DVM630 - Multimeter VELLEMAN - Free user manual and instructions

USER MANUAL DVM630 VELLEMAN

Important environmental information about this product This symbol on the device or the package indicates that disposal of the device after its lifecycle could harm the environment. Do not dispose of the unit (or batteries) as unsorted municipal waste; it should be taken to a specialized company for recycling. This device should be returned to your distributor or to a local recycling service. Respect the local environmental rules. If in doubt, contact your local waste disposal authorities. Thank you for choosing Velleman! Please read the manual thoroughly before bringing this device into service. If the device was damaged in transit, don't install or use it and contact your dealer. Refer to the Velleman® Service and Quality Warranty on the last pages of this manual.

This symbol indicates: Read instructions. Not reading the instructions and manual can lead to damage, injury or death.

This symbol indicates: Danger. A hazardous condition or action that may result in injury or death.

This symbol indicates: Risk of danger/damage. Risk of a hazardous condition or action that may result in damage, injury or death.

This symbol indicates: Attention; important information. Ignoring this information can lead to hazardous situations.

AC (Alternating Current)

Double insulation (class II-protection)

Read this manual thoroughly. Familiarize yourself with the functions of the device before actually using it.

Only use the device for its intended purpose. Using the device in an unauthorized way will void the warranty. Damage caused by disregard of certain guidelines in this manual is not covered by the warranty and the dealer will not accept responsibility for any ensuing defects or problems.

WARNING: To avoid electrical shock always disconnect the test

leads prior to opening the housing. To prevent damage or injury, only use batteries and fuses of the same type and ratings as specified in this manual. Remark: Refer to the warning on the back of the meter.

Keep the device away from children and unauthorized users.

Protect this device from shocks and abuse. Avoid brute force when operating.

Avoid humidity, cold, heat, and large temperature fluctuations. When the unit is moved from a cold to a warm location, leave it switched off until it has reached room temperature. This to avoid condensation and measuring errors. Ideal working environment is 73 °F ± 2 °F, humidity 45-75 %.

This is an installation category CAT II 600V measuring instrument. Never use this equipment in a higher category than indicated. Refer to §4 Overvoltage/installation category.

Pollution degree 2 device. For indoor use only. Keep this device away from rain, moisture, splashing and dripping liquids. Not for industrial use. Refer to §5 Pollution degree.

For your safety, use only the test leads supplied with the instrument. Before use, check that they are in good condition. Do not use the meter or test leads if they look damaged. When damaged, replace them with test leads of the same type and with the same specifications.

Always place your fingers behind the protective edges of the test probes while measuring! Never touch free terminals when the meter is connected to a circuit.DVM630

Use the correct input terminals, function, and range for your measurements. When the range of the value to be measured is unknown, check that the range initially set on the meter is the highest possible. To avoid damages to the instrument, do not exceed the maximum limits of the input values as shown in the technical specifications tables.

Risk of electric shock during operation. Be very careful when measuring live circuits. Use extreme caution when measuring voltages higher than 60 VDC or 30 VAC rms.

Never connect the test leads to a voltage source if the rotary switch is in the current, resistance, diode, transistor, or continuity mode. This may damage the meter.

Disconnect circuit power and discharge all high-voltage capacitors before testing resistance, continuity, capacitance or diodes. For transistor tests, use the included transistor socket.

In TV repair work or when carrying out measurements on power switching circuits, remember that high-amplitude voltage pulses at the test points can damage the meter. Use of a TV filter will attenuate any such pulses.

Do not replace internal parts yourself. Replace damaged or lost accessories by identical ones with the same specifications. Order spare accessories, e.g. test leads, from your dealer.

Switch off the meter and remove test probes prior to replacing the battery or fuses.

All modifications of the device are forbidden for safety reasons. Damage caused by user modifications to the device is not covered by the warranty.

If the meter is used near a source of electromagnetic interference, the display may become unstable or may indicate large errors. Use the meter only as specified in this manual; otherwise, the protection provided by the meter may be impaired. Use extreme caution when working around bare conductors or bus bars. Do not operate the meter near explosive gases, vapor, or dust. Verify the meter‟s operation by measuring a known voltage. Do not use the meter if it operates abnormally. Protection may be impaired. When in doubt, have the meter serviced by a qualified technician. Make sure the device cannot be used until it is repaired. When making connections, connect the common test lead (black) before connecting the live test lead (red). When disconnecting, disconnect the live test lead (red) before disconnecting the common test lead (black).DVM630

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Before changing functions or measuring range, disconnect the test leads from the circuit under test. For all DC functions, to avoid the risk of shock due to possible improper readings, verify the presence of any AC voltages first by using the AC function. Then select a DC voltage range equal to or greater than the AC range. Use 2 x 1.5 V AAA type batteries, properly installed in the meter‟s battery case, to power the meter. Replace the battery as soon as the battery indicator appears. With a low battery, the meter may produce false readings that can lead to electric shock and personal injury. Do not operate the meter with the case (or part of the case) removed. Always verify that all connections are reliable and safe. Avoid body contact with ground potential (e.g. metallic terminals, output sockets, lead clamp…) while measuring. Make sure to be electrically insulated from ground during measurement.

4. Overvoltage/Installation Category

DMMs are categorized depending on the risk and severity of transient overvoltage that might occur at the point of test. Transients are short-lived bursts of energy induced in a system, e.g. caused by lightning strike on a power line. The existing categories according EN 61010-1 are: CAT I A CAT I-rated meter is suitable for measurements on protected electronic circuits that are not directly connected to mains power, e.g. electronics circuits, control signals… CAT II A CAT II-rated meter is suitable for measurements in CAT I environments and mono-phase appliances that are connected to the mains by means of a plug and circuits in a normal domestic environment, provided that the circuit is at least 33 ft (10 m) apart from a CAT III, or 66 ft (20 m) apart from a CAT IV environment. E.g. household appliances, portable tools… CAT III A CAT III-rated meter is suitable for measurements in CAT I and CAT II environments, as well as for measurements on (fixed) mono- or poly-phased appliances which are at least 33 ft (10 m) apart from a CAT IV environment, and for measurements in or on distribution level equipment (fuse boxes, lighting circuits, electric ovens). CAT IV A CAT IV-rated meter is suitable for measuring in CAT I, CAT II and CAT III environments as well as on the primary supply level. Note that for all measurements on equipment for which the supply cables run outdoors (either overhead or underground) a CAT IV meter must be used.DVM630

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Warning: This device was designed in accordance with EN 61010-1

installation category CAT II 600V. This implies that certain restrictions in use apply that are related to voltages and voltage peaks which can occur within the environment of use. Refer to the table above. This device is suitable for measurements up to 600 V on: protected electronic circuits that are not directly connected to mains power, e.g. electronics circuits, control signals, circuits behind isolating transformer… circuits that are directly connected to mains power, but limited to: o measurements on mono-phase appliances that are connected to the mains by means of a plug o mono-phase appliances and circuits directly connected to the mains in a normal domestic environment, provided that the circuit is at least 33 ft apart from a CAT III, or 66 ft (20 m) apart from a CAT IV environment. E.g. household appliances, portable tools, light circuits at more than 33 ft (10 m) from a distribution board… This device is NOT suitable for: voltages above 600 V measurements in/on low-voltage distribution boards (distribution boards behind meter box) measurements on (fixed) mono- or poly-phased appliances and circuits in CAT III/CAT IV environments (e.g. mains outlets, electric ovens, lighting circuits, bus bars, low-voltage distribution boards and circuit breakers). measurements on distribution equipment and outdoor installations including meter boxes and equipment/circuits outside or remote from the domestic environment e.g. circuits in sheds, garden houses and free-standing garages, or circuits using underground wiring e.g. garden lighting, pool-pump…

This device is only suitable for measurements up to 600 V in CAT II environments.

IEC 61010-1 specifies different types of pollution environments, for which different protective measures are necessary to ensure safety. Harsher environments require more protection, and the protection against the pollution which is to be found in a certain environment depends mainly on the insulation and the enclosure properties. The pollution degree rating of the DMM indicates in which environment the device may be used. Pollution degree 1 No pollution or only dry, nonconductive pollution occurs. The pollution has no influence (only to be found in hermetically sealed enclosures).DVM630

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Pollution degree 2 Only nonconductive pollution occurs. Occasionally, temporary conductivity caused by condensation is to be expected (home and office environments fall under this category). Pollution degree 3 Conductive pollution occurs, or dry nonconductive pollution occurs that becomes conductive due to condensation that is to be expected (industrial environments and environments exposed to outside air - but not in contact with precipitation). Pollution degree 4 The pollution generates persistent conductivity caused by conductive dust or by rain or snow (exposed outdoor environments and environments where high humidity levels or high concentrations of fine particles occur).

Warning: This device was designed in accordance with EN 61010-1

pollution degree 2. This implies that certain restrictions in use apply that are related to pollution which can occur within the environment of use. Refer to the table above.

This device is only suitable for measurements in Pollution degree class 2 environments.

Refer to the illustrations on page 2 of this manual.

HOLD: to lock the current reading

BACKLIGHT: press to switch on the display backlight. The backlight switches off automatically after 3 seconds.

Rotary switch: to select type of measurement and range

VΩmAhFE: input terminal for all measurements except current measurements > 200 mA

Indicates negative reading.

The meter is in data hold mode.

Warning: To avoid false readings, which can possibly

lead to electric shocks or personal injury, replace the battery as soon as the battery indicator appears.

10A fuse 10A/600V (fast) measurement during max. 10 s

7.2 Switching On and Off

To switch the meter on, set the rotary switch [4] in the desired measurement range position. To switch the meter off, set the rotary switch to the OFF position. Note: This device does not switch off automatically. To preserve the battery, always set the rotary switch in the OFF position when the device is not in use.

The data hold mode locks the current readout on the display. Press the HOLD key [2] to enter data hold mode. The display shows “H”. Press the HOLD key again to return to normal measuring mode.DVM630

To avoid electrical shock and/or damage to the instrument, do not attempt to measure voltages exceeding 600 VDC or 600 VAC rms. To avoid electrical shock and/or damage to the instrument, do not apply more than 600 VDC or 600 VAC rms between the COM terminal and the earth ground.

1. Select the appropriate V (DC voltage) or V (AC voltage) range with

2. Connect the black test lead to the “COM” socket and the red test lead to

the “VΩmAhFE” socket.

3. Connect the test probes in parallel to the circuit under test.

The measured value appears on the display. For DC measurements: if a negative polarity is present at the red test probe, the indicated value is preceded by a “–” sign. Notes: If the measured voltage exceeds the selected range, the display shows “1”. Select a higher range. The displayed value may be unstable in the lower ranges, even without input or without connecting the test probes. In this case, hold the tips of the test probes together and make sure the meter displays zero; then measure again.

7.5 Measuring DC Current

To avoid electrical shock and/or damage to the instrument, disconnect the circuit power and discharge all high-voltage capacitors before measuring current.

To avoid damage to the meter, check the meter‟s fuse before proceeding. Use the proper terminals, function and range for your measurement. Never place the test probes in parallel with a circuit or component when the leads are plugged into the current terminals. In the 10 A range, measure current for maximum 10 seconds, then wait for 15 minutes before the next measurement.

The meter‟s ranges are: 2.000 mA, 20.00 mA, 200.0 mA, 10.00 A. To measure current:

1. Cut off the power supply of the circuit to measure.

2. Discharge all the high-voltage capacitors.

3. Select the appropriate A (DC) range with the rotary switch.

4. Connect the black test lead to the “COM” socket and the red test lead to

the “VΩmAhFE” socket for measurements of max. 200 mA. For a maximum of 10 A, move the red test lead to the “10A” socket. If theDVM630

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current to be measured is unknown beforehand, connect the red test lead to the “10A” socket and set the range switch in the highest range position. Then reduce gradually until the ideal resolution is obtained.

5. Break the circuit path to be tested.

6. Connect the black test probe to the more negative side of the break;

connect the red test probe to the more positive side of the break (connection in series). Reversing the probes will give a negative reading, but will not damage the meter.

7. Switch on the power supply of the circuit to measure.

The measured value appears on the display. For DC measurements, when a negative polarity is present at the red test probe, the indicated value is preceded by a “–” sign. When the measured value is higher than the selected range limit, the display shows “1”. Select a higher range.

8. Cut off the power supply of the circuit to measure.

9. Discharge all the high-voltage capacitors.

10. Remove the test probes from the circuit.

11. Restore the circuit to its original condition.

To avoid electrical shock and/or damage to the instrument, disconnect the circuit power and discharge all high-voltage capacitors before measuring resistance. Never perform resistance measurements on a live circuit.

1. Select the appropriate “ ” range with the rotary switch.

2. Connect the black test lead to the “COM” socket and the red test lead to

the “VΩmAhFE” socket.

3. Connect the test probes to the circuit/component under test.

The measured value appears on the display. Notes: The measured value of a resistor in a circuit often differs from the resistor‟s rated value. This is because the meter‟s test current flows through all possible paths between the probe tips. To increase accuracy when measuring low resistance values, first hold the tips of the test probes together to determine the resistance value of the test leads. Subtract this value from the measured value of the circuit. If the measured resistance exceeds the selected range or in case of an open circuit, the display shows “1”.DVM630

To avoid electrical shock and/or damage to the instrument, disconnect the circuit power and discharge all high-voltage capacitors before testing diodes. Never perform diode measurements on a live circuit.

To test a diode out of a circuit:

1. Set the rotary switch to the position.

2. Connect the black test lead to the “COM” socket and the red test lead to

the “VΩmAhFE” socket.

3. Connect the black test probe to the cathode (negative); connect the red

test probe to the anode (positive) of the diode. The meter displays the approximate forward voltage drop. If the probe connection is reversed, the meter displays “1”. Notes: Measuring diodes that are part of a circuit might produce faulty results. Consider disconnecting them from the circuit. In a circuit, a good diode should produce a forward bias reading of 0.5 V to 0.8 V. However, the reverse bias reading can vary depending on the resistance of other pathways between the probe tips.

To avoid electrical shock and/or damage to the instrument, disconnect the circuit power and discharge all high-voltage capacitors before testing the continuity. Never perform continuity tests on a live circuit.

To test for continuity:

1. Set the rotary switch to the position.

2. Connect the black test lead to the “COM” socket and the red test lead to

the “VΩmAhFE” socket.

3. Connect the test probes to the circuit/component under test.

If the measured resistance is less than ± 100 Ω, the buzzer sounds continuously and the resistance is displayed. If the measured resistance exceeds 2 kΩ or in case of an open circuit, the display shows “1”.

To avoid electrical shock and/or damage to the instrument, do not apply more than 250 VDC or 250 VAC rms between the COM terminal and the “VΩmAhFE” terminal. Use the included adaptor socket.DVM630

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To measure a transistor:

1. Set the rotary switch to the “hFE” position.

2. Connect the black test lead to the “COM” socket and the red test lead to

the “VΩmAhFE” socket.

3. Connect the test probes to the transistor adapter socket with correct

polarity: the “COM” probe (black) goes into the “COM” socket of the adapter; the red probe goes into the other socket. Push the probes into the adapter as far as they go.

4. Determine whether the transistor is of the NPN or PNP type and locate

the emitter, the base and the collector. Insert the leads into the proper holes in the included adaptor socket. The display shows the approximate hFE-value (current gain).

Never use the tester on live wires; this will damage the tester.

1. Slide the terminal cover into the upper position (see illustration on

2. Set the rotary switch to the “AUTO” position.

3. Plug in the cable to be tested as follows:

o USB cable: plug one end into the USB jack [8] on the DMM; plug the other end into the USB jack [11] of the remote unit. o Twisted pair: plug one end into the jack [9] on the DMM; plug the other end into the jack [12] of the remote unit. The cable test lights on the DMM [10] and on the remote unit [13] light up in sequence. You can interpret the cable test lights as follows: Description Sequence Good connection: all indicators light up in sequence. Notes: Indicator G lights up only for cables with a ground (GND). For RJ11 cables, the lights on the remote light up in reverse sequence. DMM: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 G (8P8C) remote: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 G (8P8C) DMM: 2 3 4 5 6 7 (RJ12/6P6C) remote: 2 3 4 5 6 7 (RJ12/6P6C) DMM: 3 4 5 6 (RJ11/6P4C) remote: 6 5 4 3 (RJ11/6P4C) DMM: 1 2 3 4 (USB) remote: 1 2 3 4 (USB) Open circuit: wire 2 is broken; indicator 2 does not light up on DMM and remote. DMM:

Description Sequence Open circuits: wires 2 and 5 are broken; indicators 2 and 5 do not light up on master and remote. DMM:

Short-circuit between wires 2 and 4: all indicators on DMM light up in sequence, indicators 2 and 4 do not light up on remote. DMM:

If wires are misconnected or reversed: the indicators on the DMM light up in sequence; the indicators on the remote don‟t.

4. After testing, remove the cable from DMM and cable test unit and set

the rotary switch in the OFF position.

8. Cleaning and Maintenance

Instructions for Safe Maintenance Meter calibration, maintenance, repair, and other operations can only be performed by technicians who fully understand the meter and electrical shock hazards. Do not attempt to repair or service the meter unless you are qualified to do so and have the relevant calibration, performance test and service information. When performing meter maintenance, only use specified and approved replacement parts. Before opening the meter, disconnect all power supplies and make sure that you have no static electricity to avoid damaging the meter components. Be aware that there may be dangerous voltages remaining in some capacitors in the meter even after powering off.

WARNING: To avoid electrical shock, always disconnect the test

leads before opening the housing. To prevent fire hazards, install fuses with the exact same specifications. To avoid electrical shock and/or damage to the instrument, do not get water inside the housing. Remark: refer to the warning on the back of the meter.

Do not replace internal parts yourself. Replace damaged or lost accessories by identical ones with the same specifications. Order spare accessories, e.g. test leads, from your dealer.

Switch off the meter and remove test leads prior to replacing the battery or fuses.DVM630

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General Maintenance Wipe the device regularly with a moist, lint-free cloth and a small amount of detergent. Do not use alcohol, solvents or abrasive products. Dirty or wet input sockets may affect the readings. To clean the input sockets:

1. Switch off the meter.

2. Remove the test probes from the circuit under test. Remove all test

leads from the input sockets.

3. Gently remove any dirt that may be in the sockets.

4. Soak a new cotton bud with isopropyl alcohol and work around the

inside of each socket.

5. Use a new cotton bud to apply a light coating of machine oil to the

inside of each socket.

6. Make sure the sockets are perfectly clean and dry before using the

meter again. Battery Replacement

Low/bad batteries can produce false readings, which can possibly lead to electric shocks or personal injury. Therefore, you must replace the battery as soon as the battery indicator appears. Use only batteries of the specified type and rating (AAA, 1.5 V). To avoid shock or personal injury, before opening the battery cover, always turn off the meter and disconnect the test leads.

Do not puncture batteries or throw them in fire as they may explode. Do not attempt to recharge non-rechargeable batteries (alkaline). Dispose of batteries in accordance with local regulations. Keep batteries away from children.

1. Switch off the meter.

2. Remove the test probes from the circuit under test. Remove the test

leads from the input sockets.

3. Remove the protective cover, and unscrew the battery cover at the back

and respect the polarity.

5. Close the battery cover and tighten the screw.

Use only fuses of the specified type, ratings, and speed (200mA/600V resettable; 10A/600V fast). The fuse rarely needs to be replaced and a blown fuse is almost always caused by a human error. To avoid shock or personal injury, before opening the housing, always turn off the meter and disconnect the test leads.DVM630

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1. Switch off the meter.

2. Remove the test probes from the circuit under test. Remove the test

leads from the input sockets.

3. Remove the protective cover, and remove the batteries.

4. Unscrew the screws at the back of the meter and gently open the

5. Replace the blown fuse with a fuse of the same type and rating.

6. Close the housing and tighten the screws.

7. Place the battery back and close the battery cover.

8. Put the protective cover back.

Storage Remove the batteries from the device if it will not be used for a long time. Old batteries can begin to leak and damage the device. Do not store the device in a high temperature or high humidity environment.

8.96 oz (including battery)

accessories user manual, test leads, holster, batteries, adapter for transistor measurements, cable test unit

Accuracy is specified for a period of one year after calibration and at an ambient temperature from 64 °F to 82 °F, with relative humidity < 75 %. DC voltage Range Resolution Accuracy 200 mV 100 µV ± (0.5 % of reading + 2 digits) 2 V 1 mV ± (0.8 % of reading + 2 digits) 20 V 10 mV 200 V 100 mV 600 V 1 V ± (1.0 % of reading + 2 digits) Overload protection: 220 VAC for 200 mV range; 600 VDC or VAC for other ranges. AC voltage Range Resolution Accuracy 200 V 100 mV ± (1.2 % of reading + 10 digits) 600 V 1 V ± (1.2 % of reading + 10 digits) Overload protection: 600 VDC or VAC for all ranges. Frequency response: 45 Hz – 450 Hz. DC current Range Resolution Accuracy 2 mA 1 µA ± (1.0 % of reading + 2 digits) 20 mA 10 µA 200 mA 100 µA ± (1.2 % of reading + 2 digits) 10 A 10 mA ± (2.0 % of reading + 2 digits) Overload protection: fuse 1: 200mA/600V (resettable) fuse 2: 10A/600V (fast). Measurement voltage drop: 200 mV. When measuring currents up to 10 A, max. 10 seconds continuous measurement followed by a 15 minutes break between 2 measurements.DVM630

1 mV Display: approximation of diode forward voltage drop Forward DC current: ± 1 mA Reversed DC voltage: ± 2.5 V Overload protection: 250 VDC or 250 VAC rms Continuity Continuity beeper: ≤ 100 Ω Open circuit voltage: ± 2.5 V Overload protection: 250 VDC or 250 VAC rms Transistor Display: hFE approximation (0-1000) Base current: ± 10 µA Vce: ± 2.8 V Over range indication Range Resolution Accuracy 600 VDC 1 V ± (0.5 % of reading + 5 digits) 600 VAC 1 V ± (0.5 % of reading + 1 digits)

Use this device with original accessories only. Velleman Inc. cannot be held responsible in the event of damage or injury resulting from (incorrect) use of this device. For more info concerning this product and the latest version of this manual, please visit our website www.vellemanusa.com. The information in this manual is subject to change without prior notice. © COPYRIGHT NOTICE – The copyright to this manual is owned by Velleman Inc. All worldwide rights reserved. No part of this manual may be copied, reproduced, translated or reduced to any electronic medium or otherwise without the prior written consent of the copyright holder.DVM630

Velleman NV dispone de los derechos de autor para este manual del usuario. Todos los derechos mundiales reservados. Está estrictamente prohibido reproducir, traducir, copiar, editar y guardar este manual del usuario o partes de ello sin previo permiso escrito del derecho habiente.Velleman® Service and Quality Warranty Since its foundation in 1972, Velleman® acquired extensive experience in the electronics world and currently distributes its products in over 85 countries. All our products fulfill strict quality requirements and legal stipulations in the USA. In order to ensure the quality, our products regularly go through an extra quality check, both by an internal quality department and by specialized external organizations. If, all precautionary measures notwithstanding, problems should occur, please make appeal to our warranty (see guarantee conditions). General Warranty Conditions Concerning Consumer Products (for USA):

• All consumer products are subject to a 12-month warranty on production flaws and defective material as from the original date of purchase.

• Velleman® can decide to replace an article with an equivalent article, or to refund the retail value totally or partially when the complaint is valid and a free repair or replacement of the article is impossible, or if the expenses are out of proportion. You will be delivered a replacing article or a refund at the value of 100% of the purchase price in case of a flaw occurred in the first year after the date of purchase and delivery, or a replacing article at 50% of the purchase price or a refund at the value of 50% of the retail value in case of a flaw occurred in the second year after the date of purchase and delivery.

• Not covered by warranty: - all direct or indirect damage caused after delivery to the article (e.g. by oxidation, shocks, falls, dust, dirt, humidity...), and by the article, as well as its contents (e.g. data loss), compensation for loss of profits; - consumable goods, parts or accessories that are subject to an aging process during normal use, such as batteries (rechargeable, non-rechargeable, built-in or replaceable), lamps, rubber parts, drive belts... (unlimited list); - flaws resulting from fire, water damage, lightning, accident, natural disaster, etc.…; - flaws caused deliberately, negligently or resulting from improper handling, negligent maintenance, abusive use or use contrary to the manufacturer’s instructions; - damage caused by a commercial, professional or collective use of the article (the warranty validity will be reduced to six (6) months when the article is used professionally); - damage resulting from an inappropriate packing and shipping of the article; - all damage caused by modification, repair or alteration performed by a third party without written permission by Velleman®.

• Articles to be repaired must be delivered to your Velleman® dealer, solidly packed (preferably in the original packaging), and be completed with the original receipt of purchase and a clear flaw description.

• Hint: In order to save on cost and time, please reread the manual and check if the flaw is caused by obvious causes prior to presenting the article for repair. Note that returning a non-defective article can also involve handling costs.

• Repairs occurring after warranty expiration are subject to shipping costs.