpose only.
Action	Select Discard source to drop frame from the source MAC address (specified in the MAC field). The switch can still send frames to the MAC address. Select Discard destination to drop frames to the destination MAC address (specified in the MAC field). The switch can still receive frames originating from the MAC address. Select Discard source and Discard destination to block traffic to/from the MAC address specified in the MAC field.
MAC	Type a MAC address in valid MAC address format, that is, six hexadecimal character pairs.
VID	Type the VLAN group identification number.
Add	Click Add to save the new rule to the switch. It then displays in the summary table at the bottom of the screen.
Cancel	Click Cancel to reset the fields to your previous configuration.
Clear	Click Clear to clear the fields to the factory defaults.
Index	This field displays the index number of the rule. Click an index number to change the settings.
Active	This field displays Yes when the rule is activated and No when is it deactivated.
Name	This field displays the descriptive name for this rule.
MAC Address	This field displays the source/destination MAC address with the VLAN identification number to which the MAC address belongs.
Action	This field displays the filter action.
Delete	Check the rule(s) that you want to remove in the Delete column and then click the Delete button.
Cancel	Click Cancel to clear the selected checkbox(es) in the Delete column.

CHAPTER 11 Spanning Tree Protocol

This chapter introduces the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP).

11.1 Overview

STP detects and breaks network loops and provides backup links between switches, bridges or routers. It allows a switch to interact with other STP-compliant switches in your network to ensure that only one route exists between any two stations on the network.

11.1.1 STP Terminology

The root bridge is the base of the spanning tree; it is the bridge with the lowest identifier value (MAC address).

Path cost is the cost of transmitting a frame onto a LAN through that port. It is assigned according to the speed of the link to which a port is attached. The slower the media, the higher the cost.

Table 20 STP Path Costs

	LINK SPEED	RECOMMENDED VALUE	RECOMMENDED RANGE	ALLOWED RANGE
Path Cost	4Mbps	250	100 to 1000	1 to 65535
Path Cost	10Mbps	100	50 to 600	1 to 65535
Path Cost	16Mbps	62	40 to 400	1 to 65535
Path Cost	100Mbps	19	10 to 60	1 to 65535
Path Cost	1Gbps	4	3 to 10	1 to 65535
Path Cost	10Gbps	2	1 to 5	1 to 65535

On each bridge, the root port is the port through which this bridge communicates with the root. It is the port on this switch with the lowest path cost to the root (the root path cost). If there is no root port, then this switch has been accepted as the root bridge of the spanning tree network.

For each LAN segment, a designated bridge is selected. This bridge has the lowest cost to the root among the bridges connected to the LAN.

11.1.2 How STP Works

After a bridge determines the lowest cost-spanning tree with STP, it enables the root port and the ports that are the designated ports for connected LANs, and disables all other ports that participate in STP. Network packets are therefore only forwarded between enabled ports, eliminating any possible network loops.

STP-aware switches exchange Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) periodically. When the bridged LAN topology changes, a new spanning tree is constructed.

Once a stable network topology has been established, all bridges listen for Hello BPDUs (Bridge Protocol Data Units) transmitted from the root bridge. If a bridge does not get a Hello BPDU after a predefined interval (Max Age), the bridge assumes that the link to the root bridge is down. This bridge then initiates negotiations with other bridges to reconfigure the network to re-establish a valid network topology.

11.1.3 STP Port States

STP assigns five port states to eliminate packet looping. A bridge port is not allowed to go directly from blocking state to forwarding state so as to eliminate transient loops.

Table 21 STP Port States

PORT STATE	DESCRIPTION
Disabled	STP is disabled (default).
Blocking	Only configuration and management BPDUs are received and processed.
Listening	All BPDUs are received and processed.
Learning	All BPDUs are received and processed. Information frames are submitted to the learning process but not forwarded.
Forwarding	All BPDUs are received and processed. All information frames are received and forwarded.

11.2 STP Status

Click Advanced Application, Spanning Tree Protocol in the navigation panel to display the status screen as shown next.

Figure 39 Spanning Tree Protocol: Status

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 22 Spanning Tree Protocol: Status

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Spanning Tree Protocol	This field displays Running if STP is activated. Otherwise, it displays Down.
Configuration	Click Configuration to configure STP settings. Refer to Section 11.2.1 on page 100.
Bridge	Root refers to the base of the spanning tree (the root bridge). Our Bridge is this switch. This switch may also be the root bridge.
Bridge ID	This is the unique identifier for this bridge, consisting of bridge priority plus MAC address. This ID is the same for Root and Our Bridge if the switch is the root switch.
Hello Time (second)	This is the time interval (in seconds) at which the root switch transmits a configuration message. The root bridge determines Hello Time, Max Age and Forwarding Delay
Max Age (second)	This is the maximum time (in seconds) a switch can wait without receiving a configuration message before attempting to reconfigure.
Forwarding Delay (second)	This is the time (in seconds) the root switch will wait before changing states (that is, listening to learning to forwarding).
Cost to Bridge	This is the path cost from the root port on this switch to the root switch.
Port ID	This is the priority and number of the port on the switch through which this switch must communicate with the root of the Spanning Tree.
Topology Changed Times	This is the number of times the spanning tree has been reconfigured.
Time Since Last Change	This is the time since the spanning tree was last reconfigured.
Poll Interval(s)	The text box displays how often (in seconds) this screen refreshes. You may change the refresh interval by typing a new number in the text box and then clicking Set Interval.
Stop	Click Stop to halt STP statistic polling.

11.2.1 Configure STP

To configure STP, click the Configuration link in the Spanning Tree Protocol screen as shown next.

Figure 40 Spanning Tree Protocol: Configuration

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 23 Spanning Tree Protocol: Configuration

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Status	Click Status to display the Spanning Tree Protocol Status screen (see Figure 39 on page 99).
Active	Select this check box to activate STP. Clear this checkbox to disable STP.
Bridge Priority	Bridge priority is used in determining the root switch, root port and designated port. The switch with the highest priority (lowest numeric value) becomes the STP root switch. If all switches have the same priority, the switch with the lowest MAC address will then become the root switch. Select a value from the drop-down list box.The lower the numeric value you assign, the higher the priority for this bridge.Bridge Priority determines the root bridge, which in turn determines Hello Time, Max Age and Forwarding Delay.
Hello Time	This is the time interval in seconds between BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Units) configuration message generations by the root switch. The allowed range is 1 to 10 seconds.
Max Age	This is the maximum time (in seconds) a switch can wait without receiving a BPDU before attempting to reconfigure. All switch ports (except for designated ports) should receive BPDUs at regular intervals. Any port that ages out STP information (provided in the last BPDU) becomes the designated port for the attached LAN. If it is a root port, a new root port is selected from among the switch ports attached to the network. The allowed range is 6 to 40 seconds.
Forwarding Delay	This is the maximum time (in seconds) a switch will wait before changing states. This delay is required because every switch must receive information about topology changes before it starts to forward frames. In addition, each port needs time to listen for conflicting information that would make it return to a blocking state; otherwise, temporary data loops might result. The allowed range is 4 to 30 seconds.As a general rule:2 * (Forward Delay - 1) >= Max Age >= 2 * (Hello Time + 1)
Port	This field displays the port number.
Active	Select this check box to activate STP on this port.
Priority	Configure the priority for each port here.Priority decides which port should be disabled when more than one port forms a loop in a switch. Ports with a higher priority numeric value are disabled first. The allowed range is between 0 and 255 and the default value is 128.
Path Cost	Path cost is the cost of transmitting a frame on to a LAN through that port. It is assigned according to the speed of the bridge. The slower the media, the higher the cost - see Table 20 on page 97 for more information.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes back to the switch.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

CHAPTER 12 Bandwidth Control

This chapter shows you how you can cap the maximum bandwidth allowed from specific source(s) to specified destination(s) using the Bandwidth Control screen.

12.1 Configuring

Bandwidth control means defining a maximum allowable bandwidth for incoming and/or outgoing traffic flows on a port. Click Advanced Application and then Bandwidth Control in the navigation panel to bring up the screen as shown next.

Figure 41 Bandwidth Control

The following table describes the related labels in this screen.

Table 24 Bandwidth Control

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Active	Select this check box to enable bandwidth control on the switch.
Port	This field displays the port number.
Active	Make sure to select this check box to activate bandwidth control on a port.
Ingress Rate	Specify the maximum bandwidth allowed in megabits per second (Mbps) for the incoming traffic flow on a port. Enter a number between 1 and 1000.
Egress Rate	Specify the maximum bandwidth allowed in megabits per second (Mbps) for the out-going traffic flow on a port. Enter a number between 1 and 1000.
Apply	Click Apply to save the settings.
Cancel	Click Cancel to reset the fields to your previous configuration.

CHAPTER 13

Broadcast Storm Control

This chapter introduces and shows you how to configure the broadcast storm control feature.

13.1 Overview

Broadcast storm control limits the number of broadcast, multicast and destination lookup failure (DLF) packets the switch receives per second on the ports. When the maximum number of allowable broadcast, multicast and/or DLF packets is reached per second, the subsequent packets are discarded. Enable this feature to reduce broadcast, multicast and/or DLF packets in your network. You can specify limits for each packet type on each port.

13.2 Broadcast Storm Control Setup

Click Advanced Application, Broadcast Storm Control in the navigation panel to display the screen as shown next.

Figure 42 Broadcast Storm Control

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 25 Broadcast Storm Control

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Active	Select this check box to enable broadcast storm control on the switch.
Port	This field displays a port number.
Broadcast (pkt/s)	Select this option and specify how many broadcast packets the port receives per second.
Multicast (pkt/s)	Select this option and specify how many multicast packets the port receives per second.
DLF (pkt/s)	Select this option and specify how many destination lookup failure (DLF) packets the port receives per second.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes back to the switch.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

CHAPTER 14 Mirroring

This chapter shows you how to configure mirroring on the swtch.

14.1 Overview

Port mirroring allows you to copy traffic going from one or all ports to another or all ports in order that you can examine the traffic from the mirror port (the port you copy the traffic to) without interference.

14.2 Port Mirroring Configuration

Click Advanced Application, Mirroring in the navigation panel to display the configuration screen.

You must first select a monitor port. A monitor port is a port that copies the traffic of another port. After you select a monitor port, configure a mirroring rule in the related fields

Figure 43 Mirroring

The following table describes the related labels in this screen.

Table 26 Mirroring

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Active	Clear this check box to deactivate port mirroring on the switch.
Monitor Port	The monitor port is the port you copy the traffic to in order to examine it in more detail without interfering with the traffic flow on the original port(s). Select this port from this drop-down list box.
Port	This field displays the port number.
Mirrored	Select this option to mirror the traffic on a port.
Direction	Specify the direction of the traffic to mirror. Choices are Egress (outgoing), Ingress (incoming) and Both.
Apply	Click Apply to save the changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to start configuring the screen again.

CHAPTER 15 Link Aggregation

This chapter shows you how to logically aggregate physical links to form one logical, higher-bandwidth link.

15.1 Overview

Link aggregation (trunking) is the grouping of physical ports into one logical higher-capacity link. You may want to trunk ports if for example, it is cheaper to use multiple lower-speed links than to under-utilize a high-speed, but more costly, single-port link.

However, the more ports you aggregate then the fewer available ports you have. A trunk group is one logical link containing multiple ports.

15.1.1 Dynamic Link Aggregation

The switch adheres to the IEEE 802.3ad standard for static and dynamic (LACP) port trunking.

The switch supports the link aggregation IEEE802.3ad standard. This standard describes the Link Aggregate Control Protocol (LACP), which is a protocol that dynamically creates and manages trunk groups.

When you enable LACP link aggregation on a port, the port can automatically negotiate with the ports at the remote end of a link to establish trunk groups. LACP also allows port redundancy, that is, if an operational port fails, then one of the "standby" ports become operational without user intervention. Please note that:

• You must connect all ports point-to-point to the same Ethernet switch and configure the ports for LACP trunking.
  LACP only works on full-duplex links.
• All ports in the same trunk group must have the same media type, speed, duplex mode and flow control settings.

Configure trunk groups or LACP before you connect the Ethernet switch to avoid causing network topology loops.

15.1.2 Link Aggregation ID

LACP aggregation ID consists of the following information¹:

Table 27 Link Aggregation ID: Local Switch

SYSTEM PRIORITY	MAC ADDRESS	KEY	PORT PRIORITY	PORT NUMBER
0000	00-00-00-00-00	0000	00	0000

Table 28 Link Aggregation ID: Peer Switch

SYSTEM PRIORITY	MAC ADDRESS	KEY	PORT PRIORITY	PORT NUMBER
0000	00-00-00-00-00	0000	00	0000

15.2 Link Aggregation Status

Click Advanced Application, Link Aggregation in the navigation panel. The Link Aggregation Control Protocol Status screen displays by default.

Figure 44 Link Aggregation Control Protocol Status

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 29 Link Aggregation Control Protocol: Status

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Index	This field displays the trunk ID to identify a trunk group, that is, one logical link containing multiple ports.
Aggregator ID	Refer to Section 15.1.2 on page 110 for more information on this field.
Enabled Port	These are the ports you have configured in the Link Aggregation screen to be in the trunk group.
Synchronized Ports	These are the ports that are currently transmitting data as one logical link in this trunk group.
Poll Interval(s)	The text box displays how often (in seconds) this screen refreshes. You may change the refresh interval by typing a new number in the text box and then clicking Set Interval.
Stop	Click Stop to halt statistic polling.

15.3 Link Aggregation Setup

Click Configuration in the Link Aggregation Control Protocol Status screen to display the screen shown next.

Figure 45 Link Aggregation Control Protocol: Configuration

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 30 Link Aggregation Control Protocol: Configuration

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Link Aggregation Control Protocol
Active	Select this checkbox to enable Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP).
System Priority	LACP system priority is a number between 1 and 65,355. The switch with the lowest system priority (and lowest port number if system priority is the same) becomes the LACP “server”. The LACP “server” controls the operation of LACP setup. Enter a number to set the priority of an active port using Link Aggregate Control Protocol (LACP). The smaller the number, the higher the priority level.
Group ID	The field identifies the link aggregation group, that is, one logical link containing multiple ports
Active	Select this option to activate a trunk group.
Dynamic (LACP)	Select this check box to enable LACP for a trunk.
Port	This field displays the port number.
Group	Select the trunk group to which a port belongs.
LACP Timeout	Timeout is the time interval between the individual port exchanges of LACP packets in order to check that the peer port in the trunk group is still up. If a port does not respond after three tries, then it is deemed to be “down” and is removed from the trunk. Set a short timeout (one second) for busy trunked links to ensure that disabled ports are removed from the trunk group as soon as possible. Select either 1 second or 30 seconds.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes back to the switch.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

CHAPTER 16 Port Authentication

This chapter describes the 802.1x authentication method and RADIUS server connection setup.

16.1 Overview

IEEE 802.1x is an extended authentication protocol² that allows support of RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138, 2139) for centralized user profile and accounting management on a network RADIUS server.

16.1.1 RADIUS

RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) authentication is a popular protocol used to authenticate users by means of an external server instead of (or in addition to) an internal device user database that is limited to the memory capacity of the device. In essence, RADIUS authentication allows you to validate an unlimited number of users from a central location.

Figure 46 RADIUS Server

16.2 Configure Port Authentication

For network security, enable port authentication to check the identity of the user before access to the network is allowed. The switch authenticates users against the remote RADIUS server you specify.

To enable port authentication:

• activate IEEE802.1x security (both on the switch and the port(s))
• configure the RADIUS server settings.

Click Advanced Application, Port Authentication in the navigation panel to display the screen as shown.

Figure 47 Port Authentication

16.2.1 Activate IEEE 802.1x Security

From the Port Authentication screen, display the configuration screen as shown.

Figure 48 Port Authentication: 802.1x

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 31 Port Authentication: 802.1x

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Active	Select this check box to permit 802.1x authentication on the switch.Note: You must first enable 802.1x authentication on the switch before configuring it on each port.
Port	This field displays a port number.
Active	Select this checkbox to permit 802.1x authentication on this port. You must first allow 802.1x authentication on the switch before configuring it on each port.
Reauthentication	Specify if a subscriber has to periodically re-enter his or her username and password to stay connected to the port.
Reauthentication Timer	Specify how often a client has to re-enter his or her username and password to stay connected to the port.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes back to the switch.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

16.2.2 Configuring RADIUS Server Settings

From the Port Authentication screen, click RADIUS to display the configuration screen as shown.

Figure 49 Port Authentication: RADIUS

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 32 Port Authentication: RADIUS

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Authentication Server
IP Address	Enter the IP address of the external RADIUS server in dotted decimal notation.
UDP Port	The default port of the RADIUS server for authentication is 1812. You need not change this value unless your network administrator instructs you to do so.
Shared Secret	Specify a password (up to 32 alphanumeric characters) as the key to be shared between the external RADIUS server and the switch. This key is not sent over the network. This key must be the same on the external RADIUS server and the switch.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes back to the switch.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

CHAPTER 17 Port Security

This chapter shows you how to set up port security.

17.1 Overview

Port security allows only packets with dynamically learned MAC addresses and/or configured static MAC addresses to pass through a port on the switch. The switch can learn up to 16K MAC addresses in total with no limit on individual ports other than the sum cannot exceed 16K.

For maximum port security, enable this feature, disable MAC address learning and configure static MAC address(es) for a port. It is not recommended you disable Port Security together with MAC address learning as this will result in many broadcasts.

17.2 Port Security Setup

Click Advanced Application, Port Security in the navigation panel to display the screen as shown.

Figure 50 Port Security

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 33 Port Security

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Port	This field displays a port number.
Active	Select this check box to enable the port security feature on this port. The switch forwards packets whose MAC address(es) is in the MAC address table on this port. Packets with no matching MAC address(es) are dropped.Clear this check box to disable the port security feature. The switch forwards all packets on this port.
Address Learning	MAC address learning reduces outgoing broadcast traffic. For MAC address learning to occur on a port, the port itself must be active with address learning enabled.
Limited Number of Learned MAC Address	Use this field to limit the number of (dynamic) MAC addresses that may be learned on a port. For example, if you set this field to "5" on port 2, then only the devices with these five learned MAC addresses may access port 2 at any one time. A sixth device would have to wait until one of the five learned MAC addresses aged out. MAC address aging out time can be set in the Switch Setup screen. The valid range is from 0 to 16K. "0" means this feature is disabled, so the switch will learn MAC addresses up to the global limit of 16K.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes back to the switch.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

CHAPTER 18 Classifier

This chapter introduces and shows you how to configure the packet classifier on the switch.

18.1 Overview

Quality of Service (QoS) refers to both a network's ability to deliver data with minimum delay, and the networking methods used to control the use of bandwidth. Without QoS, all traffic data is equally likely to be dropped when the network is congested. This can cause a reduction in network performance and make the network inadequate for time-critical application such as video-on-demand.

A layer-2 classifier groups traffic according to the Ethernet type, VLAN group, MAC address and/or port number. A layer-3 classifier groups traffic according to the IP address and/or TCP/UDP protocol number.

Configure QoS on the switch to group and prioritize application traffic and fine-tune network performance. Setting up QoS involves two separate steps:

1 Configure classifiers to sort traffic into different flows.
2 Configure policy rules to define actions to be performed for a classified traffic flow (refer to Chapter 19 on page 127 to configure policy rules).

18.2 Configuring the Classifier

Use the Classifier screen to define the classifiers. After you define the classifier, you can specify actions (or policy) to act upon the traffic that match the rules. To configure policy rules, refer to Chapter 19 on page 127.

Click Advanced Application and Classifier in the navigation panel to display the configuration screen as shown.

Figure 51 Classifier

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 34 Classifier

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Active	Select this option to enable this rule.
Name	Type a descriptive name (up to 32 printable ASCII characters) for this rule. This is for identification purpose only.
Packet Format	Specify the format of the packet. Choices are All, 802.3 tagged, 802.3 untagged, Ethernet II tagged and Ethernet II untagged.A value of 802.3 indicates that the packets are formatted according to the IEEE 802.3 standards.A value of Ethernet II indicates that the packets are formatted according to RFC 894, Ethernet II encapsulation.
Layer 2 Specify the fields below to configure a layer 2 classifier.
VLAN	Select Any to classify traffic from any VLAN or select the second option and specify the source VLAN ID in the field provided.
Priority	Select Any to classify traffic from any priority level or select MAC and specify a priority level in the field provided.
Ethernet Type	Select an Ethernet type or select Other and enter the Ethernet type number in hexadecimal value. Refer to Table 36 on page 124 for information. Select All if you don’t know.
Source
MAC Address	Select Any to apply the rule to all MAC addresses. To specify a source, select MAC and type a MAC address in valid MAC address format (six hexadecimal character pairs).
Port	Select the port to which the rule should be applied. You may choose one port only or all ports (All Ports).
Destination
MAC Address	Select Any to apply the rule to all MAC addresses. To specify a destination, select MAC and type a MAC address in valid MAC address format (six hexadecimal character pairs).
Layer 3 Specify the fields below to configure a layer 3 classifier.
DSCP	Select Any to classify traffic from any DSCP or select the second option and specify a DSCP (DiffServ Code Point) number between 0 and 63 in the field provided.
IP Protocol	Select an IP protocol type or select Other and enter the protocol number in decimal value. Refer to Table 37 on page 125 for more information. You may select Establish Only for TCP protocol type. This means that the switch will pick out the packets that are sent to establish TCP connections.
Source
IP Address/ Address Prefix	Enter a source IP address in dotted decimal notation. Specify the address prefix by entering the number of ones in the subnet mask.
Socket Number	Note: You must select either UDP or TCP in the IP Protocol field before you configure the socket numbers. Select Any to apply the rule to all TCP/UDP protocol port numbers or select the second option and enter a TCP/UDP protocol port number.
Destination
IP Address/ Address Prefix	Enter a destination IP address in dotted decimal notation. Specify the address prefix by entering the number of ones in the subnet mask.
Socket Number	Note: You must select either UDP or TCP in the IP Protocol field before you configure the socket numbers. Select Any to apply the rule to all TCP/UDP protocol port numbers or select the second option and enter a TCP/UDP protocol port number.
Add	Click Add to save the changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to reset the fields back to your previous configuration.
Clear	Click Clear to set the above fields back to the factory defaults.

18.3 Viewing and Editing Classifier Configuration

To view a summary of the classifier configuration, scroll down to the summary table at the bottom of the Classifier screen. To change the settings of a rule, click a number in the Index field. When two rules conflict with each other, a higher layer rule has priority over lower layer rule.

Figure 52 Classifier: Summary Table

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 35 Classifier: Summary Table

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Index	This field displays the index number of the rule. Click an index number to edit the rule.
Active	This field displays Yes when the rule is activated and No when is it deactivated.
Name	This field displays the descriptive name for this rule. This is for identification purpose only.
Rule	This field displays a summary of the classifier rule’s settings.
Delete	Click Delete to remove the selected entry from the summary table.
Cancel	Click Cancel to clear the Delete check boxes.

The following table shows some other common Ethernet types and the corresponding protocol number.

Table 36 Common Ethernet Types and Protocol Number

ETHERNET TYPE	PROTOCOL NUMBER
IP ETHII	0800
X.75 Internet	0801
NBS Internet	0802
ECMA Internet	0803
Chaosnet	0804
X.25 Level 3	0805
XNS Compat	0807
Banyan Systems	0BAD
BBN Simnet	5208
IBM SNA	80D5
AppleTalk AARP	80F3

Some of the most common IP ports are:

Table 37 Common IP Ports

PORT NUMBER	PORT NAME
21	FTP
23	Telnet
25	SMTP
53	DNS
80	HTTP
110	POP3

18.4 Classifier Example

The following screen shows an example where you configure a classifier that identifies all traffic from MAC address 00:50:ba:ad:4f:81 on port 2.

After you have configured a classifier, you can configure a policy (in the Policy screen) to define action(s) on the classified traffic flow.

Figure 53 Classifier: Example

CHAPTER 19 Policy Rule

This chapter shows you how to configure policy rules.

19.1 Overview

A classifier distinguishes traffic into flows based on the configured criteria (refer to Chapter 18 on page 121 for more information). A policy rule ensures that a traffic flow gets the requested treatment in the network.

19.1.1 DiffServ

DiffServ (Differentiated Services) is a class of service (CoS) model that marks packets so that they receive specific per-hop treatment at DiffServ-compliant network devices along the route based on the application types and traffic flow. Packets are marked with DiffServ Code Points (DSCPs) indicating the level of service desired. This allows the intermediary DiffServ-compliant network devices to handle the packets differently depending on the code points without the need to negotiate paths or remember state information for every flow. In addition, applications do not have to request a particular service or give advanced notice of where the traffic is going.

19.1.2 DSCP and Per-Hop Behavior

DiffServ defines a new DS (Differentiated Services) field to replace the Type of Service (TOS) field in the IP header. The DS field contains a 2-bit unused field and a 6-bit DSCP field which can define up to 64 service levels. The following figure illustrates the DS field.

DSCP is backward compatible with the three precedence bits in the ToS octet so that non-DiffServ compliant, ToS-enabled network device will not conflict with the DSCP mapping.

The DSCP value determines the forwarding behavior, the PHB (Per-Hop Behavior), that each packet gets across the DiffServ network. Based on the marking rule, different kinds of traffic can be marked for different kinds of forwarding. Resources can then be allocated according to the DSCP values and the configured policies.

19.2 Configuring Policy Rules

Note: You must first configure a classifier in the Classifier screen. Refer to Chapter 18 on page 121 for more information.

Click Advanced Applications and then Policy Rule in the navigation panel to display the screen as shown.

Figure 54 Policy

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 38 Policy

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Active	Select this option to enable the policy.
Name	Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable ASCII characters) for identification purposes.
Classifier(s)	This field displays the active classifier(s) you configure in the Classifier screen (refer to Chapter 18 on page 121).Select the classifier(s) to which this policy rule applies. To select more than one classifier, press [SHIFT] and select the choices at the same time.
Parameters Set the fields below for this policy. You only have to set the field(s) that is related to the action(s) you configure in the Action field.
General
VLAN ID	Specify a VLAN ID number.
Egress Port	Select an outgoing port.
Outgoing packet format for Egress Port	Select Tag to add the specified VID to packets on the specified outgoing port. Otherwise, select Untag. The switch removes the VLAN tag from the packets.
Priority	Specify a priority level.
DSCP	Specify a DSCP (DiffServ Code Point) number between 0 and 63.
TOS	Specify the type of service (TOS) priority level.
Metering	You can configure the desired bandwidth available to a traffic flow. Traffic that exceeds the maximum bandwidth allocated (in cases where the network is congested) is called out-of-profile traffic.
Bandwidth	Specify the bandwidth in mega bits per second (Mbps). Enter a number between 1 and 1000.
Out-of-Profile DSCP	Specify a new DSCP number (between 0 and 63) if you want to replace or remark the DSCP number for out-of-profile traffic.
Action Specify the action(s) the switch takes on the associated classified traffic flow.
Forwarding	Select No change to forward the packets. Select Discard packet to drop the packets. Select Do not drop the matching frame previously marked for dropping to retain the frames that were marked to be dropped before.
Priority	Select No change to keep the priority setting of the frames. Select Set the packet's 802.1 priority to replace the 802.1 priority field with the value you set in the Priority field. Select Send the packet to priority queue to put the packets in the designated queue. Select Replace the 802.1 priority field with IP TOS value to replace the 802.1 priority field with the value you set in the TOS field.
DiffServ	Select No change to keep the TOS and/or DSCP fields in the packets. Select Set the packet's TOS field to set the TOS field with the value you configure in the TOS field. Select Replace the IP TOS with the 802.1 priority value to replace the TOS field with the value you configure in the Priority field. Select Set the Diffserv Codepoint field in the frame to set the DSCP field with the value you configure in the DSCP field.
Outgoing	Select Send the packet to the mirror port to sent the packet to the mirror port. Select Send the packet to the egress port to send the packet to the egress port. Select Send the matching frames (broadcast or DLF, multicast, marked for dropping or to be sent to the CPU) to the egress port to send the broadcast, multicast, DLF, marked-to-drop or CPU frames to the egress port. Select Set the packet's VLANID to set the VLAN ID of the packet with the value you configure in the VLANID field.
Metering	Select Enable to activate bandwidth limitation on the traffic flow(s) then set the actions to be taken on out-of-profile packets.
Out-of-profile Action	Select the action(s) to be performed for out-of-profile traffic. Select Drop the packet to discard the out-of-profile traffic. Select Change the DSCP Value to replace the DSCP field with the value specified in the Out-of-Profile DSCP field above. Select Do not drop the matching frame previously marked for dropping to queue the frames that are marked to be dropped.
Add	Click Add to inset the entry to the summary table below.
Cancel	Click Cancel to reset the fields back to your previous configuration.
Clear	Click Clear to set the above fields back to the factory defaults.

19.3 Viewing and Editing Policy Configuration

To view a summary of the classifier configuration, scroll down to the summary table at the bottom of the Policy screen. To change the settings of a rule, click a number in the Index field.

Figure 55 Policy: Summary Table

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 39 Policy: Summary Table

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Index	This field displays the policy index number. Click an index number to edit the policy.
Active	This field displays Yes when policy is activated and No when is it deactivated.
Name	This field displays the descriptive name for this policy. This is for identification purposes only.
Classifier(s)	This field displays the name(s) of the classifier to which this policy applies.
Delete	Click Delete to remove the selected entry from the summary table.
Cancel	Click Cancel to clear the Delete check boxes.

19.4 Policy Example

The figure below shows an example Policy screen where you configure a policy to limit bandwidth and discard out-of-profile traffic on a traffic flow classified using the Example classifier (refer to Section 18.4 on page 125).

Figure 56 Policy Example

CHAPTER 20 Queuing Method

This chapter introduces the queuing methods supported.

20.1 Overview

Queuing is used to help solve performance degradation when there is network congestion. Use the Queuing Method screen to configure queuing algorithms for outgoing traffic. See also Priority Queue Assignment in Switch Setup and 802.1p Priority in Port Setup for related information.

Queuing algorithms allow switches to maintain separate queues for packets from each individual source or flow and prevent a source from monopolizing the bandwidth.

The switch has eight physical queues, Q0 to Q7. Q7 has the highest priority and Q0 has the lowest.

Table 40 Physical Queue Priority

QUEUE	PRIORITY
Q7	8 (Highest)
Q6	7
Q5	6
Q4	5
Q3	4
Q2	3
Q1	2
Q0	1 (Lowest)

20.1.1 Strict Priority Queuing (SPQ)

Strict Priority Queuing (SPQ) services queues based on priority only. As traffic comes into the switch, traffic on the highest priority queue, Q3 is transmitted first. When that queue empties, traffic on the next highest-priority queue, Q2 is transmitted until Q2 empties, and then traffic is transmitted on Q1 and so on. If higher priority queues never empty, then traffic on lower priority queues never gets sent. SPQ does not automatically adapt to changing network requirements.

20.1.2 Weighted Round Robin Scheduling (WRR)

Round Robin Scheduling services queues on a rotating basis and is activated only when a port has more traffic than it can handle. A queue is a given an amount of bandwidth irrespective of the incoming traffic on that port. This queue then moves to the back of the list. The next queue is given an equal amount of bandwidth, and then moves to the end of the list; and so on, depending on the number of queues being used. This works in a looping fashion until a queue is empty.

Weighted Round Robin Scheduling (WRR) uses the same algorithm as round robin scheduling, but services queues based on their priority and queue weight (the number you configure in the queue Weight field) rather than a fixed amount of bandwidth. WRR is activated only when a port has more traffic than it can handle. Queues with larger weights get more service than queues with smaller weights. This queuing mechanism is highly efficient in that it divides any available bandwidth across the different traffic queues and returns to queues that have not yet emptied.

20.2 Configuring Queuing

Click Advanced Application, Queuing Method in the navigation panel.

Figure 57 Queuing Method

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 41 Queuing Method

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Port	This label shows the port you are configuring.
Method	Select SPQ (Strict Priority Queuing) or WRR (Weighted Round Robin).Strict Priority Queuing (SPQ) services queues based on priority only. When the highest priority queue empties, traffic on the next highest-priority queue begins. Q3 has the highest priority and Q0 the lowest.Weighted Round Robin Scheduling (WRR) services queues on a rotating basis based on their queue weight (the number you configure in the queue Weight field).Queues with larger weights get more service than queues with smaller weights.
Q0~Q7 Weight %	When you select WRR, enter the queue weight here. Bandwidth is divided across the different traffic queues according to their weights. Queues with larger weights get more service than queues with smaller weights.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes back to the switch.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Calculate	Click Calculate to make sure the WFQ queuing weights total to 100%; if not an error message is displayed.

CHAPTER 21 VLAN Stacking

This chapter shows you how to configure VLAN stacking on your switch. See the chapter on VLANs for more background information on Virtual LAN

21.1 Introduction

A service provider can use VLAN stacking to allow it to distinguish multiple customers VLANs, even those with the same (customer-assigned) VLAN ID, within its network.

Use VLAN stacking to add an outer VLAN tag to the inner IEEE 802.1Q tagged frames that enter the network. By tagging the tagged frames ("double-tagged" frames), the service provider can manage up to 4,094 VLAN groups with each group containing up to 4,094 customer VLANs. This allows a service provider to provide different service, based on specific VLANs, for many different customers.

A service provider's customers may require a range of VLANs to handle multiple applications. A service provider's customers can assign their own inner VLAN tags on ports for these applications. The service provider can assign an outer VLAN tag for each customer. Therefore, there is no VLAN tag overlap among customers, so traffic from different customers is kept separate.

21.1.1 VLAN Stacking Example

In the following example figure, both A and B are Service Provider's Network (SPN) customers with VPN tunnels between their head offices and branch offices respectively. Both have an identical VLAN tag for their VLAN group. The service provider can separate these two VLANs within its network by adding tag 37 to distinguish customer A and tag 48 to distinguish customer B at edge device 1 and then stripping those tags at edge device 2 as the data frames leave the network.

Figure 58 VLAN Stacking Example

21.2 VLAN Stacking Port Roles

Each port can have three VLAN stacking "roles", Normal, Access Port and Tunnel (the latter is for Gigabit ports only).

• Select Normal for "regular" (non-VLAN stacking) IEEE 802.1Q frame switching.
• Select Access Port for ingress ports on the service provider's edge devices (1 and 2 in the VLAN stacking example figure). The incoming frame is treated as "untagged", so a second VLAN tag (outer VLAN tag) can be added.

Note: Static VLAN Tx Tagging MUST be disabled on a port where you choose Normal or Access Port.

• Select Tunnel (available for Gigabit ports only) for egress ports at the edge of the service provider's network. All VLANs belonging to a customer can be aggregated into a single service provider's VLAN (using the outer VLAN tag defined by SP VID).

Note: Static VLAN Tx Tagging MUST be enabled on a port where you choose Tunnel.

21.3 VLAN Tag Format

A VLAN tag (service provider VLAN stacking or customer IEEE 802.1Q) consists of the following three fields.

Table 42 VLAN Tag Format

Type

Priority

VID

Type is a standard Ethernet type code identifying the frame and indicates that whether the frame carries IEEE 802.1Q tag information. SP TPID (Service Provider Tag Protocol Identifier) is the service provider VLAN stacking tag type. Many vendors use 0x8100 or 0x9100.

TPID (Tag Protocol Identifier) is the customer IEEE 802.1Q tag.

• If the VLAN stacking port role is Access Port, then the switch adds the SP TPID tag to all incoming frames on the service provider's edge devices (1 and 2 in the VLAN stacking example figure).
• If the VLAN stacking port role is Tunnel, then the switch only adds the SP TPID tag to all incoming frames on the service provider's edge devices (1 and 2 in the VLAN stacking example figure) that have an SP TPID different to the one configured on the switch. (If an incoming frame's SP TPID is the same as the one configured on the switch, then the switch will not add the tag.)

Priority refers to the IEEE 802.1p standard that allows the service provider to prioritize traffic based on the class of service (CoS) the customer has paid for.

• On the switch, configure priority level of inner IEEE 802.1Q tag in the Port Setup screen.
• "0" is the lowest priority level and "7" is the highest.

VID is the VLAN ID. SP VID is the VID for the second (service provider's) VLAN tag.

21.3.1 Frame Format

The frame format for an untagged Ethernet frame, a single-tagged 802.1Q frame (customer) and a "double-tagged" 802.1Q frame (service provider) is shown next.

Configure the fields as circled in the switch VLAN Stacking screen.

Table 43 Single and Double Tagged 802.11Q Frame Format

						DA	SA	Len/otypes	Data	FCS	Untagged Ethernet frame
			DA	SA	TPID	Priority	VID	Len/otypes	Data	FCS	IEEE 802.1Q customer tagged frame
DA	SA	SPTPID	Priority	VID	TPID	Priority	VID	Len/otypes	Data	FCS	Double-tagged frame

Table 44 802.1Q Frame

DA	Destination Address	Priority	802.1p Priority
SA	Source Address	Len/Type	Length and type of Ethernet frame
(SP)TPID	(Service Provider) Tag Protocol Identifier	Data	Frame data
VID	VLAN ID	FCS	Frame Check Sequence

21.4 Configuring VLAN Stacking

Click Advanced Applications and then VLAN Stacking in the navigation panel to display the screen as shown.

Figure 59 VLAN Stacking

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 45 VLAN Stacking

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Active	Select this checkbox to enable VLAN stacking on the switch.
SP TPID	SP TPID is a standard Ethernet type code identifying the frame and indicates whether the frame carries IEEE 802.1Q tag information. Choose 0x8100 or 0x9100 from the drop-down list box or select Others and then enter a four-digit hexadecimal number from 0x0000 to 0xFFFF. 0x denotes a hexadecimal number. It does not have to be typed in the Others text field.
Port	The port number identifies the port you are configuring.
Role	Select Normal to have the switch ignore frames received (or transmitted) on this port with VLAN stacking tags. Anything you configure in SPVID and Priority are ignored. Select Access Port to have the switch add the SP TPID tag to all incoming frames received on this port. Select Access Port for ingress ports at the edge of the service provider's network. Select Tunnel (available for Gigabit ports only) for egress ports at the edge of the service provider's network. In order to support VLAN stacking on a port, the port must be able to allow frames of 1526 Bytes (1522 Bytes + 4 Bytes for the second tag) to pass through it.
SPVID	SPVID is the service provider's VLAN ID (the outer VLAN tag). Enter the service provider ID (from 1 to 4094) for frames received on this port. See Chapter 8 on page 81 for more background information on VLAN ID.
Priority	Select a number from the drop-down list box to configure the priority level of the outer tag. "0" is the lowest priority level and "7" is the highest. Note: Configure the priority level of the inner IEEE 802.1Q tag in the Port Setup screen.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes back to the switch.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

CHAPTER 22 Static Route

This chapter shows you how to configure static routes.

22.1 Configuring

Static routes tell the switch how to forward IP traffic when you configure the TCP/IP parameters manually.

Click IP Application, Static Routing in the navigation panel to display the screen as shown.

Figure 60 Static Routing

The following table describes the related labels you use to create a static route.

Table 46 Static Routing

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Active	This field allows you to activate/deactivate this static route.
Name	Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable ASCII characters) for identification purposes.
Destination IP Address	This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always based on network number. If you need to specify a route to a single host, use a subnet mask of 255.255.255.255 in the subnet mask field to force the network number to be identical to the host ID.
IP Subnet Mask	Enter the subnet mask for this destination.
Gateway IP Address	Enter the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is an immediate neighbor of your switch that will forward the packet to the destination. The gateway must be a router on the same segment as your switch.
Metric	The metric represents the “cost” of transmission for routing purposes. IP routing uses hop count as the measurement of cost, with a minimum of 1 for directly connected networks. Enter a number that approximates the cost for this link. The number need not be precise, but it must be between 1 and 15. In practice, 2 or 3 is usually a good number.
Add	Click Add to insert a new static route.
Cancel	Click Cancel to reset the above fields to your previous configuration.
Clear	Click Clear to set the above fields back to the factory defaults.
Index	This field displays the index number of the route. Click a number to edit the static route entry.
Active	This field displays Yes when the static route is activated and NO when it is deactivated.
Name	This field displays the descriptive name for this route. This is for identification purpose only.
Destination Address	This field displays the IP network address of the final destination.
Subnet Mask	This field displays the subnet mask for this destination.
Gateway Address	This field displays the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is an immediate neighbor of your switch that will forward the packet to the destination.
Metric	This field displays the cost of transmission for routing purposes.
Delete	Click Delete to remove the selected entry from the summary table.
Cancel	Click Cancel to clear the Delete check boxes.

CHAPTER 23 RIP

This chapter shows you how to configure RIP (Routing Information Protocol).

23.1 Overview

RIP (Routing Information Protocol) allows a routing device to exchange routing information with other routers. The Direction field controls the sending and receiving of RIP packets. When set to:

• Both - the switch will broadcast its routing table periodically and incorporate the RIP information that it receives.
• Incoming - the switch will not send any RIP packets but will accept all RIP packets received
• Outgoing - the switch will send out RIP packets but will not accept any RIP packets received
• None - the switch will not send any RIP packets and will ignore any RIP packets received

The Version field controls the format and the broadcasting method of the RIP packets that the switch sends (it recognizes both formats when receiving). RIP-1 is universally supported; but RIP-2 carries more information. RIP-1 is probably adequate for most networks, unless you have an unusual network topology.

Both RIP-2B and RIP-2M sends the routing data in RIP-2 format; the difference being that RIP-2B uses subnet broadcasting while RIP-2M uses multicasting.

23.2 Configuring

Click IP Application, RIP in the navigation panel to display the screen as shown. You cannot manually configure a new entry. Each entry in the table is automatically created when you configure a new IP domain in the IP Setup screen (refer to Section 7.7 on page 76).

Figure 61 RIP

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 47 RIP

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Active	Select this check box to enable RIP on the switch.
Index	This field displays the index number of an IP interface.
Network	This field displays the IP interface configured on the switch.Refer to the section on IP Setup for more information on configuring IP domains.
Direction	Select the RIP direction from the drop-down list box. Choices are Outgoing, Incoming,Both and None.
Version	Select the RIP version from the drop-down list box. Choices are RIP-1, RIP-2B and RIP-2M.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes back to the switch.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring the fields again.

CHAPTER 24 OSPF

This chapter describes the OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) routing protocol and shows you how to configure OSPF.

24.1 Overview

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a link-state protocol designed to distribute routing information within an autonomous system (AS). An autonomous system is a collection of networks using a common routing protocol to exchange routing information.

OSPF offers some advantages over traditional vector-space routing protocols (such as RIP). The following table summarizes some of the major differences between OSPF and RIP.

Table 48 OSPF vs. RIP

	OSPF	RIP
Network Size	Large	Small (with up to 15 routers)
Metrics	Bandwidth, hop count, throughput, round trip time and reliability.	Hop count
Convergence	Fast	Slow

24.1.1 OSPF Autonomous Systems and Areas

An OSPF autonomous system can be divided into logical areas. Each area represents a group of adjacent networks. All areas are connected to a backbone (also known as area 0). The backbone is the transit area to route packets between two areas. A stub area, at the edge of an AS, is not a transit area since there is only one connection to the stub area.

The following table describes the four classes of OSPF routers.

Table 49 OSPF: Router Types

TYPE	DESCRIPTION
Internal Router (IR)	An Internal or intra-area router is a router in an area.
Area Border Router (ABR)	An Area Border Router connects two or more areas.
BackboneRouter (BR)	A backbone router has an interface to the backbone.
AS BoundaryRouter	An AS boundary router exchanges routing information with routers in other ASes.

The following figure depicts an OSPF network example. The backbone is area 0 with a backbone router. The internal routers are in area 1 and 2. The area border routers connect area 1 and 2 to the backbone.

Figure 62 OSPF Network Example

24.1.2 How OSPF Works

Layer 3 devices exchange routing information to build synchronized link state database within the same AS or area. They do this by exchanging Hello messages to confirm which neighbor (layer 3) devices exist and then they exchange database descriptions (DDs) to create the link state database. The link state database in constantly updated through LSAs (Link State Advertisements).

The link state database contains records of router IDs, their associated links and path costs. Each device can then use the link state database and Dijkstra algorithm to compute the least cost paths to network destinations.

24.1.3 Interfaces and Virtual Links

An OSPF interface is a link between a layer 3 device and an OSPF network. An interface has state information, an IP address and subnet mask associated with it. When you configure an OSPF interface, you first set an interface to transmit OSPF traffic and add the interface to an area.

You can configure a virtual link to establish/maintain connectivity between a non-backbone area and the backbone. The virtual ink must be configured on both layer 3 devices in the non-backbone area and the backbone.

24.1.4 Configuring OSPF

To configure OSPF on the switch, do the following tasks

1 Enable OSPF
2 Create OSPF areas
3 Create and associate interface(s) to an area

4 Create virtual links to maintain backbone connectivity.

24.2 OSPF Status

To view current OSPF status, click IP Application, OSPF in the navigation panel to display the screen as shown next.

Figure 63 OSPF Status

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 50 OSPF Status

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
OSPF	This field displays whether OSPF is activated (Running) or not (Down).
Interface	The text box displays the OSPF status of the interface(s) on the switch.
Neighbor	The text box displays the status of the neighboring router participating in the OSPF network.
Link State Database	The text box displays information in the link state database which contains data in the LSAs.
Poll Interval(s)	The text box displays how often (in seconds) this screen refreshes. You may change the refresh interval by typing a new number in the text box and then clicking Set Interval.
Stop	Click Stop to end OSPF status polling.

The following table describes some common output fields.

Table 51 OSPF Status: Common Output Fields

FIELD	DESCRIPTION
Interface
Internet Address	This field displays the IP address and subnet bits of an IP routing domain.
Area	This field displays the area ID.
Router ID	This field displays the unique ID of the switch.
Transmit Delay	This field displays the transmission delay in seconds.
State	This field displays the state of the switch (backup or DR (designated router)).
Priority	This field displays the priority of the switch. This number is used in the designated router election.
Designated Router	This field displays the router ID of the designated router.
BackupDesignatedRouter	This field displays the router ID of a backup designated router.
Time IntervalsConfigured	This field displays the time intervals (in seconds) configured.
Neighbor Count	This field displays the number of neighbor routers.
AdjacentNeighbor Count	This field displays the number of neighbor router(s) that is adjacent to the switch.
Neighbor
Neighbor ID	This field displays the router ID of the neighbor.
Pri	This field displays the priority of the neighbor. This number is used in the designated router election.
State	This field displays the state of the neighbor (backup or DR (designated router)).
Dead Time	This field displays the dead time in seconds.
Address	This field displays the IP address of a neighbor.
Interface	This field displays the MAC address of a device.
Link State Database
Link ID	This field displays the ID of a router or subnet.
ADV Router	This field displays the IP address of the layer-3 device that sends the LSAs.
Age	This field displays the time (in seconds) since the last LSA was sent.
Seq #	This field displays the link sequence number of the LSA.
Checksum	This field displays the checksum value of the LSA.
Link Count	This field displays the number of links in the LSA.

24.3 Enabling OSPF and General Settings

To activate OSPF and set general settings, click IP Application, OSPF and the Configuration link to display the OSPF Configuration screen.

Figure 64 OSPF Configuration: Activating and General Settings

The follow table describes the related labels in this screen.

Table 52 OSPF Configuration: Activating and General Settings

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Active	OSPF is disabled by default. Select this option to enable it.
Router ID	Router ID uniquely identifies the switch in an OSPF. Enter a unique ID (that uses the format of an IP address in dotted decimal notation) for the switch.
Redistribute Route	Route redistribution allows your switch to import and translate external routes learned through other routing protocols (RIP and Static) into the OSPF network transparently.
Active	Select this option to activate route redistribution for routes learn through the selected protocol.
Type	Select 1 for routing protocols (such as RIP) whose external metrics are directly comparable to the internal OSPF cost. When selecting a path, the internal OSPF cost is added to the AB boundary router to the external metrics. Select 2 for routing protocols whose external metrics are not comparable to the OSPF cost. In this case, the external cost of the AB boundary router is used in path decision to a destination.
Metric Value	Enter a route cost (between 0 and 16777214).
Apply	Click Apply to save the changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to start configuring the above fields again.

24.4 Configuring OSPF Areas

To ensure that the switch receives only routing information from a trusted layer-3 devices, activate authentication. The OSPF supports three authentication methods:

• None - no authentication is used.
• Simple - authenticate link state updates using an 8 printable ASCII character password.
• MD5 - authenticate link state updates using a 16 printable ASCII character password.

To configure an area, set the related fields in the OSPF Configuration screen.

Figure 65 OSPF Configuration: Area Setup

The following table describes the related labels in this screen.

Table 53 OSPF Configuration: Area Setup

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Name	Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable ASCII characters) for identification purposes.
Area ID	Enter a 32-bit ID (that uses the format of an IP address in dotted decimal notation) that uniquely identifies an area.A value of 0.0.0.0 indicates that this is a backbone (also known as Area 0). You can create only one backbone area on the switch.
Authentication	Select an authentication method (Simple or MD5) to activate authentication. Select None to disable authentication. Interface(s) and virtual interface(s) must use the same authentication method as the associated area.
Stub Area	Select this option to set the area as a stub area. If you enter 0.0.0.0 in the Area ID field, the settings in the Stub Area fields are ignored.
No Summary	Select this option to set the switch to not send/receive LSAs.
Default Route Cost	Specify a cost (between 0 and 16777214) used to add a default route into a stub area for routes which are external to an OSPF domain. If you do not set a route cost, no default route is added.
Add	Click Add to apply the changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to start configuring the above fields again.
Clear	Click Clear to set the above fields back to the factory defaults.

24.4.1 Viewing OSPF Area Information Table

The bottom of the OSPF Configuration screen displays a summary table of all the OSPF areas you have configured.

Figure 66 OSPF Configuration: Summary Table

The following table describes the related labels in this screen.

Table 54 OSPF Configuration: Summary Table

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Index	This field displays the index number of an area.
Name	This field displays the descriptive name of an area.
Area ID	This field displays the area ID (that uses the format of an IP address in dotted decimal notation) that uniquely identifies an area. An area ID of 0.0.0.0 indicates the backbone.
Authentication	This field displays the authentication method used (None, Simple or MD5).
Stub Network	This field displays whether an area is a stub network (Yes) or not (No).
Delete	Click Delete to remove the selected entry from the summary table.
Cancel	Click Cancel to clear the Delete check boxes.

24.5 Configuring OSPF Interfaces

To configure an OSPF interface, first create an IP routing domain in the IP Setup screen (see Section 7.7 on page 76 for more information). Once you create an IP routing domain, an OSPF interface entry is automatically created.

In the OSPF Configuration screen, click Interface to display the OSPF Interface screen.

Figure 67 OSPF Interface

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 55 OSPF Interface

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Index	This field displays the index number for an interface.
Active	Select this option to enable an interface.
Network	This field displays the IP interface information.
Area-ID	Enter the area ID (that uses the format of an IP address in dotted decimal notation) of an area to associate the interface to that area.
Authentication	Note: OSPF Interface(s) must use the same authentication method within the same area. Select an authentication method. Choices are Same-as-Area, None (default), Simple and MD5. To participate in an OSPF network, you must set the authentication method and/or password the same as the associated area. Select Same-as-Area to use the same authentication method within the area and set the related fields when necessary. Select None to disable authentication. This is the default setting. Select Simple and set the Key field to authenticate OSPF packets transmitted through this interface using simple password authentication. Select MD5 and set the Key ID and Key fields to authenticate OSPF packets transmitted through this interface using MD5 authentication.
Key ID	When you select MD5 in the Authentication field, specify the identification number of the authentication you want to use.
Key	When you select Simple in the Authentication field, enter a password eight-character long. Characters after the eighth character will be ignored. When you select MD5 in the Authentication field, enter a password 16-character long.
Cost	The interface cost is used for calculating the routing table. Enter a number between 0 and 65535.
Apply	Click Apply to save the changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to start configuring the above fields again.

24.6 OSPF Virtual Links

Configure and view virtual link settings in the OSPF Virtual Link screen.

In the OSPF Configuration screen, click Virtual Link to display the screen as shown next.

Figure 68 OSPF Virtual Link

The following table describes the related labels in this screen.

Table 56 OSPF Virtual Link

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Name	Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable ASCII characters) for identification purposes.
Area ID	Enter the ID of a transit area in dotted decimal notation.
Peer Router_ID	Enter the ID of a peer border router.
Authentication	Note: Virtual interface(s) must use the same authentication method within the same area.
	Select an authentication method. Choices are Same-as-Area, None (default), Simple and MD5.
	To exchange OSPF packets with peer border router, you must set the authentication method and/or password the same as the peer border router.
	Select Same-as-Area to use the same authentication method within the area and set the related fields when necessary.
	Select None to disable authentication. This is the default setting.
	Select Simple to authenticate OSPF packets transmitted through this interface using a simple password.
	Select MD5 to authenticate OSPF packets transmitted through this interface using MD5 authentication.
Key ID	When you select MD5 in the Authentication field, specify the identification number of the authentication you want to use.
Key	When you select Simple in the Authentication field, enter a password eight-character long.
	When you select MD5 in the Authentication field, enter a password 16-character long.
Add	Click Add to apply the changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to start configuring the above fields again.
Clear	Click Clear to set the above fields back to the factory defaults.
Index	This field displays an index number of an entry.
Name	This field displays a descriptive name of a virtual link.
Peer Router-ID	This field displays the ID (that uses the format of an IP address in dotted decimal notation) of a peer border router.
Authentication	This field displays the authentication method used (Same-as-Area, None, Simple or MD5).
Key ID	When the Authentication field displays MD5, this field displays the identification number of the key used.
Delete	Click Delete to remove the selected entry from the summary table.
Cancel	Click Cancel to clear the Delete check boxes.

CHAPTER 25 IGMP

This chapter shows you how to configure IGMP.

25.1 Overview

IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a session-layer protocol used to establish membership in a multicast group - it is not used to carry user data. Refer to RFC 1112 and RFC 2236 for information on IGMP versions 1 and 2 respectively.

The switch supports both IGMP version 1 (IGMP-v1) and version 2 (IGMP-v2). At start up, the switch queries all directly connected networks to gather group membership. After that, the switch periodically updates this information.

25.2 Configuring

Click IP Application, IGMP in the navigation panel to display the screen as shown next. Each entry in the table is automatically created when you configure a new IP domain in the IP Setup screen (refer to Section 7.7 on page 76).

Figure 69 IGMP

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 57 IGMP

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Active	Select this check box to enable IGMP on the switch. Note: You cannot enable both IGMP snooping and IGMP at the same time. Refer to the section on IGMP snooping.
Index	This field displays an index number of an entry.
Network	This field displays the IP domain configured on the switch.Refer to the IP Setup section for more information on configuring IP domains.
Version	Select an IGMP version from the drop-down list box. Choices are IGMP-v1, IGMP-v2 and None.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes back to the switch.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring the fields again.

CHAPTER 26 DVMRP

This chapter introduces DVMRP and tells you how to configure it.

26.1 Overview

DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol) is a protocol used for routing multicast data within an autonomous system (AS). This DVMRP implementation is based on draft-ietfdmr-dvmrp-v3-10. DVMRP provides multicast forwarding capability to a layer 3 switch that runs both the IPv4 protocol (with IP Multicast support) and the IGMP protocol. The DVMRP metric is a hop count of 32.

IGMP is a protocol used for joining or leaving a multicast group. You must have IGMP enabled when you enable DVMRP; otherwise you see the screen as in Figure 72 on page 161.

26.2 How DVMRP Works

DVMRP uses the Reverse Path Multicasting (RPM) algorithm to generate an IP Multicast delivery tree. Multicast packets are forwarded along these multicast tree branches. DVMRP dynamically learns host membership information using Internet Group Multicast Protocol (IGMP). The trees are updated dynamically to track the membership of individual groups.

1 Initially an advertisement multicast packet is broadcast ("B" in the following figure).
2 DVMRP-enabled Layer 3 devices that do not have any hosts in their networks that belong to this multicast group send back a prune message ("P").
3 If hosts later join the multicast group, a graft message ("G") to undo the prune is sent to the parent.
4 The final multicast ("M") after pruning and grafting is shown in the next figure.

Figure 70 How DVMRP Works

26.2.1 DVMRP Terminology

DVMRP probes are used to discover other DVMRP Neighbors on a network.

DVMRP reports are used to exchange DVMRP source routing information. These packets are used to build the DVMRP multicast routing table that is used to build source trees and also perform Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF) checks on incoming multicast packets. RPF checks prevent duplicate packets being filtered when loops exist in the network topology.

DVMRP prunes trim the multicast delivery tree(s). DVMRP grafts attach a branch back onto the multicast delivery tree.

26.3 Configuring DVMRP

Configure DVMRP on the switch when you wish it to act as a multicast router ("mrouter"). Click IP Application, DVMRP in the navigation panel to display the screen as shown.

Figure 71 DVMRP

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 58 DVMRP

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Active	Select Active to enable DVMRP on the switch. You should do this if you want the switch to act as a multicast router.
Threshold	Threshold is the maximum time to live (TTL) value. TTL is used to limit the scope of multicasting. You should reduce this value if you do not wish to flood Layer 3 devices many hops away with multicast traffic. This applies only to multicast traffic this switch sends out.
Index	Index is the DVMRP configuration for the IP routing domain defined under Network. The maximum number of DVMRP configurations allowed is the maximum number of IP routing domains allowed on the switch. See Section 7.7 on page 76 for more information on IP routing domains.
Network	This is the IP routing domain IP address and subnet mask you set up in IP Setup.
VID	DVMRP cannot be enabled on the same VLAN group across different IP routing domains, that is, you cannot have duplicate VIDs for different DVMRP configurations (see Figure 74 on page 162).
Active	Select Active to enable DVMRP on this IP interface.
Apply	Click Apply to save these changes to the switch.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this part of the screen afresh.

26.3.1 DVMRP Configuration Error Messages

You must have IGMP/RIP enabled when you enable DVMRP; otherwise you see the screen as in the next figure.

Figure 72 DVMRP:IGMP/RIP Not Set Error

When you disable IGMP, but DVMRP is still active you also see another warning screen.

Figure 73 DVMRP: Unable to Disable IGMP Error

Each IP routing domain DVMRP configuration must be in a different VLAN group; otherwise you see the following screen.

Figure 74 DVMRP: Duplicate VID Error Message

26.4 Default DVMRP Timer Values

The following are some default DVMRP timer values. These may be changed using line commands. Please see the commands chapter later in this User's Guide.

Table 59 DVMRP: Default Timer Values

DVMRP FIELD	DEFAULT VALUE
Probe interval	10 sec
Report interval	35 sec
Route expiration time	140 sec
Prune lifetime	Variable (less than two hours)
Prune retransmission time	3 sec with exponential back off
Graft retransmission time	5 sec with exponential back off

CHAPTER 27 IP Multicast

This chapter shows you how to configure the IP Multicast screen.

27.1 Overview

Traditionally, IP packets are transmitted in one of either two ways - Unicast (one sender to one recipient) or Broadcast (one sender to everybody on the network). IP Multicast is a third way to deliver IP packets to a group of hosts on the network - not everybody.

You can configure the switch to untag (remove the VLAN tags from) IP multicast packets that the switch forwards. This allows the switch to send packets to Ethernet devices that are not VLAN-aware.

27.2 Configuring

Click IP Application and IP Multicast in the navigation panel to display the screen as shown next.

Figure 75 IP Multicast

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 60 IP Multicast

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Port	This read-only field displays the port number.
IP Multicast Egress Untag Vlan ID	The switch removes the VLAN tag from IP multicast packets belonging to the specified VLAN before transmission on this port. Enter a VLAN group ID in this field. Enter 0 to set the switch not to remove any VLAN tags from the packets.
Apply	Click Apply to save the settings.
Cancel	Click Cancel to reset the fields to your previous configuration.

CHAPTER 28 Differentiated Services

This chapter shows you how to configure Differentiated Services (DiffServ) on the switch.

28.1 Overview

Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms provide the best service on a per-flow guarantee. To fine-tune the levels of services on the priority of the traffic flow using QoS places a heavy burden on the network infrastructure.

DiffServ is a class of service (CoS) model that marks packets so that they receive specific per-hop treatment at DiffServ-compliant network devices along the route based on the application types and traffic flow. Packets are marked with DiffServ Code Points (DSCPs) indicating the level of service desired. This allows the intermediary DiffServ-compliant network devices to handle the packets differently depending on the code points without the need to negotiate paths or remember state information for every flow. In addition, applications do not have to request a particular service or give advanced notice of where the traffic is going.

28.1.1 DSCP and Per-Hop Behavior

DiffServ defines a new DS (Differentiated Services) field to replace the Type of Service (ToS) field in the IP header. The DS field contains a 2-bit unused field and a 6-bit DSCP field which can define up to 64 service levels. The following figure illustrates the DS field.

DSCP is backward compatible with the three precedence bits in the ToS octet so that non-DiffServ compliant, ToS-enabled network device will not conflict with the DSCP mapping.

Figure 76 DiffServ: Differentiated Service Field

DSCP (6 bits)

DS (2 bits)

The DSCP value determines the forwarding behavior, the PHB (Per-Hop Behavior), that each packet gets across the DiffServ network. Based on the marking rule different kinds of traffic can be marked for different priorities of forwarding. Resources can then be allocated according to the DSCP values and the configured policies.

28.1.2 DiffServ Network Example

The following figure depicts a simple DiffServ network consisting of a group of contiguous DiffServ-compliant network devices.

Figure 77 DiffServ Network Example

Switch A marks traffic flowing into the network based on the configured marking rules. Intermediary network devices 1 and 2 allocate network resources (such as bandwidth) by mapping the DSCP values and the associated policies.

28.2 Activating DiffServ

Activate DiffServ to allow the switch to enable DiffServ and apply marking rules and IEEE802.1p priority mapping on the selected port(s).

Click IP Application, DiffServ in the navigation panel to display the screen as shown.

Figure 78 DiffServ

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 61 DiffServ

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Active	Select this option to enable DiffServ on the switch.
Default DSCP	Enter the default DSCP value (between 0 to 63) to use if no marking rule is configured for a traffic type.
Port	This field displays the index number of a port on the switch.
Active	Select this option to apply the default DSCP value you set in the Default DSCP field on a port.
Apply	Click Apply to save the changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to start configuring this screen again.

28.3 DSCP-to-IEEE802.1p Priority Mapping

You can configure the DSCP to IEEE802.1p mapping to allow the switch to prioritize all traffic based on the incoming DSCP value according to the DiffServ to IEEE802.1p mapping table.

The following table shows the default DSCP-to-IEEE802.1P mapping.

Table 62 Default DSCP-IEEE802.1p Mapping

DSCP VALUE	0 – 7	8 – 15	16 – 23	24 – 31	32 – 39	40 – 47	48 – 55	56 – 63
IEEE802.1P	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7

28.3.1 Configuring DSCP Settings

To change the DSCP-IEEE 802.1p mapping click the DSCP Setting link in the DiffServ screen to display the screen as shown next.

Figure 79 DiffServ: DSCP Setting

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 63 DiffServ: DSCP Setting

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
0 ... 63	This is the DSCP classification identification number. To set the IEEE802.1p priority mapping, select the priority level from the drop-down list box.
Apply	Click Apply to save the changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to discard all changes and start configuring the screen again.

CHAPTER 29 DHCP

This chapter shows you how to configure the DHCP feature.

29.1 Overview

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows individual computers to obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. You can configure the switch as a DHCP server or disable it. When configured as a server, the switch provides the TCP/IP configuration for the clients. If you disable the DHCP service, you must have another DHCP server on your LAN, or else the computer must be manually configured.

29.1.1 DHCP modes

The switch can be configured as a DHCP server or DHCP relay agent.

• If you configure the switch as a DHCP server, it will maintain the pool of addresses and distribute them to your LAN computers.
• If there is an Ethernet device that performs the DHCP server function for your network, then you can configure the switch as a DHCP relay agent. When the switch receives a request from a computer on your network, it contacts the Ethernet device (the DHCP server) for the necessary IP information, and then relays the assigned information back to the computer.

29.1.2 DHCP Relay Agent Information

The switch can add information to client TCP/IP configuration requests that it relays to a DHCP server. This helps provide authentication about the source of the requests. You can also specify additional information for the switch to add to the client TCP/IP configuration requests that it relays to the DHCP server. Please refer to RFC 3046 for more details.

The DHCP relay agent information feature adds an Agent Information field to the option 82 field of the DHCP headers of client TCP/IP configuration request frames that the switch relays to a DHCP server. The following lists the DHCP relay agent option 82 information that the switch sends to the DHCP server:

• Slot ID (1 byte)
• Port ID (1 byte)
• VLAN ID (2 bytes)
• System name (up to 32 bytes, this is optional)

29.2 DHCP Server Status

Click IP Application, DHCP in the navigation panel. The DHCP Server Status screen displays.

Figure 80 DHCP: DHCP Server Status

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 64 DHCP: DHCP Server Status

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Index	This is the index number.
VID	This field displays the ID number of the VLAN group to which this DHCP settings apply.
Server Status	This field displays the starting DHCP client IP address.
Client Pool Size	This field displays the size of the DHCP client IP address pool.
Poll Interval(s)	The text box displays how often (in seconds) this screen refreshes. You may change the refresh interval by typing a new number in the text box and then clicking Set Interval.
Stop	Click Stop to end OSPF status polling.

29.3 Configuring DHCP Server

Click IP Application, DHCP in the navigation panel. Click the Server link In the DHCP Server Status screen that displays.

Figure 81 DHCP: Server

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 65 DHCP: Server

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
VID	Enter the ID number of the VLAN group to which this DHCP settings apply.
Client IP Pool Starting Address	Specify the first of the contiguous addresses in the IP address pool.
Size of Client IP Pool	Specify the size, or count of the IP address pool.
IP Subnet Mask	Enter the subnet mask of the DHCP Server.
Default Gateway	Enter the IP address of the default gateway device.
Primary/Secondary DNS Server	Enter the IP addresses of the DNS servers. The DNS servers are passed to the DHCP clients along with the IP address and the subnet mask.
Add	Click Add to insert the settings as a new entry in the summary table.
Cancel	Click Cancel to reset the fields to your previous configurations.
Clear	Click Clear to reset the fields back to the factory defaults.
VID	This field displays the ID number of the VLAN group to which this DHCP settings apply.
Type	This field displays Server for the DHCP mode.
DHCP Status	This field displays the starting and the size of DHCP client IP address.
Delete	Click Delete to remove the selected entry.
Cancel	Click Cancel to clear the Delete check boxes.

29.3.1 DHCP Server Configuration Example

The follow figure shows a network example where the switch is used to assign network information to the DHCP clients in the RD and Sales network.

Figure 82 DHCP Server Network Example

In the DHCP Server screen, configure two DHCP client IP address pools for the two networks. The following shows an example.

Figure 83 DHCP Server Configuration Example

29.4 Configuring DHCP Relay

Configure DHCP relay in the DHCP Relay screen. Click IP Application, DHCP in the navigation panel and click the Relay link to display the screen as shown.

Figure 84 DHCP: Relay

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 66 DHCP: Relay

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Active	Select this check box to enable DHCP relay.
Remote DHCP Server 1 . . 3	Enter the IP address of a DHCP server in dotted decimal notation.
Relay Agent Information	Select the Option 82 check box to have the switch add information (slot number, port number and VLAN ID) to client TCP/IP configuration requests that it relays to a DHCP server.
Information	This read-only field displays the system name you configure in the General Setup screen. Select the check box for the switch to add the system name to the DHCP client TCP/IP configuration requests that it relays to a DHCP server.
Apply	Click Apply to save the changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to discard all changes and start configuring the screen again.

29.4.1 DHCP Relay Configuration Example

The follow figure shows a network example where the switch is used to relay DHCP requests for the RD and Sales network. There is only one DHCP server that services the DHCP clients in both networks.

Figure 85 DHCP Relay Network Example

Configure the DHCP Relay screen as shown. Make sure you select the Option 82 check box to set the switch to send additional information (such as the VLAN ID) together with the DHCP requests to the DHCP server. This allows the DHCP server to assign the appropriate IP address according to the VLAN ID.

Figure 86 DHCP Relay Configuration Example

CHAPTER 30 VRRP

This chapter shows you how to configure and monitor the Virtual Routing Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) on the switch.

30.1 Overview

Each host on a network is configured to send packets to a statically configured default gateway (the GS-4024). The default gateway can become a single point of failure. Virtual Routing Redundancy Protocol (VRRP), defined in RFC 2338, allows you to create redundant backup gateways to ensure that the default gateway of a host is always available.

In VRRP, a virtual router (VR) represents a number of physical layer-3 devices. An IP address is associated with the virtual router. A layer-3 device having the same IP address is the preferred master router while the other Layer-3 devices are the backup routers. The master router forwards traffic for the virtual router. When the master router becomes unavailable, a backup router assumes the role of the master router until the master router comes back up and takes over.

The following figure shows a VRRP network example with the switches (A and B) implementing one virtual router VR1 to ensure the link between the host X and the uplink gateway G. Host X is configured to use VR1 (192.168.1.20) as the default gateway. If switch A has a higher priority, it is the master router. Switch B, having a lower priority, is the backup router.

Figure 87 VRRP: Example 1

If switch A (the master router) is unavailable, switch B takes over. Traffic is then processed by switch B.

30.2 Viewing VRRP Status

Click IP Application, VRRP in the navigation panel to display the VRRP Status screen as shown next.

Figure 88 VRRP Status

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 67 VRRP Status

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Index	This field displays the index number of a rule.
Active	This field displays whether a rule is enabled (Yes) or disabled (No).
Network	This field displays the IP address and the subnet mask bits of an IP routing domain that is associated to a virtual router.
VRID	This field displays the ID number of the virtual router.
VR Status	This field displays the status of the virtual router. This field is Master indicating that the switch functions as the master router. This field is Backup indicating that the switch functions as a backup router. This field displays Init when the switch is initiating the VRRP protocol or when the Uplink Status field displays Dead.
Uplink Status	This field displays the status of the link between the switch and the uplink gateway. This field is Alive indicating that the link between the switch and the uplink gateway is up. Otherwise, this field is Dead. This field displays Probe when the switch is check for the link state.
Poll Interval(s)	The text box displays how often (in seconds) this screen refreshes. You may change the refresh interval by typing a new number in the text box and then clicking Set Interval.
Stop	Click Stop to halt system statistic polling.

30.3 Configuring VRRP

Follow the instructions in the follow sections to configure VRRP on the switch.

30.3.1 IP Interface Setup

Before configuring VRRP, first create an IP interface (or routing domain) in the IP Setup screen (see the Section 7.7 on page 76 for more information).

Click IP Application, VRRP and click the Configuration link to display the VRRP Configuration screen as shown next.

Note: You can only configure VRRP on interfaces with unique VLAN IDs.

Routing domains with the same VLAN ID are not displayed in the table indicated.

Figure 89 VRRP Configuration: IP Interface

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 68 VRRP Configuration: IP Interface

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Index	This field displays the index number of an entry.
Network	This field displays the IP address and number of subnet mask bit of an IP domain.
Authentication	Select None to disable authentication. This is the default setting. Select Simple to use a simple password to authenticate VRRP packet exchanges on this interface.
Key	When you select Simple in the Authentication field, enter a password key (up to eight printable ASCII character long) in this field.
Apply	Click Apply to save the changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to discard all changes made in this table.

30.3.2 VRRP Parameters

This section describes the VRRP parameters.

30.3.2.1 Advertisement Interval

The master router sends out Hello messages to let the other backup routers know that it is still up and running. The time interval between sending the Hello messages is the advertisement interval. By default, a Hello message is sent out every second.

If the backup routers do not receive a Hello message from the master router after this interval expires, it is assumed that the master router is down. Then the backup router with the highest priority becomes the master router.

Note: All routers participating in the virtual router must use the same advertisement interval.

30.3.2.2 Priority

Configure the priority level (1 to 254) to set which backup router to take over in case the master router goes down. The backup router with the highest priority will take over. The priority of the VRRP router that owns the IP address(es) associated with the virtual router is 255.

30.3.2.3 Preempt Mode

If the master router is unavailable, a backup router assumes the role of the master router. However, when another backup router with a higher priority joins the network, it will preempt the lower priority backup router that is the master. Disable preempt mode to prevent this from happening.

By default, a layer 3 device with the same IP address as the virtual router will become the master router regardless of the preempt mode.

30.3.3 Configuring VRRP Parameters

After you set up an IP interface, configure the VRRP parameters in the VRRP Configuration screen.

Figure 90 VRRP Configuration: VRRP Parameters

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 69 VRRP Configuration: VRRP Parameters

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Active	Select this option to enable this VRRP entry.
Name	Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable ASCII characters) for identification purposes.
Network	Select an IP domain to which this VRRP entry applies.
Virtual Router_ID	Select a virtual router number (1 to 7) for which this VRRP entry is created. You can configure up to seven virtual routers for one network.
Advertisement Interval	Specify the number of seconds between Hello message transmissions. The default is 1.
Preempt Mode	Select this option to activate preempt mode.
Priority	Enter a number (between 1 and 254) to set the priority level. The bigger the number, the higher the priority. This field is 100 by default.
Uplink Gateway	Enter the IP address of the uplink gateway in dotted decimal notation. The switch checks the link to the uplink gateway.
Primary Virtual IP	Enter the IP address of the primary virtual router in dotted decimal notation.
Secondary Virtual IP	This field is optional. Enter the IP address of a secondary virtual router in dotted decimal notation. This field is ignored when you enter 0.0.0.0.
Add	Click Add to apply the changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to discard all changes made in this table.
Clear	Click Clear to set the above fields back to the factory defaults.

30.4 VRRP Configuration Summary

To view a summary of all VRRP configurations on the switch, scroll down to the bottom of the VRRP Configuration screen.

Figure 91 VRRP Configuration: Summary

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 70 VRRP Configuring: VRRP Parameters

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Index	This field displays the index number of an entry.
Active	This field shows whether a VRRP entry is enabled (Yes) or disabled (No).
Name	This field displays a descriptive name of an entry.
Network	This field displays the IP address and subnet mask of an interface.
VRID	This field displays the ID number of a virtual router.
Primary VIP	This field displays the IP address of the primary virtual router.
Uplink Gateway	This field displays the IP address of the uplink gateway.
Priority	This field displays the priority level (1 to 255) of the entry.
Delete	Click Delete to remove the selected entry from the summary table.
Cancel	Click Cancel to clear the Delete check boxes.

30.5 VRRP Configuration Examples

The following sections show two VRRP configuration examples on the switch.

30.5.1 One Subnet Network Example

The figure below shows a simple VRRP network with only one virtual router VR1 (VRID = 1) and two switches. The network is connected to the WAN via an uplink gateway G (192.168.1.100). The host computer X is set to use VR1 as the default gateway.

Figure 92 VRRP Configuration Example: One Virtual Router Network

You want to set switch A as the master router. Configure the VRRP parameters in the VRRP Configuration screens on the switches as shown in the figures below.

Figure 93 VRRP Example 1: VRRP Parameter Settings on Switch A

Figure 94 VRRP Example 1: VRRP Parameter Settings on Switch B

After configuring and saving the VRRP configuration, the VRRP Status screens for both switches are shown next.

Figure 95 VRRP Example 1: VRRP Status on Switch A

Figure 96 VRRP Example 1: VRRP Status on Switch B

30.5.2 Two Subnets Example

The following figure depicts an example in which two switches share the network traffic. Hosts in the two network groups use different default gateways. Each switch is configured to backup a virtual router using VRRP.

You wish to configure switch A as the master router for virtual router VR1 and as a backup for virtual router VR2. On the other hand, switch B is the master for VR2 and a backup for VR1.

Figure 97 VRRP Configuration Example: Two Virtual Router Network

Keeping the VRRP configuration in example 1 for virtual router VR1 (refer to Section 30.5.2 on page 182), you need to configure the VRRP Configuration screen for virtual router VR2 on each switch. Configure the VRRP parameters on the switches as shown in the figures below.

Figure 98 VRRP Example 2: VRRP Parameter Settings for VR2 on Switch A

Figure 99 VRRP Example 2: VRRP Parameter Settings for VR2 on Switch B

After configuring and saving the VRRP configuration, the VRRP Status screens for both switches are shown next.

Figure 100 VRRP Example 2: VRRP Status on Switch A

Figure 101 VRRP Example 2: VRRP Status on Switch B

CHAPTER 31 Maintenance

This chapter explains how to configure the maintenance screens that let you maintain the firmware and configuration files.

31.1 The Maintenance Screen

Click Management, Maintenance in the navigation panel to open the following screen.

Figure 102 Maintenance

31.2 Firmware Upgrade

Make sure you have downloaded (and unzipped) the correct model firmware and version to your computer before uploading to the device.

Note: Be sure to upload the correct model firmware as uploading the wrong model firmware may damage your device.

From the Maintenance screen, display the Firmware Upgrade screen as shown next.

Figure 103 Firmware Upgrade

Type the path and file name of the firmware file you wish to upload to the switch in the File Path text box or click Browse to locate it. After you have specified the file, click Upgrade.

After the firmware upgrade process is complete, see the System Info screen to verify your current firmware version number.

31.3 Restore a Configuration File

Restore a previously saved configuration from your computer to the switch using the Restore Configuration screen.

Figure 104 Restore Configuration

Type the path and file name of the configuration file you wish to restore in the File Path text box or click Browse to display the Choose File screen (below) from which you can locate it. After you have specified the file, click Restore. "config" is the name of the configuration file on the switch, so your backup configuration file is automatically renamed when you restore using this screen.

31.4 Backing Up a Configuration File

Backing up your switch configurations allows you to create various "snap shots" of your device from which you may restore at a later date.

Back up your current switch configuration to a computer using the Backup Configuration screen.

Figure 105 Backup Configuration

Follow the steps below to back up the current switch configuration to your computer in this screen.

1 Click Backup.
2 Click Save to display the Save As screen.

3 Choose a location to save the file on your computer from the Save in drop-down list box and type a descriptive name for it in the File name list box. Click Save to save the configuration file to your computer.

31.5 Load Factory Defaults

Follow the steps below to reset the switch back to the factory defaults.

1 In the Maintenance screen, click the Click Here button next to Load Factory Defaults to clear all switch configuration information you configured and return to the factory defaults. The following message appears.

Figure 106 Load Factory Default: Conformation

2 Click OK to display the screen shown next.

Figure 107 Load Factory Default: Start

3 Click OK to begin resetting all switch configurations to the factory defaults and then wait for the switch to restart. This takes up to two minutes. If you want to access the switch web configurator again, you may need to change the IP address of your computer to be in the same subnet as that of the default switch IP address (192.168.1.1).

31.6 Reboot System

Reboot System allows you to restart the switch without physically turning the power off. Follow the steps below to reboot the switch.

1 In the Maintenance screen, click the Click Here button next to Reboot System to display the next screen.

Figure 108 Reboot System: Confirmation

2 Click OK to display the screen shown next.

Figure 109 Reboot System: Start

3 Click OK again and then wait for the switch to restart. This takes up to two minutes. This does not affect the switch's configuration.

31.7 FTP Command Line

This section shows some examples of uploading to or downloading files from the switch using FTP commands. First, understand the filename conventions.

31.7.1 Filename Conventions

The configuration file (also known as the romfile or ROM) contains the factory default settings in the screens such as password, switch setup, IP Setup, etc.. Once you have customized the switch's settings, they can be saved back to your computer under a filename of your choosing.

ZyNOS (ZyXEL Network Operating System sometimes referred to as the "ras" file) is the system firmware and has a "bin" filename extension.

Table 71 Filename Conventions

FILE TYPE	INTERNAL NAME	EXTERNAL NAME	DESCRIPTION
Configuration File	config		This is the configuration filename on the switch. Uploading the config file replaces the specified configuration file system, including your switch configurations, system-related data (including the default password), the error log and the trace log.
Firmware	Ras	*.bin	This is the generic name for the ZyNOS firmware on the switch.

31.7.1.1 Example FTP Commands

ftp> put firmware.bin ras

This is a sample FTP session showing the transfer of the computer file "firmware.bin" to the switch.

ftp> get config config.cfg

This is a sample FTP session saving the current configuration to a file called "config.cfg" on your computer.

If your (T)FTP client does not allow you to have a destination filename different than the source, you will need to rename them as the switch only recognizes "config" and "ras". Be sure you keep unaltered copies of both files for later use.

Note: Be sure to upload the correct model firmware as uploading the wrong model firmware may damage your device.

31.7.2 FTP Command Line Procedure

1 Launch the FTP client on your computer.
2 Enter open, followed by a space and the IP address of your switch.
3 Press [ENTER] when prompted for a username.
4 Enter your password as requested (the default is "1234").
5 Enter bin to set transfer mode to binary.
6 Use put to transfer files from the computer to the switch, for example, put firmware.bin ras transfers the firmware on your computer (firmware.bin) to the switch and renames it to "ras". Similarly, put config.cfg config transfers the configuration file on your computer (config.cfg) to the switch and renames it to "config". Likewise get config config.cfg transfers the configuration file on the switch to your computer and renames it to "config.cfg". See Table 71 on page 188 for more information on filename conventions.
7 Enter quit to exit the ftp prompt.

31.7.3 GUI-based FTP Clients

The following table describes some of the commands that you may see in GUI-based FTP clients.

General Commands for GUI-based FTP Clients

COMMAND	DESCRIPTION
Host Address	Enter the address of the host server.
Login Type	Anonymous.This is when a user I.D. and password is automatically supplied to the server for anonymous access. Anonymous logins will work only if your ISP or service administrator has enabled this option.Normal.The server requires a unique User ID and Password to login.
Transfer Type	Transfer files in either ASCII (plain text format) or in binary mode.Configuration and firmware files should be transferred in binary mode.
Initial Remote Directory	Specify the default remote directory (path).
Initial Local Directory	Specify the default local directory (path).

31.7.4 FTP over WAN Restrictions

FTP over WAN will not work when:

• Telnet service is disabled in Secured Client Sets.
• The IP address(es) in the Secured Client Sets menu does not match the client IP address. If it does not match, the switch will disconnect the Telnet session immediately.

CHAPTER 32 Access Control

This chapter describes how to control access to the switch.

32.1 Overview

• A console port access control session and Telnet access control session cannot coexist. The console port has higher priority. If you telnet to the switch and someone is already logged in from the console port, then you will see the following message.

Figure 110 Console Port Priority

"Local administrator is configuring this device now!! Connection to host lost."

• A console port or Telnet session can coexist with one FTP session, up to five Web sessions (five different usernames and passwords) and/or limitless SNMP access control sessions.

Table 72 Access Control Summary

	Console Port	Telnet	FTP	Web	SNMP
Number of sessions allowed	1	1	1	5	No limit
Number of concurrent sessions allowed	1 console port or Telnet. Console port has priority.		1	5	No limit

32.2 The Access Control Main Screen

Click Management, Access Control in the navigation panel to display the main screen as shown.

Figure 111 Access Control

32.3 About SNMP

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an application layer protocol used to manage and monitor TCP/IP-based devices. SNMP is used to exchange management information between the network management system (NMS) and a network element (NE). A manager station can manage and monitor the GS-4024 through the network via SNMP version one (SNMPv1) and/or SNMP version 2c. The next figure illustrates an SNMP management operation. SNMP is only available if TCP/IP is configured.

Figure 112 SNMP Management Model

An SNMP managed network consists of two main components: agents and a manager.

An agent is a management software module that resides in a managed switch (the GS-4024). An agent translates the local management information from the managed switch into a form compatible with SNMP. The manager is the console through which network administrators perform network management functions. It executes applications that control and monitor managed devices.

The managed devices contain object variables/managed objects that define each piece of information to be collected about a switch. Examples of variables include such as number of packets received, node port status etc. A Management Information Base (MIB) is a collection of managed objects. SNMP allows a manager and agents to communicate for the purpose of accessing these objects.

SNMP itself is a simple request/response protocol based on the manager/agent model. The manager issues a request and the agent returns responses using the following protocol operations:

Table 73 SNMP Commands

COMMAND	DESCRIPTION
Get	Allows the manager to retrieve an object variable from the agent.
GetNext	Allows the manager to retrieve the next object variable from a table or list within an agent. In SNMPv1, when a manager wants to retrieve all elements of a table from an agent, it initiates a Get operation, followed by a series of GetNext operations.
Set	Allows the manager to set values for object variables within an agent.
Trap	Used by the agent to inform the manager of some events.

32.3.1 Supported MIBs

MIBs let administrators collect statistics and monitor status and performance.

The switch supports the following MIBs:

SNMP MIB II (RFC 1213)
- RFC 1157 SNMP v1
- RFC 1493 Bridge MIBs
RFC 1643 Ethernet MIBs
- RFC 1155 SMI
- RFC 2674 SNMPv2, SNMPv2c
RFC 1757 RMON
- SNMPv2, SNMPv2c or later version, compliant with RFC 2011 SNMPv2 MIB for IP, RFC 2012 SNMPv2 MIB for TCP, RFC 2013 SNMPv2 MIB for UDP

32.3.2 SNMP Traps

The switch sends traps to an SNMP manager when an event occurs. SNMP traps supported are outlined in the following table.

Table 74 SNMP Traps

GENERIC TRAP	SPECIFIC TRAP	DESCRIPTION
0 (Cold Start)	0	This trap is sent when the switch is turned on.
1 (WarmStart)	0	This trap is sent when the switch restarts.
2 (linkDown)	0	This trap is sent when the Ethernet link is down.
3 (linkUp)	0	This trap is sent when the Ethernet link is up.
4 (authenticationFailure)	0	This trap is sent when an SNMP request comes from non-authenticated hosts.

32.3.3 Configuring SNMP

From the Access Control screen, display the SNMP screen. You can click Access Control to go back to the Access Control screen.

Figure 113 Access Control: SNMP

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 75 Access Control: SNMP

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Get Community	Enter the get community, which is the password for the incoming Get- and GetNext-requests from the management station.
Set Community	Enter the set community, which is the password for incoming Set- requests from the management station.
Trap Community	Enter the trap community, which is the password sent with each trap to the SNMP manager.
Trap Destination	Enter the IP addresses of up to four stations to send your SNMP traps to.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes back to the switch.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

32.3.4 Setting Up Login Accounts

Up to five people (one administrator and four non-administrators) may access the switch via web configurator at any one time.

• An administrator is someone who can both view and configure switch changes. The username for the Administrator is always admin. The default administrator password is 1234.

Note: It is highly recommended that you change the default administrator password (1234).

• A non-administrator (username is something other than admin) is someone who can view but not configure switch settings.

Click Access Control from the navigation panel and then click Logins from this screen.

Figure 114 Access Control: Logins

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 76 Access Control: Logins

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
AdministratorThis is the default administrator account with the “admin” user name. You cannot change the default administrator user name. Only the administrator has read/write access.
Old Password	Type the existing system password (1234 is the default password when shipped).
New Password	Enter your new system password.
Retype to confirm	Retype your new system password for confirmation
Edit LoginsYou may configure passwords for up to four users. These people have read-only access.
User Name	Set a user name (up to 30 characters long).
Password	Enter your new system password.
Retype to confirm	Retype your new system password for confirmation
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes back to the switch.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

32.4 SSH Overview

Unlike Telnet or FTP, which transmit data in clear text, SSH (Secure Shell) is a secure communication protocol that combines authentication and data encryption to provide secure encrypted communication

between two hosts over an unsecured network.

Figure 115 SSH Communication Example

32.5 How SSH works

The following table summarizes how a secure connection is established between two remote hosts.

Figure 116 How SSH Works

1 Host Identification

The SSH client sends a connection request to the SSH server. The server identifies itself with a host key. The client encrypts a randomly generated session key with the host key and server key and sends the result back to the server.

The client automatically saves any new server public keys. In subsequent connections, the server public key is checked against the saved version on the client computer.

2 Encryption Method

Once the identification is verified, both the client and server must agree on the type of encryption method to use.

3 Authentication and Data Transmission

After the identification is verified and data encryption activated, a secure tunnel is established between the client and the server. The client then sends its authentication information (user name and password) to the server to log in to the server.

32.6 SSH Implementation on the Switch

Your switch supports SSH version 2 using RSA authentication and three encryption methods (DES, 3DES and Blowfish). The SSH server is implemented on the switch for remote management and file transfer on port 22. Only one SSH connection is allowed at a time.

32.6.1 Requirements for Using SSH

You must install an SSH client program on a client computer (Windows or Linux operating system) that is used to connect to the switch over SSH.

32.7 Introduction to HTTPS

HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer, or HTTP over SSL) is a web protocol that encrypts and decrypts web pages. Secure Socket Layer (SSL) is an application-level protocol that enables secure transactions of data by ensuring confidentiality (an unauthorized party cannot read the transferred data), authentication (one party can identify the other party) and data integrity (you know if data has been changed).

It relies upon certificates, public keys, and private keys.

HTTPS on the switch is used so that you may securely access the switch using the web configurator. The SSL protocol specifies that the SSL server (the switch) must always authenticate itself to the SSL client (the computer which requests the HTTPS connection with the switch), whereas the SSL client only should authenticate itself when the SSL server requires it to do so. Authenticating client certificates is optional and if selected means the SSL-client must send the switch a certificate. You must apply for a certificate for the browser from a CA that is a trusted CA on the switch.

Please refer to the following figure.

1 HTTPS connection requests from an SSL-aware web browser go to port 443 (by default) on the switch's WS (web server).
2 HTTP connection requests from a web browser go to port 80 (by default) on the switch's WS (web server).

Figure 117 HTTPS Implementation

Note: If you disable HTTP in the Service Access Control screen, then the switch blocks all HTTP connection attempts.

32.8 HTTPS Example

If you haven't changed the default HTTPS port on the switch, then in your browser enter "https://switch IP Address/" as the web site address where "switch IP Address" is the IP address or domain name of the switch you wish to access.

32.8.1 Internet Explorer Warning Messages

When you attempt to access the switch HTTPS server, a Windows dialog box pops up asking if you trust the server certificate. Click View Certificate if you want to verify that the certificate is from the switch.

You see the following Security Alert screen in Internet Explorer. Select Yes to proceed to the web configurator login screen; if you select No, then web configurator access is blocked.

Figure 118 Security Alert Dialog Box (Internet Explorer)

32.8.2 Netscape Navigator Warning Messages

When you attempt to access the switch HTTPS server, a Website Certified by an Unknown Authority screen pops up asking if you trust the server certificate. Click Examine Certificate if you want to verify that the certificate is from the switch.

If Accept this certificate temporarily for this session is selected, then click OK to continue in Netscape.

Select Accept this certificate permanently to import the switch's certificate into the SSL client.

Figure 119 Security Certificate 1 (Netscape)

Figure 120 Security Certificate 2 (Netscape)

32.8.3 The Main Screen

After you accept the certificate and enter the login username and password, the switch main screen appears. The lock displayed in the bottom right of the browser status bar denotes a secure connection.

Figure 121 Login Screen (Internet Explorer)

Figure 122 Login Screen (Netscape)

32.9 Service Port Access Control

Service Access Control allows you to decide what services you may use to access the switch. You may also change the default service port and configure "trusted computer(s)" for each service in the Remote Management screen (discussed later). Click Access Control to go back to the main Access Control screen.

Figure 123 Access Control: Service Access Control

The following table describes the fields in this screen.

Table 77 Access Control: Service Access Control

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Services	Services you may use to access the switch are listed here.
Active	Select this option for the corresponding services that you want to allow to access the switch.
Service Port	For Telnet, SSH, FTP, HTTP or HTTPS services, you may change the default service port by typing the new port number in the Server Port field. If you change the default port number then you will have to let people (who wish to use the service) know the new port number for that service.
Timeout	Type how many minutes a management session (via the web configurator) can be left idle before the session times out. After it times out you have to log in with your password again. Very long idle timeouts may have security risks. A value of "0" means a management session never times out, no matter how long it has been left idle (not recommended).
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes back to the switch.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

32.10 Remote Management

From the Access Control screen, display the Remote Management screen as shown next.

You can specify a group of one or more "trusted computers" from which an administrator may use a service to manage the switch. Click Access Control to return to the Access Control screen.

Figure 124 Access Control: Remote Management

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 78 Access Control: Remote Management

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Entry	This is the client set index number. A “client set” is a group of one or more “trusted computers” from which an administrator may use a service to manage the switch.
Active	Select this check box to activate this secured client set. Clear the check box if you wish to temporarily disable the set without deleting it.
Start Address End Address	Configure the IP address range of trusted computers from which you can manage this switch. The switch checks if the client IP address of a computer requesting a service or protocol matches the range set here. The switch immediately disconnects the session if it does not match.
Telnet/FTP/Web/ICMP/SNMP	Select services that may be used for managing the switch from the specified trusted computers.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes back to the switch.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

CHAPTER 33 Diagnostic

This chapter explains the Diagnostic screen.

33.1 Diagnostic

Click Management, Diagnostic in the navigation panel to open this screen. Use this screen to check system logs, reset the system or ping IP addresses.

Figure 125 Diagnostic

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 79 Diagnostic

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
System Log	Click Display to display a log of events in the multi-line text box. Click Clear to empty the text box and reset the syslog entry.
IP Ping	Type the IP address of a device that you want to ping in order to test a connection. Click Ping to have the switch ping the IP address (in the field to the left).
Ethernet Port Test	From the Port drop-down list box, select a port number and click Port Test to perform internal loopback test.

CHAPTER 34

Cluster Management

This chapter introduces cluster management.

34.1 Overview

Cluster Management allows you to manage switches through one switch, called the cluster manager. The switches must be directly connected and be in the same VLAN group so as to be able to communicate with one another.

Table 80 ZyXEL Clustering Management Specifications

Maximum number of cluster members	24
Cluster Member Models	Must be compatible with ZyXEL cluster management implementation.
Cluster Manager	The switch through which you manage the cluster member switches.
Cluster Members	The switches being managed by the cluster manager switch.

In the following example, switch A in the basement is the cluster manager and the other switches on the upper floors of the building are cluster members.

Figure 126 Clustering Application Example

34.2 Cluster Management Status

Click Management, Cluster Management in the navigation panel to display the following screen.

Note: A cluster can only have one manager.

Figure 127 Cluster Management: Status

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 81 Cluster Management: Status

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Status	This field displays the role of this switch within the cluster. Manager Member (you see this if you access this screen in the cluster member switch directly and not via the cluster manager) None (neither a manager nor a member of a cluster)
Manager	This field displays the cluster manager switch's hardware MAC address.
The Number of Member	This field displays the number of switches that make up this cluster. The following fields describe the cluster member switches.
Index	You can manage cluster member switches via the cluster manager switch. Each number in the Index column is a hyperlink leading to the cluster member switch's web configurator (see Figure 128 on page 209).
HwAddr	This is the cluster member switch's hardware MAC address.
Name	This is the cluster member switch's System Name.
Model	This field displays the model name.
Status	This field displays: Online (the cluster member switch is accessible) Error (for example the cluster member switch password was changed or the switch was set as the manager and so left the member list, etc.) Offline (the switch is disconnected - Offline shows approximately 1.5 minutes after the link between cluster member and manager goes down)

34.2.1 Cluster Member Switch Management

Go to the Clustering Management Status screen of the cluster manager switch and then select an Index hyperlink from the list of members to go to that cluster member switch's web configurator home page. This cluster member web configurator home page and the home page that you'd see if you accessed it directly are different.

Figure 128 Cluster Management: Cluster Member Web Configurator Screen

34.2.1.1 Uploading Firmware to a Cluster Member Switch

You can use FTP to upload firmware to a cluster member switch through the cluster manager switch as shown in the following example.

Figure 129 Example: Uploading Firmware to a Cluster Member Switch

C:\>ftp 192.168.1.1  
Connected to 192.168.1.1.  
220 FTP version 1.0 ready at Thu Jan 1 00:47:52 1970  
User (192.168.1.1:(none)): admin  
331 Enter PASS command  
Password:  
230 Logged in  
ftp> ls  
200 Port command okay  
150 Opening data connection for LIST  
--w--w--w- 1 owner group 3209434 Jul 01 12:00 ras  
-rw-rw-rw- 1 owner group 393216 Jul 01 12:00 config  
--w--w--w- 1 owner group 0 Jul 01 12:00 fw-00-a0-c5-d4-88-bf  
-rw-rw-rw- 1 owner group 0 Jul 01 12:00 config-00-a0-c5-d4-88-bf  
226 File sent OK  
ftp: 463 bytes received in 0.00Seconds 463000.00Kbytes/sec.  
ftp> bin  
200 Type I OK  
ftp> put 350du1.bin fw-00-a0-c5-d4-88-bf  
200 Port command okay  
150 Opening data connection for STOR fw-00-a0-c5-d4-88-bf  
226 File received OK  
ftp: 262144 bytes sent in 0.63Seconds 415.44Kbytes/sec.  
ftp> 

The following table explains some of the FTP parameters.

Table 82 FTP Upload to Cluster Member Example

FTP PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
User	Enter “admin”.
Password	The web configurator password default is 1234.
ls	Enter this command to list the name of cluster member switch’s firmware and configuration file.
350du1.bin	This is the name of the firmware file you want to upload to the cluster member switch.
fw-00-a0-c5-d4-88-bf	This is the cluster member switch’s firmware name as seen in the cluster manager switch.
config-00-a0-c5-d4-88-bf	This is the cluster member switch’s configuration file name as seen in the cluster manager switch.

34.3 Configuring Cluster Management

Click Configuration from the Cluster Management screen to display the next screen.

Figure 130 Clustering Management Configuration

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 83 Clustering Management Configuration

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Clustering Manager
Active	Select Active to have this switch become the cluster manager switch. A cluster can only have one manager. Other (directly connected) switches that are set to be cluster managers will not be visible in the Clustering Candidates list. If a switch that was previously a cluster member is later set to become a cluster manager, then its Status is displayed as Error in the Cluster Management Status screen and a warning icon (▲) appears in the member summary list below.
Name	Type a name to identify the Clustering Manager. You may use up to 20 printable characters (no spaces are allowed).
VID	This is the VLAN ID and is only applicable if the switch is set to 802.1Q VLAN. All switches must be directly connected and in the same VLAN group to belong to the same cluster. Switches that are not in the same VLAN group are not visible in the Clustering Candidates list. This field is ignored if the Clustering Manager is using Port-based VLAN.
Apply	Click Apply to save these changes to the switch.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this part of the screen afresh.
Clustering Candidate	The following fields relate to the switches that are potential cluster members.
List	A list of suitable candidates found by auto-discovery is shown here. The switches must be directly connected. Directly connected switches that are set to be cluster managers will not be visible in the Clustering Candidate list. Switches that are not in the same management VLAN group will not be visible in the Clustering Candidate list.
Password	Each cluster member's password is its web configurator password. Select a member in the Clustering Candidate list and then enter its web configurator password. If that switch administrator changes the web configurator password afterwards, then it cannot be managed from the Cluster Manager. Its Status is displayed as Error in the Cluster Management Status screen and a warning icon (▲) appears in the member summary list below. If multiple devices have the same password then hold [SHIFT] and click those switches to select them. Then enter their common web configurator password.
Add	Click Add to save this part of the screen to the switch.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this part of the screen afresh.
Refresh	Click Refresh to perform auto-discovery again to list potential cluster members.
The next summary table shows the information for the clustering members configured.
Index	This is the index number of a cluster member switch.
HwAddr	This is the cluster member switch's hardware MAC address.
Name	This is the cluster member switch's System Name.
Model	This is the cluster member switch's model name.
Remove	Select this checkbox and then click the Remove button to remove a cluster member switch from the cluster.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this part of the screen afresh.

CHAPTER 35 MAC Table

This chapter introduces the MAC Table screen.

35.1 Overview

The MAC Table screen (a MAC table is also known as a filtering database) shows how frames are forwarded or filtered across the switch's ports. It shows what device MAC address, belonging to what VLAN group (if any) is forwarded to which port(s) and whether the MAC address is dynamic (learned by the switch) or static (manually entered in the Static MAC Forwarding screen).

The switch uses the MAC table to determine how to forward frames. See the following figure.

1 The switch examines a received frame and learns the port on which this source MAC address came.
2 The switch checks to see if the frame's destination MAC address matches a source MAC address already learned in the MAC table.

• If the switch has already learned the port for this MAC address, then it forwards the frame to that port.
• If the switch has not already learned the port for this MAC address, then the frame is flooded to all ports. Too much port flooding leads to network congestion.
• If the switch has already learned the port for this MAC address, but the destination port is the same as the port it came in on, then it filters the frame.

Figure 131 MAC Table Flowchart

35.2 Viewing the MAC Table

Click Management, MAC Table in the navigation panel to display the following screen.

Figure 132 MAC Table

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 84 MAC Table

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Sort by	Click one of the following buttons to display and arrange the data according to that button type. The information is then displayed in the summary table below.
MAC	Click this button to display and arrange the data according to MAC address.
VID	Click this button to display and arrange the data according to VLAN group.
Port	Click this button to display and arrange the data according to port number.
Index	This is the incoming frame index number.
MAC Address	This is the MAC address of the device from which this incoming frame came.
VID	This is the VLAN group to which this frame belongs.
Port	This is the port from which the above MAC address was learned.
Type	This shows whether the MAC address is dynamic (learned by the switch) or static (manually entered in the Static MAC Forwarding screen).

CHAPTER 36 IP Table

This chapter introduces the IP table.

36.1 Overview

The IP Table screen shows how packets are forwarded or filtered across the switch's ports. It shows what device IP address, belonging to what VLAN group (if any) is forwarded to which port(s) and whether the IP address is dynamic (learned by the switch) or static (belonging to the switch).

The switch uses the IP table to determine how to forward packets. See the following figure.

1 The switch examines a received packet and learns the port on which this source IP address came.
2 The switch checks to see if the packet's destination IP address matches a source IP address already learned in the IP table.

• If the switch has already learned the port for this IP address, then it forwards the packet to that port.
• If the switch has not already learned the port for this IP address, then the packet is flooded to all ports. Too much port flooding leads to network congestion.
• If the switch has already learned the port for this IP address, but the destination port is the same as the port it came in on, then it filters the packet.

Figure 133 IP Table Flowchart

36.2 Viewing the IP Table

Click Management, IP Table in the navigation panel to display the following screen.

Figure 134 IP Table

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 85 IP Table

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Sort by	Click one of the following buttons to display and arrange the data according to that button type. The information is then displayed in the summary table below.
IP	Click this button to display and arrange the data according to IP address.
VID	Click this button to display and arrange the data according to VLAN group.
Port	Click this button to display and arrange the data according to port number.
Index	This field displays the index number.
IP Address	This is the IP address of the device from which the incoming packets came.
VID	This is the VLAN group to which the packet belongs.
Port	This is the port from which the above IP address was learned. This field displays CPU to indicate the IP address belongs to the switch.
Type	This shows whether the IP address is dynamic (learned by the switch) or static (belonging to the switch).

CHAPTER 37 ARP Table

This chapter introduces ARP Table.

37.1 Overview

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping an Internet Protocol address (IP address) to a physical machine address, also known as a Media Access Control or MAC address, on the local area network.

An IP (version 4) address is 32 bits long. In an Ethernet LAN, MAC addresses are 48 bits long. The ARP Table maintains an association between each MAC address and its corresponding IP address.

37.1.1 How ARP Works

When an incoming packet destined for a host device on a local area network arrives at the switch, the switch's ARP program looks in the ARP Table and, if it finds the address, sends it to the device.

If no entry is found for the IP address, ARP broadcasts the request to all the devices on the LAN. The switch fills in its own MAC and IP address in the sender address fields, and puts the known IP address of the target in the target IP address field. In addition, the switch puts all ones in the target MAC field (FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF is the Ethernet broadcast address). The replying device (which is either the IP address of the device being sought or the router that knows the way) replaces the broadcast address with the target's MAC address, swaps the sender and target pairs, and unicast the answer directly back to the requesting machine. ARP updates the ARP Table for future reference and then sends the packet to the MAC address that replied.

37.2 Viewing the ARP Table

Click Management, ARP Table in the navigation panel to open the following screen. Use the ARP table to view IP-to-MAC address mapping(s).

Figure 135 ARP Table

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 86 ARP Table

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Index	This is the ARP Table entry number.
IP Address	This is the learned IP address of a device connected to a switch port with corresponding MAC address below.
MAC Address	This is the MAC address of the device with corresponding IP address above.
Type	This shows whether the MAC address is dynamic (learned by the switch) or static (manually entered in the Static MAC Forwarding screen).

CHAPTER 38 Routing Table

This chapter introduces the routing table.

38.1 Overview

The routing table contains the route information to the network(s) that the switch can reach. The switch automatically updates the routing table with the RIP information received from other Ethernet devices.

38.2 Viewing the Routing Table

Click Management, Routing Table in the navigation panel to display the screen as shown.

Figure 136 Routing Table Status

Index	Routing Table Status
	Destination	Gateway	Interface	Metric	Type
1	192.168.1.0/24	192.168.1.1	192.168.1.1	1	STATIC
2	10.10.10.0/24	10.10.10.1	10.10.10.1	1	STATIC

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 87 Routing Table Status

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Index	This field displays the index number.
Destination	This field displays the destination IP routing domain.
Gateway	This field displays the IP address of the gateway device.
Metric	This field displays the cost of the route.
Type	This field displays the method used to learn the route.

CHAPTER 39

Introducing the Commands

This chapter introduces the commands and gives a summary of commands available.

39.1 Overview

In addition to the web configurator, you can use line commands to configure the switch. Use line commands for advanced switch diagnosis and troubleshooting. If you have problems with your switch, customer support may request that you issue some of these commands to assist them in troubleshooting.

Note: See the web configurator parts of this User's Guide for background information on features configurable by the web configurator.

39.1.1 Switch Configuration File

When you configure the switch using either the CLI (Command Line Interface) or web configurator, the settings are saved as a series of commands in a configuration file on the switch. You can perform the following with a configuration file:

• Back up switch configuration once the switch is set up to work in your network.
• Restore switch configuration.
• Use the same configuration file to set all switches (of the same model) in your network to the same settings.

Note: You may also edit a configuration file using a text editor.

Make sure you use valid commands. The switch rejects configuration files with invalid or incomplete commands.

39.2 Accessing the CLI

You can use a direct console connection or Telnet to access the CLI on the switch.

Note: The switch automatically logs you out of the management interface after five minutes of inactivity. If this happens to you, simply log back in again.

39.2.1 Access Priority

• You can only access the CLI with the administrator account (the default username is admin and password is 1234).
• By default, only one CLI management session is allowed via either the console port or Telnet. Console port access has higher priority.
• Use the configure multi-login command in the configuration mode to allow multiple concurrent logins. However, no more than five concurrent login sessions are allowed.

39.2.2 The Console Port

Connect to the switch's console port using a terminal emulation software configured to the following settings:

• VT100 terminal emulation
  9600 bps
  No parity
  8 data bits
  1 stop bit
• No flow control

39.2.2.1 Initial Screen

When you turn on your switch, it performs several internal tests as well as line initialization. You can view the initialization information using the console port. After the initialization, the login screen displays (refer to Section 39.3 on page 223).

Figure 137 Initial Console Port Screen

Copyright (c) 1994 - 2004 ZyXEL Communications Corp. initialize mgmt, ethernet address: 00:a0:c5:fe:ea:70 initialize switch, ethernet address: 00:a0:c5:fe:ea:71 Initializing switch unit 0... Initializing switch unit 1... Press ENTER to continue... 

39.2.3 Telnet

Use the following steps to telnet into your switch.

1 For local management, connect your computer to the RJ-45 management port (labeled MGMT) on the switch.
2 Make sure your computer IP address and the switch IP address are on the same subnet. In Windows, click Start (usually in the bottom left corner), Run and then type telnet 192.168.1.1 (the default management IP address) and click OK.

3 A login screen displays (refer to Section 39.3 on page 223).

39.3 The Login Screen

After you have successfully established a connection to the switch using a direct console connection or Telnet, a login screen displays as shown below. For your first login, enter the default administrator login username "admin" and password "1234".

Figure 138 CLI: Login Screen

Enter User Name : admin  
Enter Password :XXXX 

39.4 Command Syntax Conventions

The rules of the commands are listed next.

• The command keywords are in courier new font.
• The required fields in a command are enclosed in angle brackets , for instance, ping ip means that you must specify an IP number for this command.
• The optional fields in a command are enclosed in square brackets [ ], for instance,

configure snmp-server [contact <system contact>] [location <system location>] 

means that the contact and location fields are optional.

• "Command" refers to a command used in the command line interface (CI command).
• The | symbol means "or".
• The entry <CR> in the command lines refers to carriage return. Press [ENTER] or carriage return after a command to execute the command.
• Use the up () or down () arrow key to scroll through the command history list.
• The CLI does not accept partial or incomplete commands. You may enter a unique part of a command and press [TAB] to have the switch automatically display the full command. For example, if you enter "config" and press [TAB], the full command of "configuration" automatically displays.
• Each interface refers to an Ethernet port on the switch. Commands configured after the interface command correspond to those ports.
• Type multiple ports or port ranges separated by a comma. Ranges of port numbers are typed separated by a dash.

39.5 Getting Help

The system includes a help facility to provide you with the following information about the commands:

• List of available commands under a command group.
  Detailed descriptions of the commands.

39.5.1 List of Available Commands

Enter "help" to display a list of available commands and the corresponding sub commands.

Enter "?" to display a list of commands you can use.

Figure 139 CLI Help: List of Commands: Example 1

ras> help  
Commands available:  
help  
logout  
exit  
history  
enable  
show ip <cr>  
show hardware-monitor <C|F>  
show system-information  
ping help  
ping <ip|host-name> [vlan <vlan-id>] [. .]  
ping <ip|host-name> <cr>  
traceroute help  
traceroute <ip|host-name> [vlan <vlan-id>] [. .]  
traceroute <ip|host-name> <cr>  
ssh <1|2> [<user@]dest-ip> [command [/]  
ssh <1|2> [<user@]dest-ip> <cr>  
ras> 

Figure 140 CLI Help: List of Commands: Example 2

ras> ? enable Turn on privileged commands exit Exit from the EXEC help Description of the interactive help system history Show a list of previously run commands logout Exit from the EXEC ping Exec ping show Show system information ssh SSH client traceroute Exec traceroute ras> 

39.5.2 Detailed Command Information

Enter help to display detailed sub command and parameters.

Enter ? to display detailed help information about the sub commands and parameters.

Figure 141 CLI Help: Detailed Command Information: Example 1
ras>ping help
Commands available:
ping
< [ in-band|out-of-band|vlan ] [ size < 0 - 1472> ] [-t]

ras>

Figure 142 CLI: Help: Detailed Command Information: Example 2

ras>ping? destinationipaddress help Description of ping help 

39.6 Command Modes

There are three CLI command modes: User, Enable and Configure.

When you first log into the CLI, the initial command mode is the User mode. The User mode commands are a subset of the Enable mode commands. The User mode command prompt ends with an angle bracket (>) .

To enter Enable (or privileged) mode, type enable and enter a password when prompted (the default is 1234). When you enter the Enable mode, the command prompt changes to the pound sign (#).

To enter the configuration mode, type configuration or config. The Configure mode command prompt consists of the word "config" and the pound sign (#). There are various sub configuration modes: interface, router and VLAN.

• To enter config-vlan mode, type vlan followed by a number (between 1 to 4094). For example, vlan 10 to configure settings for VLAN 10.
• To enter config-interface mode and configure the ports, enter interface port-channel followed by a port number. For example, interface port-channel 10.
• To configure the routing domain, enter interface route-domain followed by the domain IP address and subnet mask bits (for example, interface route-domain 192.168.1.1/24).
• Use the router commands to configure the routing protocol settings.

Enter exit or logout to quit from the current mode or log out from the CLI.

39.7 Using Command History

The switch keeps a list of up to 256 commands(s) you have entered for the current CLI session. You can use any commands in the history again by pressing the up (▲) or down (▼) arrow key to scroll through the previously used commands and press [ENTER]. Use the history command to display the list of commands.

Figure 143 CLI: History Command Example

ras> history enable exit show ip history ras> 

39.8 Saving Your Configuration

After you set the switch settings with the configuration commands, use the write memory command to save the changes permanently.

Figure 144 CLI: write memory

ras#write memory 

Note: The write memory command is not available in User mode.

You must save your changes after each CLI session. All unsaved configuration changes are lost once you restart the switch.

39.8.1 Logging Out

In User mode, enter the exit or logout command to log out of the CLI.

39.9 Command Summary

The following sections summarize the commands available in the switch together with a brief description of each command. Commands listed in the tables are in the same order as they are displayed in the CLI. See the related section in the User's Guide for more background information.

39.9.1 User Mode

The following table describes the commands available for User mode.

Table 88 Command Summary: User Mode

COMMAND		DESCRIPTION
enable		Accesses Enable (or privileged) mode. See Section 39.9.2 on page 228.
exit		Logs out from the CLI.
help		Displays help information.
history		Displays a list of previously command(s) that you have executed. The switch stores up to 256 commands in history.
logout		Exits from the CLI.
ping	<IP|host-name>[<in-band|out-of-band|vlan <vlan-id>][size <0-1472>] [-t]	Sends a Ping request to an Ethernet device.
show	hardware-monitor<C|F>	Displays current hardware monitor information with the specified temperature unit (Celsius C or Fahrenheit F).
	ip	Displays IP related information.
	system-information	Displays general system information.
ssh	<1|2> <[user@]dest-ip>	Connects to an SSH server with the specified SSH version.
traceroute	<ip|host-name>[in-band|out-of-band|vlan<vlan-id>][ttl <1-255>][wait <1-60>][queries <1-10>]	Determines the path a packet takes to a device.

39.9.2 Enable Mode

The following table describes the commands available for Enable mode.

Table 89 Command Summary: Enable Mode

COMMAND			DESCRIPTION
boot		config	Restarts the system with the specified configuration file.
configure			Accesses Configuration mode. See Section 39.9.3 on page 232.
copy	running-config tftp <ip><remote-file>		Backs up running configuration to the specified TFTP server with the specified file name.
	tftp	config <ip><remote-file>	Restores configuration with the specified filename from the specified TFTP server.
		flash <ip><remote-file>	Restores firmware via TFTP.
disable			Exits Enable (or privileged) mode.
enable			Accesses Enable (or privileged) mode.
erase	running-config		Reset to the factory default settings.
exit			Exits Enable (or privileged) mode.
help			Displays help information.
history			Displays a list of command(s) that you have previously executed.
logout			Exits Enable (or privileged) mode.
mac-flush			Cleans the MAC address table.
	<port-num>		Removes all learned MAC address on the specified port(s).
no
	logging		Disables syslog logging.
	plt <vlan-id>		Disables Packet Loop Test (PLT) on a VLAN.
		<ip><mask>	Disables Packet Loop Test (PLT) to an Ethernet device in a VLAN.
ping	<IP|host-name>		Sends Ping request to an Ethernet device.
		[vlan <vlan-id>] [..]	Sends Ping request to an Ethernet device in the specified VLAN(s).
reload	config <index>		Restarts the system and use the specified configuration file.
show	classifier		Displays all classifier related information.
		[name]	Displays the specified classifier related information.
	cluster		Displays cluster management status.
		candidates	Displays cluster candidate information.
		member	Displays the MAC address of the cluster member(s).
		member mac <mac ADDR>	Displays the status of the cluster member(s).
		members config	Displays the configuration of the cluster member(s).
	dhcp	relay	Displays DHCP relay settings.
		server	Displays DHCP server settings.
		server <vlnd-id>	Displays DHCP server settings in a specified VLAN.
	diffserv		Displays general DiffServ settings.
	garp		Displays GARP information.
	hardware-monitor		Displays current hardware monitor information with the specified temperature unit (Celsius C or Fahrenheit F).
	https		Displays the HTTPS information.
		certificate	Displays the HTTPS certificates.
		key <rsa|DSA>	Displays the HTTPS key.
		session	Displays current HTTPS session(s).
		timeout	Displays the HTTPS session timeout.
	interface <port-number>		Displays current interface status.
	interfaces config <port-list>		Displays current interface configuration.
		bandwidth-control	Displays bandwidth control settings.
		egress	Displays outgoing port information.
		bstorm-control	Displays broadcast storm control settings.
	ip		Displays IP related information.
	ip arp		Displays the ARP table.
	ip ospf	database	Displays OSPF link state database information.
		interface	Displays OSPF interface settings.
		neighbor	Displays OSPF neighbor information.
	ip route		Displays IP routing information.
	ip route static		Displays IP static route information.
	lacp		Displays LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol) settings.
	logging		Displays system logs.
	loginPrecedence		Displays login precedence settings.
	logins		Displays login account information.
	mac	address-table	Displays MAC address table.
		[mac|vid|port]	You can sort by MAC address, VID or port.
		address-table	Displays static MAC address table.
	mac-aging-time		Displays MAC learning aging time.
	multi-login		Displays multi-login information
	policy		Displays all policy related information.
		[name]	Displays the specified policy related information.
	port-access- authenticator		Displays all port authentication settings.
		[port-list]	Displays port authentication settings on the specified port(s).
	port-security		Displays all port security settings.
		[port-list]	Displays port security settings on the specified port(s).
	radius-server		Displays RADIUS server settings.
	remote-management		Displays all secured client information.
		[index]	Displays the specified secured client information.
	router	rip	Displays RIP settings.
		ospf	Displays OSPF settings.
		ospf area	Displays OSPF area settings.
		ospf network	Displays OSPF network (or interface) settings.
		ospf redistribute	Displays OSPF redistribution settings.
		ospf virtual-link	Displays OSPF virtual link settings.
		vrrp	Displays VRRP settings.
	running-config		Displays current operating configuration.
	service-control		Displays service control settings.
	snmp-server		Displays SNMP settings.
	spanning-tree	config	Displays Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) settings.
	ssh		Displays general SSH settings.
		known-hosts	Displays known SSH hosts information.
		key	Displays internal SSH public and private key information.
		session	Displays current SSH session(s).
	system-information		Displays general system information.
	time		Displays current system time and date.
	timesync		Displays time server information.
	trunk		Displays link aggregation information.
	vlan		Displays the status of all VLANs.
		<vlan-id>	Displays the status of the specified VLAN.
	vlan-stacking		Displays VLAN stacking settings.
	vlan1q	gvrp	Displays GVRP settings.
		port-isolation	Displays port isolation settings.
ssh	<1|2><[user@]dest-ip>		Connects to an SSH server with the specified SSH version.
		[command [/>]	Connects to an SSH server with the specified SSH version and addition commands to be executed on the server.
traceroute	[in-band|out-of-band|vlan <vlan-id>] [ttl <1-255>] [wait <1-60>] [queries <1-10>]		Determines the path a packet takes to a device.
write	memory		Saves current configuration to the configuration file the switch is currently using.
		index>	Saves current configuration to the specified configuration file on the switch.

39.9.3 General Configuration Mode

The following table lists the commands in Configuration (or Config) mode.

Table 90 Command Summary: Configuration Mode

COMMAND			DESCRIPTION
admin-password	<pw-string><confirm-string>		Changes the administrator password.
bandwidth-control			Enables bandwidth control.
bcp-transparency			Enables Bridge Control Protocol (BCP) transparency.
classifier	{name}<[packet-format<802.3untag|802.3tag|EtherIIuntag|EtherII tag>} [priority <0-7>] [vlan <vlan-id>] [ethernet-type<ether-num|ip|ipx|arp|rarp|appletalk|decnet|sna|netbios|dlc>] [source-mac <src-mac ADDR] [source-port <port-num>] [destination-mac<dest-mac ADDR] [dscp <0-63>] [ip-protocol<protocol-num|tcp|udp|icmp|egp|ospf|rsvp|igmp|igp|pim|ipse][establish-only]] [source-ip <src-ip ADDR] [mask-bits<mask-bits>]] [source-socket<socket-num>] [destination-ip<dest-ip ADDR][mask-bits<mask-bits>]] [destination-socket<socket-num>] [inactive]}		Configures a classifier. A classifier groups traffic into data flows according to specific criteria such as the source address, destination address, source port number, destination port number or incoming port number.
default-management	<in-band|out-of-band>		Specifies through which traffic flow the switch is to send packets.
dhcp	relay		Enables DHCP relay.
		helper-address <remote-dhcp-server1> <remote-dhcp-server2> <remote-dhcp-server3>	Sets the IP addresses of up to 3 DHCP servers.
		information	Allows the switch to add system name to agent information.
		option	Allows the switch to add DHCP relay agent information.
	server <vlan-id>	starting-address <ip-addr> < subnet-mask> <size-of-client>
diffserv			Enables DiffServ.
	dscp <0-63> priority <0-7>		Sets the DSCP-to-IEEE 802.1q mappings.
exit			Exits from the CLI.
garp	join <100-65535> leave <msec> leaveall <msec>		Configures GARP time settings.
help			Displays help information.
history			Displays a list of previous command(s) that you have executed.
hostname			Sets the switch's name for identification purposes.
https	cert-regeneration <rsa|DSA>		Re-generates a certificate.
	timeout <0-65535>		Sets the HTTPS timeout period.
igmp-snooping			Enables IGMP snooping.
interface	port-channel <port-list>		Enables a port or a list of ports for configuration. See Section 39.9.4 on page 243 for more details.
	route-domain <ip-address>/<mask-bits>		Enables a routing domain for configuration. See Section 39.9.5 on page 246 for more details.
ip	address		Sets the IP address and subnet mask of the out-of-band management port.
		default-gateway <ip>
	name-server		Sets the IP address of a domain name server.
	route	<ip> <mask><next-hop-ip>	Creates a static route.
		<ip> <mask><next-hop-ip>[metric][name][inactive]	Sets the metric of a static route or deactivates a static route.
lacp			Enables Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP).
	system-priority	<1-65535>	Sets the priority of an active port using LACP.
loginPrecedence	<LocalOnly | LocalRADIUS | RADIUSOnly>		Select which database the switch should use (first) to authenticate a user.
logins	username password	drop	Configs up to four read-only login accounts.
logout			Exits from the CLI.
mac-aging-time	<10-3000>		Sets learned MAC aging time.
mac-filter	name mac<mac ADDR> vlan<vlan-id> drop<src/dst/both>		Configs a static MAC address port filtering rule.
		inactive	Disables a static MAC address port filtering rule.
mac-forward	name mac<mac ADDR> vlan<vlan-id> interface<interface-id>		Configs a static MAC address forwarding rule.
		inactive	Disables a static MAC address forwarding rule.
mirror-port			Enables port mirroring.
	<port-num>		Enables port mirroring on a specified port.
mode	zynos		Changes the CLI mode to the ZyNOS format.
multi-login			Enables multi-login.
no	bandwidth-control		Disable bandwidth control on the switch.
	bcp-transparency
	classifier	<name>	Disables the classifier. Each classifier has one rule. If you disable a classifier you cannot use policy rule related information.
		<name> inactive	Enables a classifier.
	cluster		Disables cluster management on the switch.
	cluster member		Removes the cluster member.
	dhcp relay		Disables DHCP relay.
		information	Disables the relay agent information option 82.
		option	System name is not appended to option 82 information field.
	dhcp server <vlan-id>		Disables DHCP server settings.
		default-gateway	Disables DHCP server default gateway settings.
		primary-dns	Disables DHCP primary DNS server settings.
		secondary-gateway	Disables DHCP server secondary gateway settings.
	diffserv		Disables the DiffServ settings.
	https	timeout	Reset the session timeout to the default of 300 seconds.
	igmp-snooping		Disables IGMP snooping.
	ip		Sets the management IP address to the default value.
		route <ip><mask>	Removes a specified IP static route.
		route <ip><mask> inactive	Enables a specified IP static route.
	lacp		Disables the link aggregation control protocol (dynamic trunking) on the switch.
	logins		Disables login access to the specified name.
	mac-filter	name <name> mac <mac ADDR> vlan <vlan-id> drop <src/dst/both> inactive	Enables the specified MAC-filter rule.
		name <name> mac <mac ADDR> vlan <vlan-id> drop <src/dst/both>	Disables the specified MAC filter rule.
	mac-forward	name <name> mac <mac ADDR> vlan <vlan-id> interface <interface-id>	Removes the specified MAC forwarding entry, belonging to a VLAN group (if any) forwarded through an interface(s).
		name <name> mac <mac ADDR> vlan <vlan-id> interface <interface-id> inactive	Enables the specified MAC address, belonging to a VLAN group (if any) forwarded through an interface(s).
	mirror-port		Disables port mirroring on the switch.
	multi-login		Disables another administrator from logging into Telnet or the CLI.
	policy <name>		Deletes the policy. A policy sets actions for the classified traffic.
		inactive	Enables a policy.
	port-access- authenticator		Disables port authentication on the switch.
		<port-list>	Disables authentication on the listed ports.
		<port-list> reauthENTICate	Disables the re-authentication mechanism on the listed port(s).
	port-security <port-list>		Disables port security on the specified ports.
		learn inactive	Enables MAC address learning on the specified ports.
	radius-server		Disables the use of authentication from the RADIUS server.
	remote-management	<index>	Cleared a secure client set entry from the list of secure clients.
		<index> service [telnet] [ftp] [http] [icmp] [snmp]	Disables a secure client set entry number from using the selected remote management service(s).
	router	dvmrp	Disables DVMRP on the switch.
		igmp	Disables IGMP on the switch.
		ospf	Disables OSPF on the switch.
		rip	Disable RIP on the switch.
		vrrp network <ip-address>/<mask-bits> vr-id <1-7>	Deletes VRRP settings.
	service-control	ftp	Disables FTP access to the switch.
		http	Disables web browser control to the switch.
		https	Disables secure web browser access to the switch.
		icmp	Disables ICMP access to the switch such as pinging and tracerouting.
		snmp	Disables SNMP management.
		ssh	Disables SSH (Secure Shell) server access to the switch.
		telnet	Disables telnet access to the switch.
	snmp-server	trap-destination	Disables sending of SNMP traps to a station.
	spanning-tree		Disables STP.
		<port-list>	Disables STP on listed ports.
	ssh	key	Disables the secure shell server encryption key. Your switch supports SSH versions 1 and 2 using RSA and DSA authentication.
		known-hosts	Removes the specified remote hosts from the list of all known hosts.
		known-hosts	Removes remote known hosts with the specified public key (1024-bit RSA1, RSA or DSA).
		[1024|ssh-rsa|ssh-dsa]
	storm-control		Disables broadcast storm control.
	timesync		Disables timeserver settings.
	trunk	<T1|T2|T3|T4|T5|T6>	Disables the specified trunk group.
		<T1|T2|T3|T4|T5|T6> interface	Removes ports from the specified trunk group.
		<T1|T2|T3|T4|T5|T6> lacp	Disables LACP in the specified trunk group.
	vlan	<Vlan-id>	Deletes the static VLAN entry.
	vlan1q	gvrp	Disables GVRP on the switch.
		port-isolation	Disables port isolation.
	vlan-stacking		Disables VLAN stacking.
password			Change the password for Enable mode.
policy	<classname> classifier<classifier-list><[vlanvlan-id] [egress-port <port-num>] [priority <0-7>] [dscp <0-63>] [tos <0-7>] [bandwidth <bandwidth>] [outgoing-packet-format <tagged|untagged>] [out-of-profile-dscp <0-63>] [forward-action <drop|forward>] [queue-action <prio-set|prio-queue|prio-replace-tos>] [diffserv-action <diff-set-tos|diff-replace-prio|diff-set-dscp>] [outgoing-mirror] [outgoing-eport] [outgoing-non-unicast-eport] [outgoing-set-vlan] [metering] [out-of-profile-action <[change-dscp][drop] [forward]>] [inactive] >		Configures a policy. A classifier distinguishes traffic into flows based on the configured criteria. A policy rule ensures that a traffic flow gets the requested treatment in the network.
port-access Authenticator			Enables 802.1x authentication on the switch.
	<port-list>		Enables 802.1x authentication on the specified port(s).
		reauthenticate	Sets a subscriber to periodically re-enter his or her username and password to stay connected to a specified port.
		reauth-period <reauth-period>	Specifies how often a client has to re-enter the username and password to stay connected to the specified port(s).
port-security	<port-list>		Enables the port security feature on the specified port(s).
		learn inactive	Disables MAC address learning on the specified port(s).
		address-limit
		<number>	Limits the number of (dynamic) MAC addresses that may be learned on a port.
queue	level <0-7> priority		Sets the priority level-to-physical queue mapping.
radius-server	host [acct-portkey]		Sets the IP address of the external RADIUS server, UDP port and shared key.
remote-management	<index> start-addr<ip> end-addr<ip>service[telnet][ftp][http][icmp][snmp]		Specifies a group of trusted computer(s) from which an administrator may use a service to manage the switch.
router	dvmrp		Enables and enters the DVMRP configuration mode.
		exit	Leaves the DVMRP configuration mode.
		threshold <ttl-value>	Sets the DVMRP threshold value.
	igmp		Enables and enters the IGMP configuration mode.
		exit	Leaves the IGMP configuration mode.
	ospf		Enables and enters the OSPF configuration mode.
		area	Enables and sets the area ID.
		area authentication	Enables simple authentication for the area.
		area authentication message-digest	Enables MD5 authentication for the area.
		area default-cost <0-65535>	Sets the cost to the area.
		area name	Sets a descriptive name for the area for identification purposes.
		area stub	Enables and sets the area as a stub area.
		area stub no-summary	Sets the stub area not to send any LSA (Link State Advertisement).
		area virtual-link<router-id>	Sets the virtual link ID information for the area.
		area <area-id>virtual-link<router-id>authentication-key <key>	Enables simple authentication and sets the authentication key for the specified virtual link in the area.
		area <area-id>virtual-link<router-id>authentication-same-as-area	Sets the virtual link to use the same authentication method as the area.
		area <area-id>virtual-link<router-id>message-digest-key <keyid> md5 <key>	Enables MD5 authentication and sets the key ID and key for the virtual link in the area.
		area <area-id>virtual-link<router-id> name <name>	Sets a descriptive name for the virtual link for identification purposes.
		exit	Leaves the router OSPF configuration mode.
		network <ip-addr/bits> area <area-id>	Creates an OSPF area.
		no area <area-id>	Removes the specified area.
		no area <area-id> authentication	Sets the area to use no authentication (None).
		no area <area-id> default-cost	Sets the area to use the default cost (15).
		no area <area-id> stub	Disables stub network settings in the area.
		no area <area-id> stub no-summary	Sets the area to send LSAs (Link State Advertisements).
		no area <area-id> virtual-link<router-id> authentication-key	Reset the authentication settings on this virtual link.
		no area <area-id> virtual-link<router-id> message-digest-key	Reset the authentication settings on this virtual link.
		no area <area-id>virtual-link<router-id>authentication-same-as-area	Resetsethe authentication settings on this virtual area.
		no area <area-id>virtual-link<router-id>	Deletethe virtual link from the area.
		no network <ip-addr/bits>	Deletethe OSPF network.
		no redistribute rip	Sets the switch not to learn RIP routing information.
		no redistribute static	Sets the switch not to learn static routing information.
		redistribute rip metric-type <1|2>metric <0-65535>	Sets the switch to learn RIP routing information which will use the specified metric information.
		redistribute static metric-type <1|2> metric <0-65535>	Sets the switch to learn static routing information which will use the specified metric information.
	rip		Enables and enters the RIP configuration mode.
		exit	Leaves the RIP configuration mode.
	vrrp network <ip-address>/<mask-bits>vr-id <1-7> uplink-gateway <ip>		Adds aa new VRRP network nd enters the VRRP configuration mode.
		inactive	Disables the VRRP settings.
		interval <1..255>	Sets the time interval (in seconds) between Hello message transmissions.
		name<string>	Sets a descriptive name of the VRRP setting for identification purposes.
		no inactive	Activates this VRRP.
		no preempt	Disables VRRP preemption mode.
		no primary-virtual-ip	Resetsethe network to use the default primary virtual gateway (interface IP address).
		no secondary-virtual-ip	Sets the network to use the default secondary virtual gateway (0.0.0.0).
		preempt	Enables preemption mode.
		primary-virtual-ip <ip>	Sets the primary VRRP virtual gateway IP address.
		secondary-virtual-ip <ip>	Sets the secondary VRRP virtual gateway IP address.
service-control	ftp <socket-number>		Allows FTP access on the specified service port.
	http <socket-number>timeout>		Allows HTTP access on the specified service port and defines the timeout period.
	https <socket-number>		Allows HTTPS access on the specified service port.
	snmp		Allows SNMP management.
	ssh <socket-number>		Allows SSH access on the specified service port.
	telnet <socket-number>		Allows Telnet access on the specified service port.
snmp-server	[contact <system contact>] [location <system location>]		Sets the geographic location and the name of the person in charge of this switch.
	get-community		Sets the get community.
	set-community		Sets the set community.
	property>
	trap-community		Sets the trap community.
	property>
	trap-destination		Sets the IP addresses of up to four stations to send your SNMP traps to.
spanning-tree			Enables STP on the switch.
	<port-list>		Enables STP on a specified port.
	<port-list>path-cost <1-65535>		Sets the STP path cost for a specified port.
	<port-list>priority <0-255>		Sets the priority for a specified port.
	hello-time <1-10>maximum-age <6-40>forward-delay <4-30>		Sets Hello Time, Maximum Age and Forward Delay.
	help		Displays help information.
	priority <0-61440>		Sets the bridge priority of the switch.
ssh	known-hosts <host-ip><1024|ssh-rsa|ssh-dsa><key>		Adds a remote host to which the switch can access using SSH service.
storm-control			Enables broadcast storm control on the switch.
time			Sets the time in hour, minute and second format.
	date	year	Sets the date in year, month and day format.
	help		Displays help information.
	timezone<-1200|...|1200>		Selects the time difference between UTC (formerly known as GMT) and your time zone.
timesync			Sets the time server protocol.
	server		Sets the IP address of your time server.
trunk			Activates a trunk group.
			Enables LACP for a trunk group.
			Adds a port(s) to the specified trunk group.
			Defines the port number and LACP timeout period.
vlan			Enters the VLAN configuration mode. See Section 39.9.6 on page 247 for more information.
vlan-stacking			Enables VLAN stacking on the switch.
			Sets the SP TPID (Service Provider Tag Protocol Identifier).
vlan-type			Specifies the VLAN type.
vlan1q	gvrp		Enables GVRP.
	port-isolation		Enables port-isolation.

39.9.4 interface port-channel Commands

The following table lists the interface port-channel commands in configuration mode. Use these commands to configure the ports.

Table 91 interface port-channel Commands

COMMAND			DESCRIPTION
interface port-channel <port-list>			Enables a port or a list of ports for configuration.
	bandwidth-limit		Enables bandwidth control on the port(s).
		egress <Mbps>	Sets the maximum bandwidth allowed for outgoing traffic on the port(s).
		ingress <Mbps>	Sets the maximum bandwidth allowed for incoming traffic on the port(s).
	bpdu-control <peer|tunnel|discard |network>		Sets how Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) are used in STP port states.
	broadcast-limit		Enables broadcast storm control limit on the switch.
		<pkt/s>	Sets how many broadcast packets the interface receives per second.
	diffserv		Enables DiffServ on the port(s).
	dlf-limit		Enables the Destination Lookup Failure (DLF) limit.
		<pkt/s>	Sets the interface DLF limit in packets per second (pps).
	egress set <port-list>		Sets the outgoing traffic port list for a port-based VLAN.
	exit		Exits from the interface port-channel command mode.
	flow-control		Enables interface flow control. Flow control regulates transmissions to match the bandwidth of the receiving port.
	frame-type <all|tagged>		Choose to accept both tagged and untagged incoming frames or just tagged incoming frames on a port.
	gvrp		Enables this function to permit VLAN groups beyond the local switch.
	help		Displays a description of the interface port-channel commands.
	inactive		Disables the specified port(s) on the switch.
	ingress-check		Enables the device to discard incoming frames for VLANs that are not included in a port member set.
	ipmc egress-untag-vlan <1-4094>		Enables the port(s) to remove specified VLAN tag from IP multicasting packets before forwarding.
	mirror		Enables port mirroring in the interface.
		dir	Enables port mirroring for incoming, outgoing or both incoming and outgoing traffic. Port mirroring copies traffic from one or all ports to another or all ports for external analysis.
	multicast-limit		Enables the port(s) multicast limit.
		<pkt/s>	Sets how many multicast packets the port(s) receives per second.
	name <port-name-string>		Sets a name for the port(s). Enter a descriptive name (up to nine printable ASCII characters).
	no	bandwidth-limit	Disables bandwidth limit on the port(s).
		broadcast-limit	Disables broadcast storm control limit on the port(s).
		diffserv	Disables DiffServ on the port(s).
		dlf-limit	Disables destination lookup failure (DLF) on the switch.
		flow-control	Disables flow control on the port(s).
		gvrp	Disable GVRP on the port(s).
		inactive	Enables the port(s) on the switch.
		ingress-check	Disables ingress checking on the port(s).
		mirror	Disables port mirroring on the port(s).
		multicast-limit	Disables multicast limit on the port(s).
		vlan-trunking	Disables VLAN trunking on the port(s).
	pvid <1-4094>		The default PVID is VLAN 1 for all ports. Sets a PVID in the range 1 to 4094 for the specified interface.
	qos priority	<0 .. 7>	Sets the quality of service priority for an interface.
	speed-duplex	<auto|10-half|10-full|100-half|100-full|1000-full>	Sets the duplex mode (half or full) and speed (10, 100 or 1000 Mbps) of the connection on the interface. Selecting auto (auto-negotiation) makes one port able to negotiate with a peer automatically to obtain the connection speed and duplex mode that both ends support.
	spq		Sets the port(s) to use Strict Priority Queuing.
	test		Performs an interface loopback test.
	vlan-stacking	priority <0-7>	Sets the priority of the specified port(s) in VLAN stacking.
		role <access | tunnel>	Sets the VLAN stacking port roles of the specified port(s).
		SPVID <1-4094>	Sets the service provider VID of the specified port(s).
	vlan-trunking		Enables VLAN Trunking on ports connected to other switches or routers (but not ports directly connected to end users) to allow frames belonging to unknown VLAN groups to pass through the switch.
	wrr		Sets the port(s) to use Weighted Round Robin queuing (WRR).
		<wt1> <wt2> ... <wt8>	Sets the interface to use WRR queuing. A weight value of one to eight is given to each variable from wt1 to wt8.

39.9.5 interface route-domain Commands

The following table lists the interface route-domain commands in configuration mode.

Use these commands to configure the IP routing domains.

Table 92 interface route-domain Commands

COMMAND			DESCRIPTION
interface route-domain <ip-address>/ <mask-bits>			Enables a routing domain for configuration.
	exit		Exits from the interface routing-domain command mode.
	ip	dvmrp	Enables this function to permit VLAN groups beyond the local switch.
		igmp <v1|v2>	Enables IGMP in this routing domain.
		ospf authentication-key <k>	Enables OSPF authentication in this routing domain.
		ospf authentication-same-AA	Sets the same OSPF authentication settings in the routing domain as the associated area.
		ospf cost <1-65535>	Sets the OSPF cost in this routing domain.
		ospf message-digest-key <k>	Sets the OSPF authentication key in this routing domain.
		rip direction <Outgoing|In>	Sets the RIP direction in this routing domain.
		vrrp authentication-key <k>	Sets the VRRP authentication key in the routing domain.
	no	ip dvmrp	Disables DVMRP in this routing domain.
		ip igmp	Disables IP IGMP in this routing domain.
		ip ospf authentication-key	Disables OSPF authentication key settings in this routing domain.
		ip ospf authentication-sama	Sets the routing domain not to use the same OSPF authentication settings as the area.
		ip ospf cost	Disables the OSPF cost in the routing domain.
		ip ospf message-digest-key	Sets the routing domain not to use a security key in OSPF.
		ip vrrp authentication-key	Reset the VRRP authentication settings.

39.9.6 config-vlan Commands

The following table lists the vlan commands in configuration mode.

Table 93 Command Summary: config-vlan Commands

COMMAND			DESCRIPTION
vlan <1-4094>			Creates a new VLAN group.
	exit		Leaves the VLAN configuration mode.
	fixed	<port-list>	Specifies the port(s) to be a permanent member of this VLAN group.
	forbidden	<port-list>	Specifies the port(s) you want to prohibit from joining this VLAN group.
	help		Displays a list of available VLAN commands.
	inactive		Disables the specified VLAN.
	name	<name-str>	Specifies a name for identification purposes.
	no	fixed	Sets fixed port(s) to normal port(s).
		forbidden	Sets forbidden port(s) to normal port(s).
		untagged	Specifies the port(s) you want to tag all outgoing frames transmitted with this VLAN Group ID.
		inactive	Enables the specified VLAN.
		ip address inband-default dhcp-bootp	Sets the default in-band interface to use a static IP address in this VLAN. The switch will use the default IP address of 0.0.0.0 if you do not configure a static IP address.
		ip address default-gateway	Deletes the default gateway from this VLAN.
		ip address <ip-address><mask>	Deletes the IP address and subnet mask from this VLAN.
	normal	<port-list>	Specifies the port(s) to dynamically join this VLAN group using GVRP
	ip address	inband-default dhcp-bootp release	Releases the dynamic in-band IP address.
		inband-default dhcp-bootp renew	Updates the dynamic in-band IP address.
		inband-default dhcp-bootp	Sets the dynamic in-band IP address
		inband-default <ip-address><mask>	Sets a static in-band IP address and subnet mask.
		default-gateway <ip-address>	Sets a default gateway IP address for this VLAN.
		<ip-address><mask>	Sets the management IP address and subnet mask of the switch in the specified VLAN.
	untagged	<port-list>	Specifies the port(s) you don't want to tag all outgoing frames transmitted with this VLAN Group ID.

CHAPTER 40

Command Examples

This chapter describes some commands in more detail.

40.1 Overview

These are commands that you may use frequently in maintaining your switch.

40.2 show Commands

These are the commonly used show commands.

40.2.1 show system-information

Syntax:

show system-information

This command shows the general system information (such as the firmware version and system up time).

An example is shown next.

Figure 145 show system-information Command Example

ras> show system-information  
System Name :  
System Contact :  
System Location :  
Ethernet Address: 00:a0:c5:fe:ea:71  
ZyNOS F/W Version: V3.60(LL.0) | 01/18/2005  
RomRasSize : 3209434  
System up Time : 4:54:17 (1af150 ticks)  
Bootbase Version: V1.0 | 12/01/2004  
ZyNOS CODE : RAS Jan 18 2005 00:38:05  
Product Model :  
ras> 

40.2.2 show hardware-monitor

Syntax:

show hardware-monitor [c|f]

This command displays the current hardware status (such as temperature and voltage levels). The following figure shows an example using degree Celsius as the temperature unit.

Figure 146 show hardware-monitor Command Example

ras> show hardware-monitor c Temperature Unit : (c)
Temperature	Current	MAX	MIN	Threshold	Status
MAC	33.0	34.0	32.0	65.0	Normal
CPU	32.0	32.0	31.0	65.0	Normal
PHY	37.0	37.5	35.5	65.0	Normal
FAN	Speed(RPM)	Current	MAX	MIN	Threshold
FAN1	5958	6009	5908	4500	Normal
FAN2	6061	6114	6009	4500	Normal
FAN3	6222	6222	6114	4500	Normal
FAN4	6061	6114	6009	4500	Normal
Voltage (V)	Current	MAX	MIN	Threshold	Status
2.5	2.576	2.576	2.576	+/-5%	Normal
1.25	1.216	1.216	1.216	+/-10%	Normal
3.3	3.360	3.360	3.344	+/-5%	Normal
12	12.220	12.281	12.220	+/-10%	Normal
5	5.080	5.080	5.080	+/-5%	Normal
1.3	1.328	1.328	1.328	+/-5%	Normal
1.25	1.248	1.248	1.248	+/-5%	Normal
ras>

40.2.3 show ip

Syntax:

show ip

This command displays the IP related information (such as IP address and subnet mask) on all switch interfaces.

The following figure shows the default interface settings.

Figure 147 show ip Command Example

ras> show ip  
Out-of-band Management IP Address = 192.168.0.1  
VPS00, Device Type: Ethernet, Idle/Timeout: disable  
Number of Interface : 1  
enif0 : IP[192.168.0.1], Netmask[255.255.255.0], VID[0]  
VPS01, Device Type: Switch, Idle/Timeout: disable, [MGMT VPS], [CNTL VPS]  
Number of Interface : 2  
cmif0 : IP[127.0.0.1], Netmask[255.0.0.0], VID[1]  
swif2 : IP[192.168.1.1], Netmask[255.255.255.0], VID[1]  
ras> 

40.2.4 show logging

Note: This command is not available in User mode.

Syntax:

show logging

This command displays the system logs. The following figure shows an example.

Figure 148 show logging Command Example

ras# show logging 0 Thu Jan 1 00:00:11 1970 PP2b INFO adjtime task pause 1 day 7 Thu Jan 1 01:06:26 1970 PP23 ERROR ospfReadConf: can't get spOSPFArea_t 10 Thu Jan 1 01:06:38 1970 PP23 ERROR ospfReadConf: can't get spOSPFArea_t 13 Thu Jan 1 01:06:50 1970 PP23 ERROR ospfReadConf: can't get spOSPFArea_t 16 Thu Jan 1 01:07:05 1970 PP23 ERROR ospfReadConf: can't get spOSPFArea_t 20 Thu Jan 1 00:00:04 1970 PPOc -WARN SNMP TRAP 3: link up 21 Thu Jan 1 00:00:06 1970 PINI -WARN SNMP TRAP 1: warm start 22 Thu Jan 1 00:00:06 1970 PINI -WARN SNMP TRAP 3: link up 22 Thu Jan 1 00:00:06 1970 PINI -WARN SNMP TRAP 3: link up 24 Thu Jan 1 00:00:07 1970 PP23 ERROR ospfReadConf: can't get spOSPFArea_t 25 Thu Jan 1 00:00:11 1970 PP2b INFO adjtime task pause 1 day 30 Thu Jan 1 00:00:04 1970 PPOc -WARN SNMP TRAP 3: link up 31 Thu Jan 1 00:00:06 1970 PINI -WARN SNMP TRAP 1: warm start 32 Thu Jan 1 00:00:06 1970 PINI -WARN SNMP TRAP 3: link up Clear Error Log (y/n): 

Note: If you clear a log (by entering y at the Clear Error Log (y/n) : prompt), you cannot view it again.

40.2.5 show interface

Syntax:

show interface [port-number]

This command displays statistics of a port. The following example shows that port 2 is up and the related information.

Figure 149 show interface Command Example

ras# show interface 2
Port Info Port NO. :2
Link :100M/F
Status :FORWARDING
LACP :Disabled
TxPkts :2778
RxPkts :2043
Errors :0
Tx KBs/s :0.0
Rx KBs/s :0.0
Up Time : 4:29:36
TX Packet Tx Packets :2778
Multicast :0
Broadcast :542
Pause :0
Tagged :0
RX Packet Rx Packets :2043
Multicast :0
Broadcast :256
Pause :0
Control :0
Single :0
Multiple :0
Excessive :0
Late :0
RX CRC :0
Length :0
Runt :0
Distribution 64 :2355
65 to 127 :463
128 to 255 :435
256 to 511 :593
512 to 1023 :154
1024 to 1518 :821
Giant :0
ras# 

40.2.6 show mac address-table

Syntax:

show mac address-table |static>

Where

sort = Specifies the sorting criteria (MAC, VID or port).

This command displays the MAC address(es) stored in the switch. The following example shows the static MAC address table.

Figure 150 show mac address-table Command Example

ras# show mac address-table static
Vid Mac Port Status
1 01:a0:c5:aa:aa:aa 1 Permanent
2 00:50:ba:ad:4f:81 1 Permanent
1 00:a0:c5:fe:ea:71 CPU Permanent
2 00:a0:c5:fe:ea:71 CPU Permanent
ras# 

40.3 ping

Syntax:

ping <ip> < [in-band|out-of-band|vlan <vlan-id>] [ size <0-8024>] [-t] 

where

<ip> = The IP address of an Ethernet device.  
[in-band|out-of-band|vlan <vlan-id>] = Specifies the network interface or the VLAN ID to which the Ethernet device belongs.  
out-of-band refers the management port while in-band means the other ports on the switch.  
[ size <0-8024>] = Specifies the packet size to send.  
[-t] = Sends Ping packets to the Ethernet device indefinitely. Click [CTRL] + C to terminate the Ping process. 

This command sends Ping packets to an Ethernet device. The following example sends Ping requests to and displays the replies from an Ethernet device with an IP address of 192.168.1.100.

Figure 151 ping Command Example

ras# ping 192.168.1.100 sent rcvd rate rtt avg mdev max min reply from 1 1 100 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.100 2 2 100 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.100 3 3 100 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.100 ras# 

40.4 traceroute

Syntax:

traceroute <ip> [in-band|out-of-band|vlan <vlan-id>] [ttl <1-255>] [wait <1-60>] [queries <1-10>] 

where

<ip> = The IP address of an Ethernet device.  
[in-band|out-of- = Specifies the network interface or the VLAN ID to which the band|vlan <vlan-id>]  
[ttl <1-255>] = Specifies the Time To Live (TTL) period.  
[wait <1-60>] = Specifies the time period to wait.  
[quesries <1-10>] = Specifies how many tries the switch performs the traceroute function. 

This command displays information about the route to an Ethernet device. The following example displays route information to an Ethernet device with an IP address of 192.168.1.100.

Figure 152 traceroute Command Example

ras>traceroute 192.168.1.100   
traceroute to 192.168.1.100，30 hops max，40 byte packet 1:192.168.1.100(10ms) (10ms）(0ms)   
traceroute done: 

40.5 Enabling RSTP

To enable RSTP on a port. Enter spanning-tree followed by the port number and press [ENTER].

The following example enables RSTP on port 10.

Figure 153 Enable RSTP Command Example

ras(config)# spanning-tree 10 ras# 

40.6 Configuration File Maintenance

This section shows you how to backup or restore the configuration file on the switch using TFTP.

40.6.1 Backing up Configuration

Syntax:

copy running-config tftp <ip> <remote-file> 

where

<ip> = The IP address of a TFTP server on which you want to store the backup configuration file. 

<remote-file> = Specifies the name of the configuration file. 

This command backs up the current configuration file on a TFTP server. The following example backs up the current configuration to a file (test.cfg) on the TFTP server (172.23.19.96).

Figure 154 CLI: Backup Configuration Example

ras# copy running-config tftp 172.23.19.96 test.cfg Backuping (683)Bytes Done! ras# 

40.6.2 Restoring Configuration

Syntax:

copy tftp config <index> <ip> <remote-file> 

where

<index> = Specifies to restore which configuration file (1 or 2) on the switch.  
<ip> = The IP address of a TFTP server from which you want to get the backup configuration file. 

<remote-file> = Specified the name of the configuration file. 

This command restores a configuration file on the switch. The following example uploads the configuration file (test.cfg) from the TFTP server (172.23.19.96) to the switch.

Figure 155 CLI:Restore Configuration Example

ras# copy tftp config 1 172.23.19.96 test.cfg Restoring . (683)Bytes Done! ras# 

40.6.3 Using a Different Configuration File

You can store up to two configuration files on the switch. Only one configuration file is used at a time. By default the switch uses the first configuration file (with an index number of 1). You can set the switch to use a different configuration file. There are two ways in which you can set the switch to use a different configuration file: restart the switch (cold reboot) and restart the system (warm reboot).

Use the boot config command to restart the switch and use a different configuration file (if specified). The following example restarts the switch to use the second configuration file.

Figure 156 CLI: boot config Command Example

ras# boot config 2 

Use the reload config command to restart the system and use a different configuration file (if specified). The following example restarts the system to use the second configuration file.

Figure 157 CLI: reload config Command Example

ras# reload config 2 

Note: When you use the write memory command without specifying a configuration file index number, the switch saves the changes to the configuration file the switch is currently using.

40.6.4 Resetting to the Factory Default

Follow the steps below to reset the switch back to the factory defaults.

1 Enter erase running config to reset the current running configuration.
2 Enter write memory to save the changes to the current configuration file. If you want to reset the second configuration file, use the write memory command again with the specified index number.

The following example resets both configuration files to the factory default settings.

Figure 158 CLI: Reset to the Factory Default Example

ras# erase running-config  
ras# write memory  
ras# write memory 2 

40.7 no Command Examples

These are the commonly used command examples that belong to the no group of commands.

40.7.1 no mirror-port

Syntax:

no mirror-port 

Disables port mirroring on the switch.

An example is shown next.

Figure 159 no mirror-port Command Example

ras(config)# no mirror-port 

40.7.2 no https timeout

Syntax:

no https timeout 

Resetsthehttpssessiontimeoutto default.

An example is shown next. The session timeout is reset to 300 seconds.

Figure 160 no https timeout Command Example

ras(config)# no https timeout Cache timeout 300 

40.7.3 no trunk

Syntax:

no trunk <T1|T2|T3|T4|T5|T6>  
no trunk <T1|T2|T3|T4|T5|T6> lacp  
no trunk <T1|T2|T3|T4|T5|T6> interface <port-list> 

where

<T1|T2|T3|T4|T5|T6> Disables the trunk group. <T1|T2|T3|T4|T5|T6> lacp Disables LACP in the trunk group. <T1|T2|T3|T4|T5|T6> Removes ports from the trunk group. interface <port-list> 

An example is shown next.
- Disable trunk one (T1).
- Disable LAPC on trunk three (T3).
- Remove ports one, three, four and five from trunk five (T5).

Figure 161 no trunk Command Example

ras(config)# no trunk T1  
ras(config)# no trunk T3 lacp  
ras(config)# no trunk T5 interface 1,3-5

40.7.4 no port-access-authentication

Syntax:

no port-access Authenticator  
no port-access Authenticator <port-list> reauthENTICate  
no port-access Authenticator <port-list> 

where

= Disables port authentication on the switch. = Disables the re-authentication mechanism on the listed port(s). reauthENTICate = Disables authentication on the listed ports.

An example is shown next.

• Disable authentication on the switch.
• Disable re-authentication on ports one, three, four and five.
• Disable authentication on ports one, six and seven.

Figure 162 no port-access-authentication Command Example

ras(config)# no port-access Authenticator  
ras(config)# no port-access Authenticator 1,3-5 reauthENTICate  
ras(config)# no port-access Authenticator 1,6-7 

40.7.5 no ssh

Syntax:

no ssh key <rsa|rsa|DSA>  
no ssh known-hosts <host-ip>  
no ssh known-hosts <host-ip> [1024|ssh-rsa|ssh-dsa] 

where

key <rsa1|rsa|DSA> Disables the secure shell server encryption key. Your switch supports SSH versions 1 and 2 using RSA and DSA authentication.  
known-hosts <host-ip> Remove specific remote hosts from the list of all known hosts.  
known-hosts <host-ip> Remove remote known hosts with a specified public key (1024-bit RSA1, RSA or DSA).  
[1024|ssh-rsa|ssh-dsa] 

An example is shown next.

• Disable the secure shell RSA1 encryption key.
• Remove the remote host with IP address 172.165.1.8 from the list of known hosts.
• Remove the remote host with IP address 172.165.1.9 and with an SSH-RSA encryption key from the list of known hosts.

Figure 163 no ssh Command Example

ras(config)# no ssh key rsal  
ras(config)# no ssh known-hosts 172.165.1.8  
ras(config)# no ssh known-hosts 172.165.1.9 ssh-rsa

40.8 interface Commands

These are some commonly used commands that belong to the interface group of commands.

40.8.1 interface port-channel

Syntax:

interface port-channel

Use this command to enable the specified ports for configuration. Type multiple ports or port ranges separated by a comma. Ranges of port numbers are typed separated by a dash.

An example is shown next.

• Enter the configuration mode.
• Enable ports one, three, four and five for configuration.
• Begin configuring for those ports.

Figure 164 interface Command Example

ras# config  
ras(config)# interface port-channel 1,3-5  
ras(config-interface)# 

40.8.2 interface route-domain

Syntax:

interface route-domain <ip-address>/<mask-bits> 

where

<ip-address> = This is the IP address of the switch in the routing domain. Specify the IP address is dotted decimal notation. For example, 192.168.1.1. 

<mask-bits> = The number of bits in the subnet mask. Enter the subnet mask number preceded with a “/”. To find the bit number, convert the subnet mask to binary and add all of the 1’s together. Take “255.255.255.0” for example. 255 converts to eight 1’s in binary. There are three 255’s, so add three eights together and you get the bit number (24). 

Use this command to enable/create the specified routing domain for configuration.

An example is shown next.

• Enter the configuration mode.
• Enable default routing domain (the 192.168.1.1 subnet) for configuration.
• Begin configuring for this domain.

Figure 165 interface Command Example

ras# config  
ras(config)# interface route-domain 192.168.1.1/24  
cmd interface route domain  
192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0  
ras(config-if)#

40.8.3 bpdu-control

Syntax:

bpdu-control <peer|tunnel|discard|network> 

where

peer|tunnel|discard|network> = 

Type peer to process any BPDUs received on these ports.

Type tunnel to forward BPDUs received on these ports.

Type discard to drop any BPDUs received on these ports.

Type network to process and forward BPDUs with a VLAN tag and to process untagged BPDUs.

An example is shown next.

• Enable ports one, three, four and five for configuration.
• Set the BPDU control to tunnel, to forward BPDUs received on ports one, three, four and five.

Figure 166 interface bpdu-control Command Example

ras(config)#interface port-channel1,3-5 ras(config-interface)#bpdu-control tunnel ras(config-interface)# 

40.8.4 broadcast-limit

Syntax:

broadcast-limit  
broadcast-limit <pkt/s> 

where

Enables broadcast storm control limit on the switch.

Sets how many broadcast packets the interface receives per second.

An example is shown next.

• Enable port one for configuration.
• Enable broadcast control.
• Set the number of broadband packets the interface receives per second.

Figure 167 broadcast-limit Command Example

ras(config)#interface port-channel1 ras(config-interface)#broadcast-limit ras(config-interface)#broadcast-limit21 

40.8.5 bandwidth-limit

Syntax:

bandwidth-limit  
bandwidth-limit egress <Mbps>  
bandwidth-limit ingress <Mbps> 

where

Enables bandwidth control on the switch. <Mbps> Sets the maximum bandwidth allowed for outgoing traffic (egress) or incoming traffic (ingress) on the switch. 

An example is shown next.

• Enable port one for configuration.
• Enable bandwidth control.
• Set the outgoing traffic bandwidth limit to 7Mbps.
• Set the incoming traffic bandwidth limit to 9Mbps.

Figure 168 bandwidth-limit Command Example

ras(config)#interface port-channel1 ras(config-interface)#bandwidth-limit ras(config-interface)#bandwidth-limitegress7 ras(config-interface)#bandwidth-limitingress9 

40.8.6 mirror

Syntax:

mirror  
mirror dir <ingress|egress|both> 

where

Enables port mirroring on the interface.

<ingress|egress|both> = Enables port mirroring for incoming, outgoing or both incoming and outgoing traffic. 

Port mirroring copies traffic from one or all ports to another or all ports for external analysis.

An example is shown next.

• Enable port mirroring.
• Enable the monitor port three.
• Enable ports one, four, five and six for configuration.
• Enable port mirroring on the ports.
• Enable port mirroring for outgoing traffic. Traffic is copied from ports one, four, five and six to port three in order to examine it in more detail without interfering with the traffic flow on the original port(s).

Figure 169 mirror Command Example

ras(config)# mirror-port  
ras(config)# mirror-port 3  
ras(config)# interface port-channel 1,4-6  
ras(config-interface)# mirror  
ras(config-interface)# mirror dir egress 

40.8.7 gvrp

Syntax:

gvrp

GVRP (GARP VLAN Registration Protocol) is a registration protocol that defines a way for switches to register necessary VLAN members on ports across the network. Enable this function to permit VLANs groups beyond the local switch.

An example is shown next.

• Enable the IEEE 802.1Q tagged VLAN command to configure tagged VLAN for the switch.
• Enable ports one, three, four and five for configuration.
• Enable GVRP on the interface.

Figure 170 gvrp Command Example

ras(config)# vlan1q gvrp  
ras(config)# interface port-channel 1,3-5  
ras(config-interface)# gvrp 

40.8.8 ingress-check

Syntax:

ingress-check 

Enables the device to discard incoming frames for VLANs that are not included in a port member set.

An example is shown next.

• Enable ports one, three, four and five for configuration.
• Enable ingress checking on the interface.

Figure 171 ingress-check Command Example

ras(config)#interface port-channel1,3-5 ras(config-interface)# ingress-check 

40.8.9 frame-type

Syntax:

frame-type <all|tagged> 

where

Choose to accept both tagged and untagged incoming frames or just tagged incoming frames on a port.

An example is shown next.

• Enable ports one, three, four and five for configuration.
• Enable ingress checking on the ports.
• Enable tagged frame-types on the interface.

Figure 172 frame-type Command Example

ras(config)# interface port-channel 1,3-5  
ras(config-interface)# ingress-check  
ras(config-interface)# frame-type tagged 

40.8.10 spq

Syntax:

spq

Sets the interface to use Strict Priority Queuing.

An example is shown next.

• Enable ports one, three, four and five for configuration.
• Enable VLAN Trunking on the ports.

Figure 173 spq Command Example

ras(config)#interface port-channel1,3-5 ras(config-interface)#spq 

40.8.11 wrr

Syntax:

wrr <wt1> <wt2> ... <wt8> 

where

Enables WRR (Weighted Round Robin) queuing method on the switch. <wt1><wt2> .. Sets the interface to use WRR queuing. A weight value of one to eight is <wt8> given to each variable from wt1 to wt8. 

An example is shown next.

• Enable port two and ports six to twelve for configuration.
• Enable Weighted Round Robin queuing on the ports.
• Set the queue weights from Q0 to Q7.

Figure 174 wrr Command Example

ras# configure  
ras(config)# interface port-channel 2,6-12  
ras(config-interface)# wrr  
ras(config-interface)# wrr 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 

40.8.12 egress set

Syntax:

egress set <port-list> 

where

<port-list> Sets the outgoing traffic port list for a port-based VLAN. 

An example is shown next.

• Enable port-based VLAN tagging on the switch.
• Enable ports one, three, four and five for configuration.
• Set the outgoing traffic ports as the CPU (0), seven (7), eight (8) and nine (9).

Figure 175 egress set Command Example

ras(config)# vlan-type port-based ras(config)#interface port-channel 1,3-5 ras(config-interface)# egress set 0,7-9

40.8.13 qos priority

Syntax:

qospriority < 0 ..7>

where

< 0 7> Sets the quality of service priority for a port.

An example is shown next.

• Enable ports one, three, four and five for configuration.
• Set the IEEE 802.1p quality of service priority as four (4).

Figure 176 qos priority Command Example

ras(config)# interface port-channel 1,3-5 ras(config-interface)# qos priority 4 

40.8.14 name

Syntax:

name <port-name-string> 

where

<port-name-string> Sets a name for your port interface(s). 

An example is shown next.

• Enable ports one, three, four and five for configuration.
• Set a name for the ports.

Figure 177 name Command Example

ras(config)# interface port-channel 1,3-5 ras(config-interface)# name Test 

40.8.15 speed-duplex

Syntax:

speed-duplex <auto|10-half|10-full|100-half|100-full|1000-full> 

where

<auto|10-half|10- Sets the duplex mode (half or full) and speed (10, 100 or 1000 Mbps) full|100-half|100- of the connection on the port. Selecting auto (auto-negotiation) full|1000-full> makes one port able to negotiate with a peer automatically to obtain the connection speed and duplex mode that both ends support. 

An example is shown next.

• Enable ports one, three, four and five for configuration.
• Set the speed to 10 Mbps in half duplex mode.

Figure 178 speed-duplex Command Example

ras(config)#interface port-channel 1,3-5 ras(config-interface)#speed-duplex 10-half 

CHAPTER 41

IEEE 802.1Q Tagged VLAN

Commands

This chapter describes the IEEE 802.1Q Tagged VLAN and associated commands.

41.1 IEEE 802.1Q Tagged VLAN Overview

See the VLAN chapter for more information on VLANs. There are two kinds of tagging:

1 Explicit Tagging

A VLAN identifier is added to the frame header that identifies the source VLAN.

2 Implicit Tagging

The MAC (Media Access Control) number, the port or other information is used to identify the source of a VLAN frame.

The IEEE 802.1Q Tagged VLAN uses both explicit and implicit tagging.

Whether to tag an outgoing frame depends on the setting of the egress port on a per-LAN, per-port basis (recall that a port can belong to multiple VLANs). If the tagging on the egress port is enabled for the VID of a frame, then the frame is transmitted as a tagged frame; otherwise, it is transmitted as an untagged frame.

41.2 VLAN Databases

A VLAN database stores and organizes VLAN registration information useful for switching frames to and from a switch. A VLAN database consists of a static entries (Static VLAN or SVLAN table) and dynamic entries (Dynamic VLAN or DVLAN table).

41.2.1 Static Entries (SVLAN Table)

Static entry registration information is added, modified and removed by administrators only.

41.2.2 Dynamic Entries (DVLAN Table)

Dynamic entries are learned by the switch and cannot be created or updated by administrators. The switch learns this information by observing what port, source address and VLAN ID (or VID) is associated with a frame. Entries are added and deleted using GARP VLAN Registration Protocol (GVRP), where GARP is the Generic Attribute Registration Protocol.

41.3 Configuring Tagged VLAN

The following procedure shows you how to configure tagged VLAN.

1 Use the IEEE 802.1Q tagged VLAN commands to configure tagged VLAN for the switch.
- Use the vlan command to configure or create a VLAN on the switch. The switch automatically enters the config-vlan mode. Use the inactive command to deactivate the VLAN(s).
- Use the interface port-channel command to enter the config-interface mode to set the VLAN settings on a port, then use the pvid command to set the VLAN ID you created for the port-list to that specific port in the PVID table.
- Use the exit command when you are finished configuring the VLAN.

Example:

Figure 179 Tagged VLAN Configuration and Activation Example

ras (config)# vlan 2000  
ras (config-vlan)# name up1  
ras (config-vlan)# fixed 10-12  
ras (config-vlan)# no untagged 10-12  
ras (config-vlan)# exit  
ras (config)# interface port-channel 10-12  
ras (config-interface)# pvid 2000  
ras (config-interface)# exit 

2 Configure your management VLAN.

• Use the vlan command to create a VLAN (VID 3 in this example) for managing the switch, and the switch will activate the new management VLAN.
• Use the inactive command to disable the new management VLAN.

Example:

Figure 180 CPU VLAN Configuration and Activation Example

ras (config)# vlan 3  
ras (config-vlan)# inactive 

41.4 Global VLAN1Q Tagged VLAN Configuration Commands

This section shows you how to configure and monitor the IEEE 802.1Q Tagged VLAN.

41.4.1 GARP Status

Syntax:

show garp 

This command shows the switch's GARP timer settings, including the join, leave and leave all timers.

An example is shown next.

Figure 181 GARP STATUS Command Example

ras # show garp  
GARP Timer  
Join Timer = 200  
Leave Timer = 600  
Leave All Timer = 10000  
ras# 

41.4.2 GARP Timer

Syntax:

garp join <msec> leave <msec> leaveall <msec> 

where

join <msec> = This sets the duration of the Join Period timer for GVRP in milliseconds. Each port has a Join Period timer. The allowed Join Time range is between 100 and 32767 milliseconds; the default is 200 milliseconds. 

leave = This sets the duration of the Leave Period timer for GVRP in milliseconds. Each port has a single Leave Period timer. Leave Time must be two times larger than Join Timer; the default is 600 milliseconds.

leaveall = This sets the duration of the Leave All Period timer for GVRP in milliseconds. Each port has a single Leave All Period timer. Leave All Timer must be larger than Leave Timer; the default is 10000 milliseconds.

This command sets the switch's GARP timer settings, including the join, leave and leave all timers.

Switches join VLANs by making a declaration. A declaration is made by issuing a Join message using GARP. Declarations are withdrawn by issuing a Leave message. A Leave All message terminates all registrations. GARP timers set declaration timeout values.

The following example sets the Join Timer to 300 milliseconds, the Leave Timer to 800 milliseconds and the Leave All Timer to 11000 milliseconds.

Figure 182 GARP Timer Command Example

ras (config)# garp join 300 leave 800 leaveall 11000 

41.4.3 GVRP Timer

Syntax:

show vlan1q gvrp

This command shows the switch's GVRP settings.

An example is shown next.

Figure 183 GVRP Status Command Example

ras # show vlan1q gvrp  
GVRP Support  
gvrpEnable = YES  
GVRP Support 

41.4.4 Enable GVRP

Syntax:

vlan1q gvrp 

This command turns on GVRP in order to propagate VLAN information beyond the switch.

41.4.5 Disable GVRP

Syntax:

no vlan1q gvrp

This command turns off GVRP so that the switch does not propagate VLAN information to other switches.

41.5 Port VLAN Commands

You must configure the switch port VLAN settings in config-interface mode.

41.5.1 Set Port VID

Syntax:

pvid<VID> 

where

= Specifies the VLAN number between 1 and 4094

This command sets the default VLAN ID on the port(s).

The following example sets the default VID to 200 on ports 1 to 5.

Figure 184 vlan1q port default vid Command Example

ras (config)# interface port-channel 1-5 ras (config-interface)# pvid 200 

41.5.2 Set Acceptable Frame Type

Syntax:

frame-type <all|tagged> 

where

<all|tagged> = Specifies all Ethernet frames (tagged and untagged) or only tagged Ethernet frames. 

This command sets the specified port to accept all Ethernet frames or only those with an IEEE 802.1Q VLAN tag.

The following example sets ports 1 to 5 to accept only tagged frames.

Figure 185 frame type Command Example

ras (config)# interface port-channel 1-5 ras (config-interface)# frame-type tagged 

41.5.3 Enable or Disable Port GVRP

Use the gvrp command to enable GVRP on the port(s). Use the no gvrp command to disable GVRP.

The following example turns off GVRP for ports 1 to 5.

Figure 186 no gvrp Command Example

ras (config)# interface port-channel 1-5 ras (config-interface)# no gvrp 

41.5.4 Modify Static VLAN

Use the following commands in the config-vlan mode to configure the static VLAN table.

Syntax:

vlan <vlan-id>
fixed <port-list>
forbidden <port-list>
name <name-str>
normal <port-list>
untagged <port-list>
no fixed <port-list>
no forbidden <port-list>
no Untagged <port-list> 

where

<vlan-id> = The VLAN ID [1 - 4094].  
<name-str> = A name to identify the SVLAN entry.  
<port-list> = This is the switch port list. 

• Enter fixed to register the to the static VLAN table with .

• Enter normal to confirm registration of the to the static VLAN table with .

• Enter forbidden to block a from joining the static VLAN table with .

• Enter no fixed or no forbidden to change to normal status.
• Enter untagged to send outgoing frames without a tag.
• Enter no untagged to tag outgoing frames.

41.5.4.1 Modify a Static VLAN Table Example

The following example configures ports 1 to 5 as fixed and untagged ports in VLAN 2000.

Figure 187 Modifying Static VLAN Example

ras (config)# vlan 2000  
ras (config-vlan)# fixed 1-5  
ras (config-vlan)# untagged 1-5 

41.5.4.2 Forwarding Process Example

Tagged Frames

1 First the switch checks the VLAN ID (VID) of tagged frames or assigns temporary VIDs to untagged frames.
2 The switch then checks the VID in a frame's tag against the SVLAN table.
3 The switch notes what the SVLAN table says (that is, the SVLAN tells the switch whether or not to forward a frame and if the forwarded frames should have tags).
4 Then the switch applies the port filter to finish the forwarding decision. This means that frames may be dropped even if the SVLAN says to forward them. Frames might also be dropped if they are sent to a CPE (customer premises equipment) DSL device that does not accept tagged frames.

Untagged Frames

1 An untagged frame comes in from the LAN.
2 The switch checks the PVID table and assigns a temporary VID of 1.
3 The switch ignores the port from which the frame came, because the switch does not send a frame to the port from which it came. The switch also does not forward frames to "forbidden" ports.
4 If after looking at the SVLAN, the switch does not have any ports to which it will send the frame, it won't check the port filter.

41.5.5 Delete VLAN ID

Syntax:

no vlan <vlan-id> 

where

<vlan-id> = The VLAN ID [1 - 4094]. 

This command deletes the specified VLAN ID entry from the static VLAN table. The following example deletes entry 2 in the static VLAN table.

Figure 188 no vlan Command Example

ras (config)# no vlan 2 

41.6 Enable VLAN

Syntax:

vlan <vlan-id> 

This command enables the specified VLAN ID in the SVLAN (Static VLAN) table.

41.7 Disable VLAN

Syntax:

vlan <vlan-id> inactive 

This command disables the specified VLAN ID in the SVLAN (Static VLAN) table.

41.8 Show VLAN Setting

Syntax:

show vlan 

This command shows the IEEE 802.1Q Tagged SVLAN (Static VLAN) table.

An example is shown next.

• For the AdCtl section of the last column, “-“ is a port set to normal, “x” is a forbidden port and “F” is a fixed port.
• For the TagCt1 section of the last column, "T" is a tagged port, "U" is an untagged port.

Figure 189 show vlan Command Example

ras# show vlan 802.1Q VLAN Static Entry: idx.Name VID Active AdCt1 / TagCt1 0 1 1 active FFFFFFFF UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu uu 

CHAPTER 42 Troubleshooting

This chapter covers potential problems and possible remedies.

42.1 Problems Starting Up the Switch

Table 94 Troubleshooting the Start-Up of Your Switch

PROBLEM	CORRECTIVE ACTION
None of the LEDs turn on when you turn on the switch.	Check the power connection and make sure the power source is turned on.
	If the error persists, you may have a hardware problem. In this case, you should contact your vendor.

42.2 Problems Accessing the Switch

Table 95 Troubleshooting Accessing the Switch

PROBLEM	CORRECTIVE ACTION
I cannot access the switch using Telnet.	Make sure the ports are properly connected. You may have exceeded the maximum number of concurrent Telnet sessions. Close other Telnet session(s) or try connecting again later. Check that you have enabled Telnet service access. If you have configured a secured client IP address, your computer's IP address must match it. Refer to the chapter on access control for details.
I cannot access the web configurator.	The administrator username is “admin”. The default administrator password is “1234”. The username and password are case-sensitive. Make sure that you enter the correct password and username using the proper casing. If you have changed the password and have now forgotten it, you will need to upload the default configuration file. This restores all of the factory defaults including the password. If you have configured more than one IP interface, make sure another administrator is NOT logged into the web configurator on a different IP interface using the same account. Check that you have enabled web service access. If you have configured a secured client IP address, your computer's IP address must match it. Refer to the chapter on access control for details. Your computer's and the switch's IP addresses must be on the same subnet. See the following section to check that pop-up windows, JavaScripts and Java permissions are allowed.

42.2.1 Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions

In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:

• Web browser pop-up windows from your device.
• JavaScripts (enabled by default).
• Java permissions (enabled by default).

Note: Internet Explorer 6 screens are used here. Screens for other Internet Explorer versions may vary.

42.2.1.1 Internet Explorer Pop-up Blockers

You may have to disable pop-up blocking to log into your device.

Either disable pop-up blocking (enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2) or allow pop-up blocking and create an exception for your device's IP address.

42.2.1.1.1 Disable pop-up Blockers

1 In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Pop-up Blocker and then select Turn Off Pop-up Blocker.

Figure 190 Pop-up Blocker

You can also check if pop-up blocking is disabled in the Pop-up Blocker section in the Privacy tab.

1 In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options, Privacy.
2 Clear the Block pop-ups check box in the Pop-up Blocker section of the screen. This disables any web pop-up blockers you may have enabled.

Figure 191 Internet Options

3 Click Apply to save this setting.

42.2.1.1.2 Enable pop-up Blockers with Exceptions

Alternatively, if you only want to allow pop-up windows from your device, see the following steps.

1 In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options and then the Privacy tab.
2 Select Settings...to open the Pop-up Blocker Settings screen.

Figure 192 Internet Options

3 Type the IP address of your device (the web page that you do not want to have blocked) with the prefix "http://". For example, http://192.168.1.1.
4 Click Add to move the IP address to the list of Allowed sites.

Figure 193 Pop-up Blocker Settings

5 Click Close to return to the Privacy screen.
6 Click Apply to save this setting.

42.2.1.2 JavaScripts

If pages of the web configurator do not display properly in Internet Explorer, check that JavaScripts are allowed.

1 In Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.

Figure 194 Internet Options

2 Click the Custom Level... button.
3 Scroll down to Scripting.
4 Under Active scripting make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
5 Under Scripting of Java applets make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
6 Click OK to close the window.

Figure 195 Security Settings - Java Scripting

42.2.1.3 Java Permissions

1 From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.
2 Click the Custom Level... button.
3 Scroll down to Microsoft VM.
4 Under Java permissions make sure that a safety level is selected.
5 Click OK to close the window.

Figure 196 Security Settings - Java

42.2.1.3.1 JAVA (Sun)

1 From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Advanced tab.
2 make sure that Use Java 2 for under Java (Sun) is selected.
3 Click OK to close the window.

Figure 197 Java (Sun)

42.3 Problems with the Password

Table 96 Troubleshooting the Password

PROBLEM	CORRECTIVE ACTION
Cannot access the switch.	The password field is case sensitive. Make sure that you enter the correct password using the proper casing.
	The administrator username is “admin”. The default administrator password is “1234”. The username and password are case-sensitive. Make sure that you enter the correct password and username using the proper casing. If you have changed the password and have now forgotten it, you will need to upload the default configuration file. This restores all of the factory defaults including the password.

APPENDIX A

Product Specifications

These are the GS-4024 product specifications.

Table 97 General Product Specifications

Uplink Interface		Four Gigabit/mini-GBIC ports
Subscriber Interface		24 10/100/1000 Base-TX interfacesAuto-negotiationAuto-MDIXCompliant with IEEE 802.3/3ab/3uBack pressure flow control for half duplexFlow control for full duplex (IEEE 802.3x)RJ-45 Ethernet cable connectorRate limiting at 1Kbps steps
Layer 2Features	Bridging	16K MAC addressesStatic MAC address filtering (port lock)Broadcast storm controlLimited maximum number of MAC addresses per port
	Switching	Switching fabric: 40Gbps, non-blockingMax. Frame size: 1522 bytesForwarding frame: IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.1q, Ethernet II, PPPoEPrevent the forwarding of corrupted packets
	STP	IEEE 802.1d spanning tree protocolIEEE 802.1w, rapid reconfiguration to recover network failure
	QoS	IEEE 802.1pEight priority queuesSupports RFC 2475 DiffServ, DSCP to IEEE 802.1p priority mapping
	Security	IEEE 802.1x port-based authentication
	VLAN	Port-based VLAN settingTag-based (IEEE 802.1Q) VLANNumber of VLAN: 4KSupports GVRP
	Linkaggregation	Supports IEEE 802.3ad; static and dynamic (LACP) port trunkingSix groups
	Port mirroring	All ports support port mirroring
	Bandwidthcontrol	Supports rate limiting at 1Mbps incrementSupports IGMP snooping
Layer 3 Features	IP forwarding	Wire-speed 16K IP address table Filtering based on the source/destination IP address
	Routing protocols	Unicast: RIP-V1/V2, OSPF V2 Multicast: DVMRP, VRRP
	IP services	DHCP server/relay
Layer 4 Features	TCP/UDP port-based filtering Bandwidth management

Table 98 Management Specifications

System Control	Alarm/Status surveillance LED indication for alarm and system status Performance monitoring Line speed Four RMON groups (history, statistics, alarms, and events) Throughput monitoring CMP packet transmission Port mirroring and aggregation Spanning Tree Protocol IGMP snooping Firmware upgrade and download through FTP/TFTP DHCP server/relay Login authorization and security levels (read only and read/write) Self diagnostics FLASH memory
Network Management	CLI through console port and Telnet Web-based management Clustering: up to 8 switches can be manage by one IP SNMP HP OpenView interface (version 6.1 and above) RMON groups (history, statistics, alarms and events)
MIB	RFC1213 MIB II RFC1493 Bridge MIB RFC1643 Ethernet MIB RFC1757 Four groups of RMON RFC2674 Bridge MIB extension

Table 99 Physical and Environmental Specifications

LEDs	Per switch: BPS, PWR, SYS, ALARM Per Gigabit Ethernet port: LNK/ACT, FDX Per mini-GBIC port: LNK, ACK Per Management port: 10, 100
Dimension	438 mm (W) x 300 mm (D) x 44.45 mm (H) Standard 19" rack mountable
Weight	4 Kg
Temperature	Operating: 0° C ~ 45° C (32° F ~ 113° F) Storage: -25° C ~ 70° C (13° F ~ 158° F)
Humidity	10 ~ 90% (non-condensing)
Power Supply	Overload protection AC input:100-240VAC, 50/60Hz, 1.5A Max.
Safety	UL 60950-1 CSA 60950-1 EN 60950-1 IEC 60950-1
EMC	FCC Part 15 (Class A) CE EMC (Class A)

APPENDIX B IP Subnetting

IP Addressing

Routers "route" based on the network number. The router that delivers the data packet to the correct destination host uses the host ID.

IP Classes

An IP address is made up of four octets (eight bits), written in dotted decimal notation, for example, 192.168.1.1. IP addresses are categorized into different classes. The class of an address depends on the value of its first octet.

• Class “A” addresses have a 0 in the left most bit. In a class “A” address the first octet is the network number and the remaining three octets make up the host ID.
• Class “B” addresses have a 1 in the left most bit and a 0 in the next left most bit. In a class “B” address the first two octets make up the network number and the two remaining octets make up the host ID.
  Class "C" addresses begin (starting from the left) with 1 1 0. In a class "C" address the first three octets make up the network number and the last octet is the host ID.
• Class “D” addresses begin with 1 1 1 0. Class “D” addresses are used for multicasting. (There is also a class “E” address. It is reserved for future use.)

Table 100 Classes of IP Addresses

IP ADDRESS:		OCTET 1	OCTET 2	OCTET 3	OCTET 4
Class A	0	Network number	Host ID	Host ID	Host ID
Class B	10	Network number	Network number	Host ID	Host ID
Class C	110	Network number	Network number	Network number	Host ID

Note: Host IDs of all zeros or all ones are not allowed.

Therefore:

A class "C" network (8 host bits) can have 2^8 - 2 or 254 hosts.

A class "B" address (16 host bits) can have 2^16 - 2 or 65534 hosts.

A class "A" address (24 host bits) can have 2^24 - 2 hosts (approximately 16 million hosts).

Since the first octet of a class "A" IP address must contain a "0", the first octet of a class "A" address can have a value of 0 to 127.

Similarly the first octet of a class "B" must begin with "10", therefore the first octet of a class "B" address has a valid range of 128 to 191. The first octet of a class "C" address begins with "110", and therefore has a range of 192 to 223.

Table 101 Allowed IP Address Range By Class

CLASS	ALLOWED RANGE OF FIRST OCTET (BINARY)	ALLOWED RANGE OF FIRST OCTET (DECIMAL)
Class A	00000000 to 01111111	0 to 127
Class B	10000000 to 10111111	128 to 191
Class C	11000000 to 11011111	192 to 223
Class D	11100000 to 11101111	224 to 239

Subnet Masks

A subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number, and which bits are part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). A subnet mask has 32 is a “1” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the network number. If a bit in the subnet mask is “0” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the host ID.

Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just as IP addresses are. The "natural" masks for class A, B and C IP addresses are as follows.

Table 102 "Natural" Masks

CLASS	NATURAL MASK
A	255.0.0.0
B	255.255.0.0
C	255.255.255.0

Subnetting

With subnetting, the class arrangement of an IP address is ignored. For example, a class C address no longer has to have 24 bits of network number and 8 bits of host ID. With subnetting, some of the host ID bits are converted into network number bits. By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones beginning from the left most bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of zeros, for a total number of 32 bits.

Since the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left, followed by a continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask, you can simply specify the number of ones instead of writing the value of each octet. This is usually specified by writing a “/” followed by the number of bits in the mask after the address.

For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128.

The following table shows all possible subnet masks for a class "C" address using both notations.

Table 103 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation

SUBNET MASK IP ADDRESS	SUBNET MASK “1” BITS	LAST OCTET BIT VALUE
255.255.255.0	/24	0000 0000
255.255.255.128	/25	1000 0000
255.255.255.192	/26	1100 0000
255.255.255.224	/27	1110 0000
255.255.255.240	/28	1111 0000
255.255.255.248	/29	1111 1000
255.255.255.252	/30	1111 1100

The first mask shown is the class "C" natural mask. Normally if no mask is specified it is understood that the natural mask is being used.

Example: Two Subnets

As an example, you have a class "C" address 192.168.1.0 with subnet mask of 255.255.255.0.

Table 104 Two Subnets Example

	NETWORK NUMBER	HOST ID
IP Address	192.168.1.	0
IP Address (Binary)	11000000.10101000.00000001.	00000000
Subnet Mask	255.255.255.	0
Subnet Mask (Binary)	11111111.11111111.11111111.	00000000

The first three octets of the address make up the network number (class "C"). You want to have two separate networks.

Divide the network 192.168.1.0 into two separate subnets by converting one of the host ID bits of the IP address to a network number bit. The "borrowed" host ID bit can be either "0" or "1" thus giving two subnets; 192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 and 192.168.1.128 with mask 255.255.255.128.

Note: In the following charts, shaded/bolded last octet bit values indicate host ID bits "borrowed" to form network ID bits. The number of "borrowed" host ID bits determines the number of subnets you can have. The remaining number of host ID bits (after "borrowing") determines the number of hosts you can have on each subnet.

Table 105 Subnet 1

	NETWORK NUMBER	LAST OCTET BIT VALUE
IP Address	192.168.1.	0
IP Address (Binary)	11000000.10101000.00000001.	00000000
Subnet Mask	255.255.255.	128
Subnet Mask (Binary)	11111111.11111111.11111111.	10000000
Subnet Address: 192.168.1.0	Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1
Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.127	Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126

Table 106 Subnet 2

	NETWORK NUMBER	LAST OCTET BIT VALUE
IP Address	192.168.1.	128
IP Address (Binary)	11000000.10101000.00000001.	10000000
Subnet Mask	255.255.255.	128
Subnet Mask (Binary)	11111111.11111111.11111111.	10000000
Subnet Address: 192.168.1.128	Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129
Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.255	Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254

The remaining 7 bits determine the number of hosts each subnet can have. Host IDs of all zeros represent the subnet itself and host IDs of all ones are the broadcast address for that subnet, so the actual number of hosts available on each subnet in the example above is 2^7 - 2 or 126 hosts for each subnet.

192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is the subnet itself, and 192.168.1.127 with mask 255.255.255.128 is the directed broadcast address for the first subnet. Therefore, the lowest IP address that can be assigned to an actual host for the first subnet is 192.168.1.1 and the highest is 192.168.1.126. Similarly the host ID range for the second subnet is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254.

Example: Four Subnets

The above example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a class "C" address space into two subnets. Similarly to divide a class "C" address into four subnets, you need to "borrow" two host ID bits to give four possible combinations of 00, 01, 10 and 11. The subnet mask is 26 bits (1111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192. Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 2^6 - 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (all 0's is the subnet itself, all 1's is the broadcast address on the subnet).

Table 107 Subnet 1

	NETWORK NUMBER	LAST OCTET BIT VALUE
IP Address	192.168.1.	0
IP Address (Binary)	11000000.10101000.00000001.	00000000
Subnet Mask (Binary)	11111111.11111111.11111111.	11000000
Subnet Address: 192.168.1.0	Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1
Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.63	Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62

Table 108 Subnet 2

	NETWORK NUMBER	LAST OCTET BIT VALUE
IP Address	192.168.1.	64
IP Address (Binary)	11000000.10101000.00000001.	01000000
Subnet Mask (Binary)	11111111.11111111.11111111.	11000000
Subnet Address: 192.168.1.64	Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65
Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.127	Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126

Table 109 Subnet 3

	NETWORK NUMBER	LAST OCTET BIT VALUE
IP Address	192.168.1.	128
IP Address (Binary)	11000000.10101000.00000001.	10000000
Subnet Mask (Binary)	11111111.11111111.11111111.	11000000
Subnet Address: 192.168.1.128	Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129
Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.191	Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.190

Table 110 Subnet 4

	NETWORK NUMBER	LAST OCTET BIT VALUE
IP Address	192.168.1.	192
IP Address (Binary)	11000000.10101000.00000001.	11000000
Subnet Mask (Binary)	11111111.11111111.11111111.	11000000
Subnet Address: 192.168.1.192	Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.193
Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.255	Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254

Example Eight Subnets

Similarly use a 27-bit mask to create 8 subnets (001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110).

The following table shows class C IP address last octet values for each subnet.

Table 111 Eight Subnets

SUBNET	SUBNET ADDRESS	FIRST ADDRESS	LAST ADDRESS	BROADCAST ADDRESS
1	0	1	30	31
2	32	33	62	63
3	64	65	94	95
4	96	97	126	127
5	128	129	158	159
6	160	161	190	191
7	192	193	222	223
8	224	223	254	255

The following table is a summary for class "C" subnet planning.

Table 112 Class C Subnet Planning

NO. “BORROWED” HOST BITS	SUBNET MASK	NO. SUBNETS	NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET
1	255.255.255.128 (/25)	2	126
2	255.255.255.192 (/26)	4	62
3	255.255.255.224 (/27)	8	30
4	255.255.255.240 (/28)	16	14
5	255.255.255.248 (/29)	32	6
6	255.255.255.252 (/30)	64	2
7	255.255.255.254 (/31)	128	1

Subnetting With Class A and Class B Networks.

For class "A" and class "B" addresses the subnet mask also determines which bits are part of the network number and which are part of the host ID.

A class “B” address has two host ID octets available for subnetting and a class “A” address has three host ID octets (see Table 100 on page 293) available for subnetting.

The following table is a summary for class "B" subnet planning.

Table 113 Class B Subnet Planning

NO. “BORROWED” HOST BITS	SUBNET MASK	NO. SUBNETS	NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET
1	255.255.128.0 (/17)	2	32766
2	255.255.192.0 (/18)	4	16382
3	255.255.224.0 (/19)	8	8190
4	255.255.240.0 (/20)	16	4094
5	255.255.248.0 (/21)	32	2046
6	255.255.252.0 (/22)	64	1022
7	255.255.254.0 (/23)	128	510
8	255.255.255.0 (/24)	256	254
9	255.255.255.128 (/25)	512	126
10	255.255.255.192 (/26)	1024	62
11	255.255.255.224 (/27)	2048	30
12	255.255.255.240 (/28)	4096	14
13	255.255.255.248 (/29)	8192	6
14	255.255.255.252 (/30)	16384	2
15	255.255.255.254 (/31)	32768	1

Index

Symbols

"standby" ports 109

Numerics

110V AC 3

230V AC 3

802.1P priority 79

A

AC 3

Access control 191

Access priority 191

Limitation 191

Login account 194

Remote management 202

Service port 202

SNMP 192

Accessing the switch 48

Accessories 3

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 217

Administrator password 195

Aggregator ID 111

Aging time 75

Airflow 3

Alternative Subnet Mask Notation 295

American Wire Gauge 3

Application 35

Backbone 35

Bridging 35

IEEE 802.1Q VLAN 36

Switched workgroup 36

Area 0 147

Area Border Router (ABR)147

Area ID 152, 154

ARP 217

How it works 217

View 217

AS Boundary Router 147

Authentication 152, 153, 154, 156

Authority 2

Automatic VLAN registration 82

Autonomous system (AS) 33, 147, 159

AWG3

B

Backbone 147

Backbone Router(BR)147

Basement 3

Basic setting 69

BPDUs (Bridge Protocol Data Units) 98

Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) 98

C

Cables, Connecting 3

CFI (Canonical Format Indicator) 81

Change password 54

Changes or Modifications 2

CI Commands 223

Class of Service (CoS) 127, 165

Classifier

Ethernet Type 123

Example 125

Packet Format 122

View summary 124

CLI Command

Configure tagged VLAN example 270

Static VLAN Table example 275

Cluster management 34, 207

Cluster manager 207, 211

Cluster member 207, 211

Cluster member firmware upgrade 209

Network example 207

Setup 210

Specification 207

Status 208

Switch models 207

VID 211

Web configurator 209

Cluster manager 207

Cluster member 207

Command

Forwarding Process Example 275

Summary 227

Syntax conventions 223

Command Line Interface

Accessing 221

Introduction 221

Configuration file 55

Backup 186

Restore 55, 186

Configure QoS 121

Connecting Cables 3

Console port 34

Settings 43

Contact Information 5

Contacting Customer Support 5

Copyright 1

Corrosive Liquids 3

Covers 3

CPU management port 88

CRC (Cyclic Redundant Check) 66

Current date 73

Current time 73

Customer Support 5

D

Damage 3

Dampness 3

Danger 3

Database Description (DD) 148

Daytime (RFC 867) 73

Default gateway 171

Denmark, Contact Information 5

DHCP 31, 169

Client IP pool 171

Modes 169

Relay agent 169

Server 169

Setup 170

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) 31, 169

Diagnostic 205

Ethernet port test 205

Ping 205

System log 205

Differentiated Service (DiffServ) 165

DiffServ 165

Activate 166

Default DSCP value 166

DS field 165

DSCP 165

DSCP-to-IEEE802.1p mapping 167

Network example 165

PHB 165

DiffServ (Differentiated Services) 127

DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) 127

DiffServ marking rule 127

Double-tagged Frames 32, 137

DS (Differentiated Services) 165

DS field 127

DS See Differentiated Services

DSCP

Default value 166

DSCP-to-IEEE802.1p mapping 167

Service level 165

What it does 165

DSCP (DiffServ Code Point) 165

Dust 3

DVLAN Table 269

DVMRP

Autonomous system 33, 159

Default timer setting 162

Error message 161

Graft 160

How it works 159

Implementation 159

Probe 160

Prune 160

Report 160

Setup 160

Terminology 160

Threshold 161

DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol) 33, 159

Dynamic link aggregation 109

E

Egress port 91

Electric Shock 3

Electrical Pipes 3

Electrocution 3

Ethernet broadcast address 217

Ethernet port test 205

Ethernet ports

Default settings 44

Europe 3

Exposure 3

Extended authentication protocol 115

External authentication server 115

F

Fan speed 71

FCC

Compliance 2

Feature

Hardware 34

File Transfer using FTP

command example 188

Filename convention 188

Filtering 95

Filtering database 213

Finland, Contact Information 5

Firmware 70

Upgrade 185, 209

Flow control 79

Back pressure 79

IEEE802.3x 79

France, Contact Information 5

Front panel 43

FTP 188

File transfer procedure 189

Restrictions over WAN 190

G

GARP 82, 270

GARP (Generic Attribute Registration Protocol) 82

garp status 271

GARP Status Command 271

GARP terminology 82

GARP timer 75, 82

Gas Pipes 3

General setup 71

Germany, Contact Information 5

Getting help 56

Gigabit Ethernet ports 44

GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) 73

GVRP 82, 87, 270

GVRP (GARP VLAN Registration Protocol) 82, 263

gvp disable 273

gvrp enable 272

gvp status 272

H

Hardware installation 39

Hardware monitor 70

Hardware overview 43

High Voltage Points 3

Host IDs 293

How SSH works 196

HTTP 125

HTTPS 197

HTTPS Example 198

1

IEEE 802.1p 75

IEEE 802.1Q Tagged VLAN 269

IEEE 802.1x 115

Activate 116

Note 115

Reauthentication 116

IGMP 32,157,159

Setup 157

Version 157

IGMP snooping 74, 75

Ingress port 91

Installation

Freestanding 39

Precautions 40

Rack-mounting 40

Interface 148, 149, 154

Internal Router(IR)147

Introduction 31

IP Addressing 293

IP Classes 293

IPinterface76,177

IP Ports 125

IP routing domain 76

IP setup 76

IP table 215

How it works 215

View 216

iStacking 34

K

Key 154

L

LACP 109

System priority 112

Timeout 113

LEDs 47

Lightning 3

Limit MAC address learning 120

Link Aggregate Control Protocol (LACP) 109

Link aggregation 33, 109

Dynamic 109

ID information 110

Setup 111

Status 111

Link state database 148, 149

Liquids, Corrosive 3

Lockout 54

Log 205

Login 49

Password 54

Login account 194

Administrator 194

Non-administrator 194

Number of 194

Login password 195

LSA (Link State Advertisement) 148

M

MAC (Media Access Control) 70

MAC address 70, 217

Global MAC address table size 119

Maximum number per port 120

MAC address learning 33, 75, 93, 119, 120

Specify limit 120

MAC table 213

How it works 213

View 214

Maintenance 185

Management Information Base (MIB) 192

Management port 91

MD5 152

Metric 151

MIB 192

Supported MIBs 193

Mini-GBIC ports 44

Connection speed 44

Connector type 44

Transceiver installation 44

Transceiver removal 45

Modifications 2

Mounting brackets 40

MSA (MultiSource Agreement) 44

MTU (Multi-Tenant Unit) 73

Multicast delivery tree 160

Multicast router ("mrouter") 160

N

Network management system (NMS) 192

North America 3

North America Contact Information 5

Norway, Contact Information 5

NTP (RFC-1305) 73

0

Opening 3

OSPF 33,147

Advantage 147

Area 147, 152

Area 0 147

Area ID 152, 154

Authentication 152, 153, 154, 156

Autonomous system 147

Backbone 147

Configuration steps 148

General settings 150

How it works 148

Interface 148, 149, 154

Link state database 148, 149

Network example 148

Redistribute route 151

Route cost 153

Router ID 151

Router types 147

Status 149

Stub area 147, 153

Virtual link 148, 155

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) 33, 147

OSPF vs RIP 147

Out of Profile Action 130

Out-of-profile traffic 129

P

Password 54, 212

PHB (Per-Hop Behavior) 127, 165

Physical queue 133

Ping 205

Pipes 3

Policy

Actions 129

Example 131

Metering 129

View summary 130

Policy Rules 127

Pool 3

POP3 125

Port authentication 115

IEEE802.1x 116

RADIUS server 117

Port Based VLAN Type 75

Port details 64

Port isolation 87, 91

Port Mirroring 245, 263

Port mirroring 32, 107

Port redundancy 109

Port security 33, 119

Limit MAC address learning 120

Port setup 78

Port speed/duplex 79

Port status 63

Port VID

Default for all ports 246

Port VLAN trunking 83

Port-based VLAN 88

All connected 91

Port isolation 91

Setting Wizard 91

Power 71

Backup power supply connector 47

Voltage 71

Power Adaptor 3

Power Cord 3

Power Outlet 3

Power Supply 3

Power Supply, repair 3

Priority 75

Priority level 75

Priority queue assignment 75

Product Model 5

Product Serial Number 5

Product specification 289

PVID 81, 87

PVID (Priority Frame) 81

Qualified Service Personnel 3

Quality of Service (QoS) 121, 165

Queue priority 135

Queue weight 134, 135

Queuing 32, 133

Queuing algorithm 133, 135

Queuing method 133, 135

Calculate 135

RADIUS 115

RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service) 115

RADIUS server 115

Advantages 115

Network example 115

Settings 117

Rear panel 46

Redistribute route 151

Regular Mail 5

Related Documentation 29

Remote management 202

Service 203

Trusted computers 203

Removing 3

Repair 3

Reset 55

Reset to factory default settings 187

Restore configuration 55

Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF) 160

Reverse Path Multicasting (RPM) 159

Revolutions Per Minute (RPM) 71

Risk 3

Risks 3

Round Robin Scheduling 134

Router ID 151

Routingdomain76,177

Routing protocol 151

Routing table 219

RSTP (Rapid STP) 33

Rubber feet 39

s

SafetyWarnings 3

Serial Number 5

Service 3, 4

Service access control 202

Service port 202

Service Personnel 3

Service Provider Tag Protocol Identifier 139

Service Provider's Network 137

SFP (Small Form-factor Pluggable) 44

Shock, Electric 3

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 192

SNMP 192

Agent 192

Communities 194

Management model 192

Manager 192

MIB 192, 193

Network components 192

Object variables 192

Protocol operations 193

Setup 194

Traps 193

Versions supported 192

SP TPID 139

Spain, Contact Information 5

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) 97

SPN 137

SSH 195

SSH Implementation 197

Static MAC address 33, 93, 119

Static MAC forwarding 93

Static VLAN 85

Control 86

Tagging 86

Status 50, 63

LED 47

Link aggregation 111

OSPF 149

Port 63

Port details 64

STP 98

VLAN 84

VRRP 176

STP 97

Bridge ID 99

Bridge priority 101

Configuration 100

Designated bridge 97

Forwarding Delay 101

Hello BPDU 98

Hello Time 99, 101

How it works 98

Max Age 99, 101

Path cost 97, 101

Port priority 101

Port state 98

Root port 97

Status 98

Terminology 97

STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) 33

Strict Priority Queuing (SPQ) 133

Stub area 147, 153

Subnet Masks 294

Subnetting 294

Supply Voltage 3

Support E-mail 5

SVLAN Table 269

Sweden, Contact Information 5

Swimming Pool 3

Switch lockout 54

Switch reset 55

Switch setup 74

Syntax Conventions 29

sys Commands

examples 249, 257, 259

sys log disp 251, 257, 260

sys sw mac list 252

System information 69

System log 205

System reboot 187

System up time 64

T

Tagged VLAN 81

TCP/UDP protocol port numbers 123

Telecommunication Line Cord. 3

Telephone 5

Temperature 70

Thunderstorm 3

Time

Current 73

Time zone 73

Timeserver 73

Time (RFC-868) 73

Time service protocol 73

Time format 73

Time To Live (TTL) 161

Time zone 73

Timeserver 73

Transceiver

Installation 44

Removal 45

Trap

Destination 194

Traps 193

Trunk group 109

Trunking 33, 109

Type of Service (ToS) 165

U

UTC (Universal Time Coordinated) 73

V

Vendor 3

Ventilation 39

Ventilation holes 39

Ventilation Slots 3

VID 78, 81, 84, 139

Number of possible VIDs 81

Priority frame 81

VID (VLAN Identifier) 81

Virtual link 148, 155

Virtual router

Status 176

Virtual router (VR) 175

Virtual Routing Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) 175

VLAN 73,81

Acceptable frame type 87

Automatic registration 82

Explicit Tagging 269

ID 81

ID (VID) 270

Implicit Tagging 269

Ingress filtering 87

Introduction 73

Number of VLANs 84

Port isolation 87

Port number 85

Port settings 86

Port-based VLAN 88

Registration Information 269

Static VLAN 85

Status 84, 85

Tagged 81

Trunking 83

Type 75, 83

VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) 31, 73

VLAN Databases 269

VLAN number 78

VLAN Stacking 32, 137

VLAN trunking 87

vlan1q port accept 273

vlan1q port gvrp 274

vlan1q svlan active 276

vlan1q svlan delentry 275

vlan1q svlan inactive 276

vlan1q svlan list 276

vlan1q svlan setentry 274

Voltage Supply 3

Voltage, High 3

VRID (Virtual RouterID) 176

VRRP 175

Advertisement interval 178

Authentication 178

Backup router 175

Configuration example 180

Hello message 178

How it works 175

Interface setup 177

Master router 175

Network example 175, 180

Parameter 178

Preempt mode 178, 179

Priority 178, 179

Status 176

Uplink gateway 179

Uplink status 176

Virtual IP 179

Virtual router 175

Virtual RouterID179

VRID 176

W

Wall Mount 3

Warnings 3

Warranty Information 5

Water 3

Water Pipes 3

Web configuration

Screen summary 51

Web configurator 48

Getting help 56

Home 50

Login 49

Logout 56

Navigation panel 50

Web browser requirement 48

Web Site 5

Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ)

Weight 135

Weighted Round Robin Scheduling (WRR) 134
Wet Basement 3
Worldwide Contact Information 5

Z

ZyNOS (ZyXEL Network Operating System) 188
ZyXEL Limited Warranty
Note 4