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USER MANUAL NBG416N ZYXEL
NBG-416N Wireless N-lite Home Router Copyright © 2011ZyXEL Communications Corporation Firmware Version 1.0
Password 1234About This User's Guide
NBG-416N User’s Guide
About This User's Guide
This manual is intended for people who want to configure the NBG-416N using the
Web Configurator. You should have at least a basic knowledge of TCP/IP
networking concepts and topology.
Tips for Reading User’s Guides On-Screen
When reading a ZyXEL User’s Guide On-Screen, keep the following in mind:
• If you don’t already have the latest version of Adobe Reader, you can download
it from http://www.adobe.com.
• Use the PDF’s bookmarks to quickly navigate to the areas that interest you.
Adobe Reader’s bookmarks pane opens by default in all ZyXEL User’s Guide
• If you know the page number or know vaguely which page-range you want to
view, you can enter a number in the toolbar in Reader, then press [ENTER] to
jump directly to that page.
• Type [CTRL]+[F] to open the Adobe Reader search utility and enter a word or
phrase. This can help you quickly pinpoint the information you require. You can
also enter text directly into the toolbar in Reader.
• To quickly move around within a page, press the [SPACE] bar. This turns your
cursor into a “hand” with which you can grab the page and move it around freely
• Embedded hyperlinks are actually cross-references to related text. Click them to
jump to the corresponding section of the User’s Guide PDF.
Related Documentation
The Quick Start Guide is designed to help you get your NBG-416N up and
running right away. It contains information on setting up your network and
configuring for Internet access.
The embedded Web Help contains descriptions of individual screens and
supplementary information.
Refer to the included CD for support documents.About This User's Guide
Send your comments, questions or suggestions to: techwriters@zyxel.com.tw
The Technical Writing Team, ZyXEL Communications Corp.,
6 Innovation Road II, Science-Based Industrial Park, Hsinchu, 30099, Taiwan.
More help is available at www.zyxel.com.
Search for the latest product updates and documentation from this link. Read
the Tech Doc Overview to find out how to efficiently use the User Guide, Quick
Start Guide and Command Line Interface Reference Guide in order to better
understand how to use your product.
If you have a specific question about your product, the answer may be here.
This is a collection of answers to previously asked questions about ZyXEL
This contains discussions on ZyXEL products. Learn from others who use ZyXEL
products and share your experiences as well.About This User's Guide
NBG-416N User’s Guide
Should problems arise that cannot be solved by the methods listed above, you
should contact your vendor. If you cannot contact your vendor, then contact a
ZyXEL office for the region in which you bought the device.
See http://www.zyxel.com/web/contact_us.php for contact information. Please
have the following information ready when you contact an office.
• Product model and serial number.
•Warranty Information.
• Date that you received your device.Document Conventions
NBG-416N User’s Guide
These are how warnings and notes are shown in this User’s Guide.
Warnings tell you about things that could harm you or your device.
Note: Notes tell you other important information (for example, other things you may
need to configure or helpful tips) or recommendations.
• The NBG-416N may be referred to as the “NBG-416N”, the “device”, the
“product” or the “system” in this User’s Guide.
• Product labels, screen names, field labels and field choices are all in bold font.
• A key stroke is denoted by square brackets and uppercase text, for example,
[ENTER] means the “enter” or “return” key on your keyboard.
• “Enter” means for you to type one or more characters and then press the
[ENTER] key. “Select” or “choose” means for you to use one of the predefined
• A right angle bracket ( > ) within a screen name denotes a mouse click. For
example, Maintenance > Log > Log Setting means you first click
Maintenance in the navigation panel, then the Log sub menu and finally the
Log Setting tab to get to that screen.
• Units of measurement may denote the “metric” value or the “scientific” value.
For example, “k” for kilo may denote “1000” or “1024”, “M” for mega may
denote “1000000” or “1048576” and so on.
• “e.g.,” is a shorthand for “for instance”, and “i.e.,” means “that is” or “in other
words”.Document Conventions
NBG-416N User’s Guide
Icons Used in Figures
Figures in this User’s Guide may use the following generic icons. The NBG-416N
icon is not an exact representation of your device.
NBG-416N Computer Notebook computer
Server Modem Firewall
• Do NOT use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming
• Do NOT expose your device to dampness, dust or corrosive liquids.
• Do NOT store things on the device.
• Do NOT install, use, or service this device during a thunderstorm. There is a remote risk
of electric shock from lightning.
• Connect ONLY suitable accessories to the device.
• Do NOT open the device or unit. Opening or removing covers can expose you to
dangerous high voltage points or other risks. ONLY qualified service personnel should
service or disassemble this device. Please contact your vendor for further information.
• Make sure to connect the cables to the correct ports.
• Place connecting cables carefully so that no one will step on them or stumble over them.
• Always disconnect all cables from this device before servicing or disassembling.
• Use ONLY an appropriate power adaptor or cord for your device.
• Connect the power adaptor or cord to the right supply voltage (for example, 110V AC in
North America or 230V AC in Europe).
• Do NOT allow anything to rest on the power adaptor or cord and do NOT place the
product where anyone can walk on the power adaptor or cord.
• Do NOT use the device if the power adaptor or cord is damaged as it might cause
• If the power adaptor or cord is damaged, remove it from the power outlet.
• Do NOT attempt to repair the power adaptor or cord. Contact your local vendor to order a
• Do not use the device outside, and make sure all the connections are indoors. There is a
remote risk of electric shock from lightning.
• Do NOT obstruct the device ventilation slots, as insufficient airflow may harm your
• Antenna Warning! This device meets ETSI and FCC certification requirements when using
the included antenna(s). Only use the included antenna(s).
• If you wall mount your device, make sure that no electrical lines, gas or water pipes will
Your product is marked with this symbol, which is known as the WEEE mark. WEEE
stands for Waste Electronics and Electrical Equipment. It means that used electrical
and electronic products should not be mixed with general waste. Used electrical and
electronic equipment should be treated separately.Contents Overview
NBG-416N User’s Guide
About This User's Guide3
1.2 Applications 19
1.3 Ways to Manage the NBG-416N 20
1.4 Good Habits for Managing the NBG-416N 20
Connection Wizard 35Table of Contents
4.4.4 Your IP Address 43
4.4.5 WAN IP Address Assignment 44
4.4.6 IP Address and Subnet Mask 44
4.4.7 DNS Server Address Assignment 45
4.4.8 WAN IP and DNS Server Address Assignment 46
4.4.9 WAN MAC Address 47
5.2 Setting your NBG-416N to AP Mode 49
5.3 Status Screen (AP Mode) 50
5.3.1 Navigation Panel 52
5.5 Logging in to the Web Configurator in AP Mode 54
6.2 How to Connect to the Internet from an AP 57
6.2.1 Configure Wireless Security Using WPS on both your NBG-416N and Wireless Client
6.3 Enable and Configure Wireless Security without WPS on your NBG-416N 61
7.2 What You Can Do 68
7.7 Quality of Service (QoS) Screen 79
7.9 WPS Station Screen 81
10.2 What You Can Do 95
11.2 What You Can Do 102
11.5.1 NAT Port Forwarding: Services and Port Numbers 107
12.2 What You Can Do 109
13.2.2 Remote Management and NAT 114
15.2 What You Can Do 125
17.2 What You Can Do 133
20.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs 145
20.2 NBG-416N Access and Login 146
20.3 Internet Access 148
20.4 Resetting the NBG-416N to Its Factory Defaults 149
20.5 Wireless Router/AP Troubleshooting 150
Product Specifications153
Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting 157
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScript and Java Permissions167
Appendix C Setting up Your Computer’s IP Address 175
21.0.1 Verifying Settings 192Table of Contents
21.0.3 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example 203
1.1 Overview This chapter introduces the main features and applications of the NBG-416N.The NBG-416N extends the range of your existing wired network without additional wiring, providing easy network access to mobile users. You can set up a wireless network with other IEEE 802.11b/g/n compatible devices.A range of services such as a firewall and content filtering are also available for secure Internet computing. 1.2 Applications Your can create the following networks using the NBG-416N: • Wired. You can connect network devices via the Ethernet ports of the NBG- 416N so that they can communicate with each other and access the Internet. • Wireless. Wireless clients can connect to the NBG-416N to access network resources. • WAN. Connect to a broadband modem/router for Internet access. Figure 1 NBG-416N Network
1.3 Ways to Manage the NBG-416N Use any of the following methods to manage the NBG-416N.
• WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup). You can use the WPS button or the WPS section of
the Web Configurator to set up a wireless network with your ZyXEL Device.
• Web Configurator. This is recommended for everyday management of the NBG-
416N using a (supported) web browser.
1.4 Good Habits for Managing the NBG-416N Do the following things regularly to make the NBG-416N more secure and to
manage the NBG-416N more effectively.
• Change the password. Use a password that’s not easy to guess and that consists
of different types of characters, such as numbers and letters.
• Write down the password and put it in a safe place.
• Back up the configuration (and make sure you know how to restore it).
Restoring an earlier working configuration may be useful if the device becomes
unstable or even crashes. If you forget your password, you will have to reset the
NBG-416N to its factory default settings. If you backed up an earlier
configuration file, you would not have to totally re-configure the NBG-416N. You
could simply restore your last configuration.
Figure 2 Front Panel
The following table describes the LEDs and the WPS button.
Table 1 Front Panel LEDs and WPS Button
LED COLOR STATUS DESCRIPTION POWER Green On The NBG-416N is receiving power and
functioning properly.
Off The NBG-416N is not receiving power.Chapter 1 Introduction
NBG-416N User’s Guide
LAN 1-4 Green On The NBG-416N has a successful 10/100MB LAN
Blinking The NBG-416N is sending/receiving data through
Off The LAN is not connected.
WAN Green On The NBG-416N has a successful 10/100MB WAN
Blinking The NBG-416N is sending/receiving data through
Off The WAN connection is not ready, or has failed.
WLAN Green On The NBG-416N is ready, but is not sending/
receiving data through the wireless LAN.
Blinking The NBG-416N is sending/receiving data through
The NBG-416N is negotiating a WPS connection
with a wireless client.
Off The wireless LAN is not ready or has failed.
WPS Green On WPS status is configured.
Blinking The NBG-416N is negotiating a WPS connection
with a wireless client.
Off The WPS status is not configured or disabled.
Table 1 Front Panel LEDs and WPS Button (continued)
LED COLOR STATUS DESCRIPTIONChapter 1 Introduction
2.1 Overview Your NBG-416N supports WiFi Protected Setup (WPS), which is an easy way to set up a secure wireless network. WPS is an industry standard specification, defined by the WiFi Alliance.WPS allows you to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security, without having to configure security settings manually. Each WPS connection works between two devices. Both devices must support WPS (check each device’s documentation to make sure). Depending on the devices you have, you can either press a button (on the device itself, or in its configuration utility) or enter a PIN (a unique Personal Identification Number that allows one device to authenticate the other) in each of the two devices. When WPS is activated on a device, it has two minutes to find another device that also has WPS activated. Then, the two devices connect and set up a secure network by themselves. For more information on using WPS, see Section 6.2.1 on page 57.Chapter 2 The WPS Button
The Web Configurator
3.1 Overview This chapter describes how to access the NBG-416N Web Configurator and provides an overview of its screens.The Web Configurator is an HTML-based management interface that allows easy setup and management of the NBG-416N via Internet browser. Use Internet Explorer 6.0 and later versions, Mozilla Firefox 3 and later versions, or Safari 2.0 and later versions. The recommended screen resolution is 1024 by 768 pixels.In order to use the Web Configurator you need to allow:• Web browser pop-up windows from your device. Web pop-up blocking is enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2.• JavaScript (enabled by default).• Java permissions (enabled by default). Refer to Chapter 20 Troubleshooting to see how to make sure these functions are allowed in Internet Explorer. 3.2 Accessing the Web Configurator
1 Make sure your NBG-416N hardware is properly connected and prepare your computer or computer network to connect to the NBG-416N (refer to the Quick Start Guide).2 Launch your web browser.3 Type "http://192.168.1.1" as the website address. Your computer must be in the same subnet in order to access this website address.Chapter 3 The Web Configurator
NBG-416N User’s Guide
4 Type admin (default) as the user name and 1234 (default) as the password and
Figure 3 Login Screen
5 You should see a screen asking you to change your password (highly
recommended) as shown next. Type a new password (and retype it to confirm)
and click Apply or click Ignore.
the Administrator Inactivity Timer field expires (default five minutes). Simply
log back into the NBG-416N if this happens.
6 Select the setup mode you want to use.
•Click Go to Wizard Setup to use the Configuration Wizard for basic Internet
•Click Go to Advanced Setup to view and configure all the NBG-416N’s
NBG-416N User’s Guide
• Select a language to go to the basic Web Configurator in that language. To
change to the advanced configurator see Chapter 19 on page 143.
Figure 5 Selecting the setup mode
3.3 Resetting the NBG-416N If you forget your password or IP address, or you cannot access the Web
Configurator, you will need to use the RESET button at the back of the NBG-416N
to reload the factory-default configuration file. This means that you will lose all
configurations that you had previously saved, the username will be reset to
admin and password will be reset to 1234. The IP address will be reset to
3.3.1 Using the RESET Button
1 Make sure the power LED is on.
2 Press the RESET button for longer than 1 second to restart/reboot the NBG-416N.
3 Press the RESET button for longer than five seconds to set the NBG-416N back to
its factory-default configurations.
3.4 Navigating the Web Configurator
The following summarizes how to navigate the Web Configurator from the Status
3.5 Status Screen (Router Mode)
Click on Status. The screen below shows the status screen in Router Mode.
(For information on the status screen in AP Mode see Chapter 5 on page 50.)
Figure 6 Status Screen (Router Mode)
The following table describes the icons shown in the Status screen.
Table 2 Status Screen Icon Key
ICON DESCRIPTION Click this icon to open the setup wizard.
Click this icon to view copyright and a link for related product information.
Click this icon at any time to exit the Web Configurator.
Select a number of seconds or None from the drop-down list box to refresh
all screen statistics automatically at the end of every time interval or to not
refresh the screen statistics.
Click this button to refresh the status screen statistics.Chapter 3 The Web Configurator
NBG-416N User’s Guide
The following table describes the labels shown in the Status screen.
Table 3 Web Configurator Status Screen (Router Mode)
LABEL DESCRIPTION Device Information
System Name This is the System Name you enter in the Maintenance > System >
General screen. It is for identification purposes.
Firmware Version This is the current firmware version of the NBG-416N.
- MAC Address This shows the WAN Ethernet adapter MAC Address of your device.
- Connection Type This shows the current connection type.
- IP Address This shows the WAN port’s IP address.
- IP Subnet Mask This shows the WAN port’s subnet mask.
- Gateway This shows the WAN port’s gateway IP address.
- DNS This shows the IP address of your DNS server.
- MAC Address This shows the LAN Ethernet adapter MAC Address of your device.
- IP Address This shows the LAN port’s IP address.
- IP Subnet Mask This shows the LAN port’s subnet mask.
- DHCP This shows the LAN port’s DHCP role - Server or None.
- MAC Address This shows the wireless adapter MAC Address of your device.
- Status This shows the current status of the Wireless LAN - On, Off or Off by
- Name (SSID) This shows a descriptive name used to identify the NBG-416N in the
- Channel This shows the channel number which you select manually.
- Security Mode This shows the level of wireless security the NBG-416N is using.
- 802.11 Mode This shows the wireless standard.
- WPS This displays Configured when the WPS has been set up.
This displays Unconfigured if the WPS has not been set up.
Click the status to display Network > Wireless LAN > WPS screen.
System Up Time This is the total time the NBG-416N has been on.
Current Date/Time This field displays your NBG-416N’s present date and time.
- CPU Usage This displays what percentage of the NBG-416N’s processing ability is
currently used. When this percentage is close to 100%, the NBG-416N is
running at full load, and the throughput is not going to improve anymore.
If you want some applications to have more throughput, you should turn
off other applications.
- Memory Usage This shows what percentage of the heap memory the NBG-416N is using.Chapter 3 The Web Configurator
NBG-416N User’s Guide
Use the sub-menus on the navigation panel to configure NBG-416N features.
The following table describes the sub-menus.
- Firewall This shows whether the firewall is active or not.
- UPnP This shows whether UPnP is active or not.
Interface This displays the NBG-416N port types. The port types are: WAN, LAN
Status For the LAN and WAN ports, this field displays Down (line is down) or Up
(line is up or connected).
For the WLAN, it displays Up when the WLAN is enabled or Down when
the WLAN is disabled.
Rate For the LAN ports, this displays the port speed and duplex setting or N/A
when the line is disconnected.
For the WAN port, it displays the port speed and duplex setting if you’re
using Ethernet encapsulation and Idle (line (ppp) idle), Dial (starting to
trigger a call) and Drop (dropping a call) if you're using PPPoE or PPTP
encapsulation. This field displays N/A when the line is disconnected.
For the WLAN, it displays the maximum transmission rate when the WLAN
is enabled and N/A when the WLAN is disabled.
DHCP Table Use this screen to view current DHCP client information.
Packet Statistics Use this screen to view port status and packet specific statistics.
WLAN Station Status Use this screen to view the wireless stations that are currently associated
Table 3 Web Configurator Status Screen (Router Mode) (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION Table 4 Screens Summary
LINK TAB FUNCTION Status This screen shows the NBG-416N’s general device, system
and interface status information. Use this screen to access
the wizard, and summary statistics tables.
NetworkChapter 3 The Web Configurator
LAN General Use this screen to configure wireless LAN.
MAC Filter Use the MAC filter screen to configure the NBG-416N to
block access to devices or block the devices from
accessing the NBG-416N.
Advanced This screen allows you to configure advanced wireless
QoS Use this screen to configure Wi-Fi Multimedia Quality of
Service (WMM QoS). WMM QoS allows you to prioritize
wireless traffic according to the delivery requirements of
individual services.
WPS Use this screen to configure WPS.
WPS Station Use this screen to add a wireless station using WPS.
Scheduling Use this screen to schedule the times the Wireless LAN is
This screen allows you to configure ISP parameters, WAN IP address assignment, DNS servers and the WAN MAC
LAN IP Use this screen to configure LAN IP address and subnet
General Use this screen to enable the NBG-416N’s DHCP server.
Advanced Use this screen to assign IP addresses to specific
individual computers based on their MAC addresses and to
have DNS servers assigned by the DHCP server.
Client List Use this screen to view current DHCP client information
and to always assign an IP address to a MAC address (and
NAT General Use this screen to enable NAT.
Application Use this screen to configure servers behind the NBG-
Firewall General Use this screen to activate/deactivate the firewall.
Services Use this screen to enable or disable ICMP and VPN
passthrough features.
MGMT WWW Use this screen to configure through which interface(s)
and from which IP address(es) users can use HTTP to
manage the NBG-416N.
UPnP General Use this screen to enable UPnP on the NBG-416N.
System General Use this screen to view and change administrative settings
such as system and domain names, password and
Time Setting Use this screen to change your NBG-416N’s time and date.
Logs View Log Use this screen to view the logs for the categories that you
Table 4 Screens Summary (continued)
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows
individual clients to obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. You can
configure the NBG-416N’s LAN as a DHCP server or disable it. When configured as
a server, the NBG-416N provides the TCP/IP configuration for the clients. If DHCP
service is disabled, you must have another DHCP server on that network, or else
the computer must be manually configured.
Click the DHCP Table (Details...) hyperlink in the Status screen. Read-only
information here relates to your DHCP status. The DHCP table shows current
DHCP client information (including IP Address, Host Name and MAC Address)
of all network clients using the NBG-416N’s DHCP server.
Figure 7 Summary: DHCP Table
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Tools Firmware Use this screen to upload firmware to your NBG-416N.
Configuration Use this screen to backup and restore the configuration or
reset the factory defaults to your NBG-416N.
Restart This screen allows you to reboot the NBG-416N without
turning the power off.
General This screen allows you to select whether your device acts
as a Router or a Access Point.
Language Language This screen allows you to select the language you prefer.
Table 4 Screens Summary (continued)
LINK TAB FUNCTION Table 5 Summary: DHCP Table
# This is the index number of the host computer.
IP Address This field displays the IP address relative to the # field listed above.
Host Name This field displays the computer host name.Chapter 3 The Web Configurator
Click the Packet Statistics (Details...) hyperlink in the Status screen. Read-
only information here includes port status, packet specific statistics and the
"system up time". The Poll Interval(s) field is configurable and is used for
refreshing the screen.
Figure 8 Summary: Packet Statistics
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
MAC Address This field shows the MAC address of the computer with the name in the
Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address
which uniquely identifies a device. The MAC address is assigned at the
factory and consists of six pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example,
Refresh Click Refresh to renew the screen.
Table 5 Summary: DHCP Table (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION Table 6 Summary: Packet Statistics
LABEL DESCRIPTION Port This is the NBG-416N’s port type.
Status For the LAN ports, this displays the port speed and duplex setting or
Down when the line is disconnected.
For the WAN port, it displays the port speed and duplex setting if
you’re using Ethernet encapsulation and Idle (line (ppp) idle), Dial
(starting to trigger a call) and Drop (dropping a call) if you're using
PPPoE or PPTP encapsulation. This field displays Down when the line
For the WLAN, it displays the maximum transmission rate when the
WLAN is enabled and Down when the WLAN is disabled.
TxPkts This is the number of transmitted packets on this port.
RxPkts This is the number of received packets on this port.
Collisions This is the number of collisions on this port.Chapter 3 The Web Configurator
NBG-416N User’s Guide
3.5.4 Summary: WLAN Station Status
Click the WLAN Station Status (Details...) hyperlink in the Status screen. View
the wireless stations that are currently associated to the NBG-416N in the
Association List. Association means that a wireless client (for example, your
network or computer with a wireless network card) has connected successfully to
the AP (or wireless router) using the same SSID, channel and security settings.
Figure 9 Summary: Wireless Association List
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Tx B/s This displays the transmission speed in bytes per second on this port.
Rx B/s This displays the reception speed in bytes per second on this port.
System Up Time This is the total time the NBG-416N has been on.
Poll Interval(s) Enter the time interval for refreshing statistics in this field.
Set Interval Click this button to apply the new poll interval you entered in the Poll
Stop Click Stop to stop refreshing statistics.
Table 6 Summary: Packet Statistics (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION Table 7 Summary: Wireless Association List
# This is the index number of an associated wireless station.
MAC Address This field displays the MAC address of an associated wireless station.
Association Time This field displays the time a wireless station first associated with the
NBG-416N’s WLAN network.
4.1 Wizard Setup This chapter provides information on the wizard setup screens in the Web Configurator.The Web Configurator’s wizard setup helps you configure your device to access the Internet. Refer to your ISP (Internet Service Provider) checklist in the Quick Start Guide to know what to enter in each field. Leave a field blank if you don’t have that information. 1 After you access the NBG-416N Web Configurator, click Go to Wizard setup.
You can click Go to Advanced setup to skip this wizard setup and configure basic or advanced features accordingly.Figure 10 Select Wizard or Advanced ModeChapter 4 Connection Wizard
NBG-416N User’s Guide
2 Choose a language by clicking on the language’s button. The screen will update.
Click the Next button to proceed to the next screen.
Figure 11 Select a Language
3 Read the on-screen information and click Next.
Figure 12 Welcome to the Connection Wizard
4.2 Connection Wizard: STEP 1: System
System Information contains administrative and system-related information.
System Name is for identification purposes. However, because some ISPs check
this name you should enter your computer's "Computer Name".
• In Windows 95/98 click Start > Settings > Control Panel > Network. Click
the Identification tab, note the entry for the Computer Name field and enter it
• In Windows 2000, click Start > Settings and Control Panel and then double-
click System. Click the Network Identification tab and then the Properties
button. Note the entry for the Computer name field and enter it as the
• In Windows XP, click Start > My Computer > View system information and
name field and enter it as the NBG-416N System Name.Chapter 4 Connection Wizard
The Domain Name entry is what is propagated to the DHCP clients on the LAN. If
you leave this blank, the domain name obtained by DHCP from the ISP is used.
While you must enter the host name (System Name) on each individual computer,
the domain name can be assigned from the NBG-416N via DHCP.
Click Next to configure the NBG-416N for Internet access.
Figure 13 Wizard Step 1: System Information
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
LABEL DESCRIPTION System
System Name is a unique name to identify the NBG-416N in an Ethernet
network. Enter a descriptive name. This name can be up to 30
alphanumeric characters long. Spaces are not allowed, but dashes "-" and
underscores "_" are accepted.
Type the domain name (if you know it) here. If you leave this field blank,
the ISP may assign a domain name via DHCP. The domain name entered
by you is given priority over the ISP assigned domain name.
Back Click Back to display the previous screen.
Next Click Next to proceed to the next screen.
Exit Click Exit to close the wizard screen without saving.Chapter 4 Connection Wizard
NBG-416N User’s Guide
4.3 Connection Wizard: STEP 2: Wireless LAN Set up your wireless LAN using the following screen.
Figure 14 Wizard Step 2: Wireless LAN The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 9 Wizard Step 2: Wireless LAN LABEL DESCRIPTION Name
Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable 7-bit ASCII characters) for the
If you change this field on the NBG-416N, make sure all wireless stations
use the same SSID in order to access the network.
Security Select a Security level from the drop-down list box.
Choose Auto (WPA2-PSK) to have the NBG-416N generate a pre-shared
key automatically. After you click Next a screen pops up displaying the
generated pre-shared key. Write down the key for use later when
connecting other wireless devices to your network. Click OK to continue.
Choose None to have no wireless LAN security configured. If you do not
enable any wireless security on your NBG-416N, your network is accessible
to any wireless networking device that is within range. If you choose this
option, skip directly to Section 4.4 on page 39.
Choose Extend (WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK) security to configure a Pre-
Shared Key. Choose this option only if your wireless clients support WPA-
PSK or WPA2-PSK respectively. If you choose this option, skip directly to
Section 4.3.1 on page 39.
The range of radio frequencies used by IEEE 802.11b/g/n wireless devices
is called a channel. The device will automatically select the channel with
the least interference.
Back Click Back to display the previous screen.
Next Click Next to proceed to the next screen.
Exit Click Exit to close the wizard screen without saving.Chapter 4 Connection Wizard
NBG-416N User’s Guide
Note: The wireless stations and NBG-416N must use the same SSID, channel ID,
WPA-PSK (if WPA-PSK is enabled) or WPA2-PSK (if WPA2-PSK is enabled) for
wireless communication.
4.3.1 Extend (WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK) Security
Choose Extend (WPA-PSK) or Extend (WPA2-PSK) security in the Wireless
LAN setup screen to set up a Pre-Shared Key.
Figure 15 Wizard Step 2: Extend (WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK) Security
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
4.4 Connection Wizard: STEP 3: Internet
The NBG-416N offers three Internet connection types. They are Ethernet, PPP
over Ethernet or PPTP. The wizard attempts to detect which WAN connection
type you are using. If the wizard does not detect a connection type, you must
select one from the drop-down list box. Check with your ISP to make sure you use
Type from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII or HEX characters. You can set up
the most secure wireless connection by configuring WPA in the wireless
LAN screens. You need to configure an authentication server to do this.
Back Click Back to display the previous screen.
Next Click Next to proceed to the next screen.
Exit Click Exit to close the wizard screen without saving.Chapter 4 Connection Wizard
NBG-416N User’s Guide
This wizard screen varies according to the connection type that you select.
Figure 16 Wizard Step 3: ISP Parameters.
The following table describes the labels in this screen,
4.4.1 Ethernet Connection
Choose Ethernet when the WAN port is used as a regular Ethernet. Continue to
Figure 17 Wizard Step 3: Ethernet Connection
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) functions as a dial-up connection.
PPPoE is an IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) standard specifying how a host
Table 11 Wizard Step 3: ISP Parameters
CONNECTION TYPE DESCRIPTION Ethernet Select the Ethernet option when the WAN port is used as a regular
PPPoE Select the PPP over Ethernet option for a dial-up connection. If
your ISP gave you an IP address and/or subnet mask, then select
PPTP Select the PPTP option for a dial-up connection.Chapter 4 Connection Wizard
NBG-416N User’s Guide
personal computer interacts with a broadband modem (for example DSL, cable,
wireless, etc.) to achieve access to high-speed data networks.
For the service provider, PPPoE offers an access and authentication method that
works with existing access control systems (for instance, RADIUS).
One of the benefits of PPPoE is the ability to let end users access one of multiple
network services, a function known as dynamic service selection. This enables the
service provider to easily create and offer new IP services for specific users.
Operationally, PPPoE saves significant effort for both the subscriber and the ISP/
carrier, as it requires no specific configuration of the broadband modem at the
By implementing PPPoE directly on the NBG-416N (rather than individual
computers), the computers on the LAN do not need PPPoE software installed,
since the NBG-416N does that part of the task. Furthermore, with NAT, all of the
LAN's computers will have Internet access.
Figure 18 Wizard Step 3: PPPoE Connection
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Select the PPP over Ethernet option for a dial-up connection.
Service Name Type the name of your service provider.
User Name Type the user name given to you by your ISP.
Password Type the password associated with the user name above.
Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Next Click Next to continue.
Exit Click Exit to close the wizard screen without saving.Chapter 4 Connection Wizard
NBG-416N User’s Guide
4.4.3 PPTP Connection
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is a network protocol that enables
transfers of data from a remote client to a private server, creating a Virtual Private
Network (VPN) using TCP/IP-based networks.
PPTP supports on-demand, multi-protocol, and virtual private networking over
public networks, such as the Internet.
Refer to the appendix for more information on PPTP.
Note: The NBG-416N supports one PPTP server connection at any given time.
Figure 19 Wizard Step 3: PPTP Connection
The following table describes the fields in this screen
Table 13 Wizard Step 3: PPTP Connection
LABEL DESCRIPTION ISP Parameters for Internet Access
Connection Type Select PPTP from the drop-down list box. To configure a PPTP client,
you must configure the User Name and Password fields for a PPP
connection and the PPTP parameters for a PPTP connection.
User Name Type the user name given to you by your ISP.
Password Type the password associated with the User Name above.
Type the IP address of the PPTP server.Chapter 4 Connection Wizard
4.4.4 Your IP Address
The following wizard screen allows you to assign a fixed IP address or give the
NBG-416N an automatically assigned IP address depending on your ISP.
Figure 20 Wizard Step 3: Your IP Address
The following table describes the labels in this screen
Enter the connection ID or connection name in this field. It must follow
the "c:id" and "n:name" format. For example, C:12 or N:My ISP.
This field is optional and depends on the requirements of your ISP.
from ISP Select this radio button if your ISP did not assign you a fixed IP
Select this radio button, provided by your ISP to give the NBG-416N a
fixed, unique IP address.
Type the (static) IP address assigned to you by your ISP.
Type the subnet mask assigned to you by your ISP (if given).
Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Next Click Next to continue.
Exit Click Exit to close the wizard screen without saving.
Table 13 Wizard Step 3: PPTP Connection (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION Table 14 Wizard Step 3: Your IP Address
LABEL DESCRIPTION Get automatically from
your ISP Select this option If your ISP did not assign you a fixed IP
address. This is the default selection. If you choose this option,
skip directly to Section 4.4.9 on page 47.
Use fixed IP address
provided by your ISP Select this option if you were given IP address and/or DNS server
settings by the ISP. The fixed IP address should be in the same
subnet as your broadband modem or router.
Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Next Click Next to continue.
Exit Click Exit to close the wizard screen without saving.Chapter 4 Connection Wizard
NBG-416N User’s Guide
4.4.5 WAN IP Address Assignment
Every computer on the Internet must have a unique IP address. If your networks
are isolated from the Internet, for instance, only between your two branch offices,
you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three
blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks.
You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP or have it assigned by
a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access
is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for your
local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger organization,
you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP addresses.
Note: Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address;
always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address
assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address Allocation for Private Internets
and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.
4.4.6 IP Address and Subnet Mask
Similar to the way houses on a street share a common street name, so too do
computers on a LAN share one common network number.
Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If
the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP
addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet
If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you
have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when
the connection is established. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA)
reserved this block of addresses specifically for private use; please do not use any
other number unless you are told otherwise. Let's say you select 192.168.1.0 as
the network number; which covers 254 individual addresses, from 192.168.1.1 to
192.168.1.254 (zero and 255 are reserved). In other words, the first three
numbers specify the network number while the last number identifies an individual
computer on that network.
Table 15 Private IP Address Ranges
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address that is easy to
remember, for instance, 192.168.1.1, for your NBG-416N, but make sure that no
other device on your network is using that IP address.
The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your
NBG-416N will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address
that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the
NBG-416N unless you are instructed to do otherwise.
4.4.7 DNS Server Address Assignment
Use DNS (Domain Name System) to map a domain name to its corresponding IP
address and vice versa, for instance, the IP address of www.zyxel.com is
204.217.0.2. The DNS server is extremely important because without it, you must
know the IP address of a computer before you can access it.
The NBG-416N can get the DNS server addresses in the following ways.
1 The ISP tells you the DNS server addresses, usually in the form of an information
sheet, when you sign up. If your ISP gives you DNS server addresses, enter them
in the DNS Server fields in the Wizard and/or WAN > Internet Connection
2 If the ISP did not give you DNS server information, leave the DNS Server fields
set to 0.0.0.0 in the Wizard screen and/or set to From ISP in the WAN >
Internet Connection screen for the ISP to dynamically assign the DNS server IP
addresses.Chapter 4 Connection Wizard
NBG-416N User’s Guide
4.4.8 WAN IP and DNS Server Address Assignment
The following wizard screen allows you to assign a fixed WAN IP address and DNS
Figure 21 Wizard Step 3: WAN IP and DNS Server Addresses
The following table describes the labels in this screen
Table 16 Wizard Step 3: WAN IP and DNS Server Addresses
LABEL DESCRIPTION WAN IP Address Assignment
My WAN IP Address Enter your WAN IP address in this field. The WAN IP address
should be in the same subnet as your DSL/Cable modem or
Enter the IP subnet mask in this field.
Gateway IP Address Enter the gateway IP address in this field.
System DNS Server Address Assignment (if applicable)
DNS (Domain Name System) is for mapping a domain name to its corresponding IP
address and vice versa. The DNS server is extremely important because without it, you
must know the IP address of a computer before you can access it. The NBG-416N uses a
system DNS server (in the order you specify here) to resolve domain names for DDNS and
Enter the DNS server's IP address in the fields provided.
If you do not configure a system DNS server, you must use IP
addresses when configuring DDNS and the time server.
Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Next Click Next to continue.
Exit Click Exit to close the wizard screen without saving.Chapter 4 Connection Wizard
NBG-416N User’s Guide
4.4.9 WAN MAC Address
Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC
address is assigned at the factory and consists of six pairs of hexadecimal
characters, for example, 00:A0:C5:00:00:02.
This screen allows users to configure the WAN port's MAC address by either using
the NBG-416N’s MAC address, copying the MAC address from a computer on your
LAN or manually entering a MAC address. Once it is successfully configured, the
address will be copied to configuration file. It is advisable to clone the MAC
address from a computer on your LAN even if your ISP does not presently require
MAC address authentication.
Figure 22 Wizard Step 3: WAN MAC Address
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 17 Example of Network Properties for LAN Servers with Fixed IP Addresses
Choose an IP address 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.32; 192.168.1.65-192.168.1.254.
Select this option and enter the IP address of the computer on the
LAN whose MAC you are cloning. It is advisable to clone the MAC
address from a computer on your LAN even if your ISP does not
presently require MAC address authentication.
Select this option and enter the MAC address you want to use.
Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Next Click Next to continue.
Exit Click Exit to close the wizard screen without saving.Chapter 4 Connection Wizard
NBG-416N User’s Guide
Click Finish to complete the wizard setup.
Figure 23 Connection Wizard Complete
Well done! You have successfully set up your NBG-416N to operate on your
This chapter discusses how to configure settings while your NBG-416N is set to AP Mode. Many screens that are available in Router Mode are not available in AP Mode. Note: See Chapter 6 on page 57 for an example of setting up a wireless network in AP mode. Use your NBG-416N as an AP if you already have a router or gateway on your network. In this mode your device bridges a wired network (LAN) and wireless LAN (WLAN) in the same subnet. See the figure below for an example.Figure 24 Wireless Internet Access in AP Mode 5.2 Setting your NBG-416N to AP Mode
1 Log into the Web Configurator if you haven’t already. See the Quick start Guide for instructions on how to do this.
LEW WLAN LANChapter 5 AP Mode
NBG-416N User’s Guide
2 To set your NBG-416N to AP Mode, go to Maintenance > Sys OP Mode >
General and select Access Point.
Figure 25 Maintenance > Sys OP Mode > General
3 A pop-up appears providing information on this mode. Click OK in the pop-up
message window. (See Section 18.3 on page 140 for more information on the
pop-up.) Click Apply. Your NBG-416N is now in AP Mode.
Note: You have to log in to the Web Configurator again when you change modes.
5.3 Status Screen (AP Mode)
Click on Status. The screen below shows the status screen in AP Mode.
Figure 26 Status Screen (AP Mode)Chapter 5 AP Mode
NBG-416N User’s Guide
The following table describes the labels shown in the Status screen.
Table 19 Status Screen (AP Mode)
LABEL DESCRIPTION Device Information
System Name This is the System Name you enter in the Maintenance > System >
General screen. It is for identification purposes.
Firmware Version This is the current firmware version of the NBG-416N.
- MAC Address This shows the LAN Ethernet adapter MAC Address of your device.
- IP Address This shows the LAN port’s IP address.
- IP Subnet Mask This shows the LAN port’s subnet mask.
- DHCP This shows the LAN port’s DHCP role - None.
- MAC Address This shows the wireless adapter MAC Address of your device.
- Status This shows the current status of the Wireless LAN - On, Off, or Off by
- Name (SSID) This shows a descriptive name used to identify the NBG-416N in the
- Channel This shows the channel number which you select manually.
- Security Mode This shows the level of wireless security the NBG-416N is using.
- 802.11 Mode This shows the IEEE 802.11 standard that the NBG-416N supports.
Wireless clients must support the same standard in order to be able to
connect to the NBG-416N
- WPS This shows the WPS (WiFi Protected Setup) Status. Click the status to
display Network > Wireless LAN > WPS screen.
System Up Time This is the total time the NBG-416N has been on.
Current Date/Time This field displays your NBG-416N’s present date and time.
- CPU Usage This displays what percentage of the NBG-416N’s processing ability is
currently used. When this percentage is close to 100%, the NBG-416N is
running at full load, and the throughput is not going to improve anymore.
If you want some applications to have more throughput, you should turn
off other applications.
- Memory Usage This shows what percentage of the heap memory the NBG-416N is using.
Interface This displays the NBG-416N port types. The port types are: LAN and
Status For the LAN port, this field displays Down (line is down) or Up (line is up
For the WLAN, it displays Up when the WLAN is enabled or Down when
the WLAN is disabled.Chapter 5 AP Mode
5.3.1 Navigation Panel
Use the menu in the navigation panel to configure NBG-416N features in AP Mode.
The following screen and table show the features you can configure in AP Mode.
Figure 27 Menu: AP Mode
The following table describes the sub-menus.
Rate For the LAN ports, this displays the port speed and duplex setting or N/A
when the line is disconnected.
For the WLAN, it displays the maximum transmission rate when the WLAN
is enabled and N/A when the WLAN is disabled.
Packet Statistics Use this screen to view port status and packet specific statistics.
WLAN Station Status Use this screen to view the wireless stations that are currently associated
Table 19 Status Screen (AP Mode) (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION Table 20 Menu: AP Mode
LINK TAB FUNCTION Status This screen shows the NBG-416N’s general device,
system and interface status information. Use this screen
to access the wizard, and summary statistics tables.
NetworkChapter 5 AP Mode
NBG-416N User’s Guide
Use this section to configure your NBG-416N settings while in AP Mode.
Click Network > LAN to see the screen below.
LAN General Use this screen to configure wireless LAN.
MAC Filter Use the MAC filter screen to configure the NBG-416N to
block access to devices or block the devices from
accessing the NBG-416N.
Advanced This screen allows you to configure advanced wireless
QoS Use this screen to configure Wi-Fi Multimedia Quality of
Service (WMM QoS). WMM QoS allows you to prioritize
wireless traffic according to the delivery requirements of
individual services.
WPS Use this screen to configure WPS.
WPS Station Use this screen to add a wireless station using WPS.
Scheduling Use this screen to schedule the times the Wireless LAN is
LAN IP Use this screen to configure LAN IP address and subnet
System General Use this screen to view and change administrative
settings such as system and domain names, password
and inactivity timer.
Time Setting Use this screen to change your NBG-416N’s time and
Logs View Log Use this screen to view the logs for the categories that
Tools Firmware Use this screen to upload firmware to your NBG-416N.
Configuration Use this screen to backup and restore the configuration
or reset the factory defaults to your NBG-416N.
Restart This screen allows you to reboot the NBG-416N without
turning the power off.
General This screen allows you to select whether your device acts
as a Router or a Access Point.
Language Language This screen allows you to select the language you prefer.
Table 20 Menu: AP Mode (continued)
LINK TAB FUNCTIONChapter 5 AP Mode
NBG-416N User’s Guide
Note: If you change the IP address of the NBG-416N in the screen below, you will
need to log into the NBG-416N again using the new IP address.
Figure 28 Network > LAN > IP The table below describes the labels in the screen.
5.4.2 WLAN and Maintenance Settings
The configuration of wireless and maintenance settings in AP Mode is the same as
• See Chapter 5 on page 69 for information on the configuring your wireless
• See Troubleshooting (145) for information on configuring your maintenance
5.5 Logging in to the Web Configurator in AP Mode
1 Connect your computer to the LAN port of the NBG-416N.
Table 21 Network > LAN > IP LABEL DESCRIPTION Get from DHCP Server
Select this to let the DHCP server in the gateway assign the NBG-
User Defined LAN IP Select this to give the NBG-416N a static IP address.
IP Address Type the IP address in dotted decimal notation. The default
setting is 192.168.1.2. If you change the IP address you will have
to log in again with the new IP address.
IP Subnet Mask The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP
address. Your NBG-416N will automatically calculate the subnet
mask based on the IP address that you assign. Unless you are
implementing subnetting, use the subnet mask computed by the
Apply Click Apply to save your changes to the NBG-416N.
Reset Click Reset to reload the previous configuration for this screen.Chapter 5 AP Mode
NBG-416N User’s Guide
2 The default IP address of the NBG-416N is “192.168.1.2”. In this case, your
computer must have an IP address in the range between “192.168.1.3” and
3 Click Start > Run on your computer in Windows.
4 Type “cmd” in the dialog box.
5 Type “ipconfig” to show your computer’s IP address. If your computer’s IP address
is not in the correct range then see Appendix C on page 175 for information on
changing your computer’s IP address.
6 After you’ve set your computer’s IP address, open a web browser such as Internet
Explorer and type “192.168.1.2” as the web address in your web browser.
See Chapter 6 on page 57 for a tutorial on setting up a network with an AP.Chapter 5 AP Mode
NBG-416N User’s Guide
6.1 Overview This chapter provides tutorials for your NBG-416N as follows:• How to Connect to the Internet from an AP • Configure Wireless Security Using WPS on both your NBG-416N and Wireless Client • Enable and Configure Wireless Security without WPS on your NBG-416N
6.2 How to Connect to the Internet from an AP This section gives you an example of how to set up an access point (AP) and
wireless client (a notebook, B in this example) for wireless communication. B can access the Internet through the AP wirelessly.Figure 29 Wireless AP Connection to the Internet 6.2.1 Configure Wireless Security Using WPS on both your
NBG-416N and Wireless Client This section gives you an example of how to set up wireless network using WPS. This example uses the NBG-416N as the AP and NWD210N as the wireless client which connects to a notebook. Note: The wireless client must be a WPS-aware device (for example, a WPS USB adapter or PCI card).
A BChapter 6 Tutorials
NBG-416N User’s Guide
There are two WPS methods for creating a secure connection. This tutorial shows
• Push Button Configuration (PBC) - create a secure wireless network simply
by pressing a button. See Section 6.2.1.1 on page 58.This is the easier method.
• PIN Configuration - create a secure wireless network simply by entering a
wireless client's PIN (Personal Identification Number) in the NBG-416N’s
interface. See Section 6.2.1.2 on page 59. This is the more secure method,
since one device can authenticate the other.
6.2.1.1 Push Button Configuration (PBC)
1 Make sure that your NBG-416N is turned on and that it is within range of your
2 Make sure that you have installed the wireless client (this example uses the
NWD210N) driver and utility in your notebook.
3 In the wireless client utility, find the WPS settings. Enable WPS and press the WPS
button (Start or WPS button)
4 Log into NBG-416N’s Web Configurator and press Push Button in the Network >
Wireless Client > WPS Station screen.
Note: Your NBG-416N has a WPS button located on its panel, as well as a WPS
button in its configuration utility. Both buttons have exactly the same function;
you can use one or the other.
Note: It doesn’t matter which button is pressed first. You must press the second
button within two minutes of pressing the first one.
The NBG-416N sends the proper configuration settings to the wireless client. This
may take up to two minutes. Then the wireless client is able to communicate with
the NBG-416N securely.Chapter 6 Tutorials
NBG-416N User’s Guide
The following figure shows you an example to set up wireless network and security
by pressing a button on both NBG-416N and wireless client (the NWD210N in this
Figure 30 Example WPS Process: PBC Method
6.2.1.2 PIN Configuration
When you use the PIN configuration method, you need to use both NBG-416N’s
configuration interface and the client’s utilities.
1 Launch your wireless client’s configuration utility. Go to the WPS settings and
select the PIN method to get a PIN number.
2 Enter the PIN number to the PIN field in the Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station screen on the NBG-416N.
3 Click the Start buttons (or button next to the PIN field) on both the wireless client
utility screen and the NBG-416N’s WPS Station screen within two minutes.
The NBG-416N authenticates the wireless client and sends the proper
configuration settings to the wireless client. This may take up to two minutes.
Then the wireless client is able to communicate with the NBG-416N securely.
The following figure shows you the example to set up wireless network and
security on NBG-416N and wireless client (ex. NWD210N in this example) by using
Figure 31 Example WPS Process: PIN Method
Authentication by PIN SECURITY INFO WITHIN 2 MINUTES Wireless Client
NBG-416N COMMUNICATIONChapter 6 Tutorials
NBG-416N User’s Guide
6.3 Enable and Configure Wireless Security
without WPS on your NBG-416N This example shows you how to configure wireless security settings with the
following parameters on your NBG-416N.
Follow the steps below to configure the wireless settings on your NBG-416N.
The instructions require that your hardware is connected (see the Quick Start
Guide) and you are logged into the Web Configurator through your LAN connection
(see Section 3.2 on page 25).
1 Open the Wireless LAN > General screen in the NBG-416N’s Web Configurator.
2 Make sure the Enable Wireless LAN check box is selected.
3 Enter SSID_Example3 as the SSID and select a channel.
4 Set security mode to WPA-PSK and enter ThisismyWPA-PSKpre-sharedkey in
the Pre-Shared Key field. Click Apply.
Figure 32 Tutorial: Network > Wireless LAN > General
5 Open the Status screen. Verify your wireless and wireless security settings under
Device Information and check if the WLAN connection is up under Interface
Figure 33 Tutorial: Status Screen
6.3.0.1 Configure Your Notebook
Note: We use the ZyXEL M-302 wireless adapter utility screens as an example for the
wireless client. The screens may vary for different models.
1 The NBG-416N supports IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g and IEEE 802.11n wireless
clients. Make sure that your notebook or computer’s wireless adapter supports
one of these standards.
2 Wireless adapters come with software sometimes called a “utility” that you install
on your computer. See your wireless adapter’s User’s Guide for information on
3 After you’ve installed the utility, open it. If you cannot see your utility’s icon on
your screen, go to Start > Programs and click on your utility in the list of
programs that appears. The utility displays a list of APs within range, as shown in
the example screen below.Chapter 6 Tutorials
NBG-416N User’s Guide
4 Select SSID_Example3 and click Connect.
Figure 34 Connecting a Wireless Client to a Wireless Network t
5 Select WPA-PSK and type the security key in the following screen. Click Next.
Figure 35 Security Settings
6 The Confirm Save window appears. Check your settings and click Save to
7 Check the status of your wireless connection in the screen below. If your wireless
connection is weak or you have no connection, see the Troubleshooting section of
Figure 37 Link Status
If your connection is successful, open your Internet browser and enter http://
www.zyxel.com or the URL of any other web site in the address bar. If you are able
to access the web site, your wireless connection is successfully configured.65
PART II Technical Reference66NBG-416N User’s Guide 67
7.1 Overview This chapter discusses how to configure the wireless network settings in your NBG-416N. See the appendices for more detailed information about wireless networks.The following figure provides an example of a wireless network.Figure 38 Example of a Wireless NetworkThe wireless network is the part in the blue circle. In this wireless network, devices A and B are called wireless clients. The wireless clients use the access
point (AP) to interact with other devices (such as the printer) or with the Internet.
Your NBG-416N is the AP.Chapter 7 Wireless LAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
•Use the General screen to enable the Wireless LAN, enter the SSID and select
the wireless security mode (Section 7.4 on page 71).
•Use the MAC Filter screen to allow or deny wireless stations based on their
MAC addresses from connecting to the NBG-416N (Section 7.5 on page 76).
•Use the Advanced screen to allow intra-BSS networking and set the RTS/CTS Threshold (Section 7.6 on page 77).
•Use the QoS screen to enable Wifi MultiMedia Quality of Service (WMMQoS).
This allows the NBG-416N to automatically set priority levels to services, such
as e-mail, VoIP, chat, and so on (Section 7.7 on page 79).
•Use the WPS screen to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security,
without having to configure security settings manually (Section 7.8 on page 80).
•Use the WPS Station screen to add a wireless station using WPS (Section 7.9
•Use the Scheduling screen to set the times your wireless LAN is turned on and
off (Section 7.10 on page 81).
7.3 What You Should Know
Every wireless network must follow these basic guidelines.
• Every wireless client in the same wireless network must use the same SSID.
The SSID is the name of the wireless network. It stands for Service Set IDentity.
• If two wireless networks overlap, they should use different channels.
Like radio stations or television channels, each wireless network uses a specific
channel, or frequency, to send and receive information.
• Every wireless client in the same wireless network must use security compatible
Security stops unauthorized devices from using the wireless network. It can also
protect the information that is sent in the wireless network.
7.3.1 Wireless Security Overview
The following sections introduce different types of wireless security you can set up
in the wireless network.
7.3.1.1 SSID Normally, the AP acts like a beacon and regularly broadcasts the SSID in the area.
You can hide the SSID instead, in which case the AP does not broadcast the SSID.Chapter 7 Wireless LAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
In addition, you should change the default SSID to something that is difficult to
This type of security is fairly weak, however, because there are ways for
unauthorized devices to get the SSID. In addition, unauthorized devices can still
see the information that is sent in the wireless network.
7.3.1.2 MAC Address Filter
Every wireless client has a unique identification number, called a MAC address.
A MAC address is usually written using twelve hexadecimal characters
example, 00A0C5000002 or 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. To get the MAC address for each
wireless client, see the appropriate User’s Guide or other documentation.
You can use the MAC address filter to tell the AP which wireless clients are allowed
or not allowed to use the wireless network. If a wireless client is allowed to use the
wireless network, it still has to have the correct settings (SSID, channel, and
security). If a wireless client is not allowed to use the wireless network, it does not
matter if it has the correct settings.
This type of security does not protect the information that is sent in the wireless
network. Furthermore, there are ways for unauthorized devices to get the MAC
address of an authorized wireless client. Then, they can use that MAC address to
use the wireless network.
7.3.1.3 User Authentication
You can make every user log in to the wireless network before they can use it.
This is called user authentication. However, every wireless client in the wireless
network has to support IEEE 802.1x to do this.
For wireless networks, there are two typical places to store the user names and
passwords for each user.
• In the AP: this feature is called a local user database or a local database.
• In a RADIUS server: this is a server used in businesses more than in homes.
If your AP does not provide a local user database and if you do not have a RADIUS
server, you cannot set up user names and passwords for your users.
Unauthorized devices can still see the information that is sent in the wireless
network, even if they cannot use the wireless network. Furthermore, there are
ways for unauthorized wireless users to get a valid user name and password.
Then, they can use that user name and password to use the wireless network.
1. Some wireless devices, such as scanners, can detect wireless networks but cannot use wireless networks.
These kinds of wireless devices might not have MAC addresses.
2. Hexadecimal characters are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.Chapter 7 Wireless LAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
Local user databases also have an additional limitation that is explained in the
Wireless networks can use encryption to protect the information that is sent in the
wireless network. Encryption is like a secret code. If you do not know the secret
code, you cannot understand the message.
The types of encryption you can choose depend on the type of user
authentication. (See Section 7.3.1.3 on page 69 for information.)
For example, if users do not log in to the wireless network, you can choose no
encryption, Static WEP, WPA-PSK, or WPA2-PSK.
Usually, you should set up the strongest encryption that every wireless client in
the wireless network supports. Suppose the wireless network has two wireless
clients. Device A only supports WEP, and device B supports WEP and WPA.
Therefore, you should set up Static WEP in the wireless network.
Note: It is recommended that wireless networks use WPA-PSK, WPA, or stronger
encryption. IEEE 802.1x and WEP encryption are better than none at all, but it
is still possible for unauthorized devices to figure out the original information
Note: It is not possible to use WPA-PSK, WPA or stronger encryption with a local user
database. In this case, it is better to set up stronger encryption with no
authentication than to set up weaker encryption with the local user database.
When you select WPA2 or WPA2-PSK in your NBG-416N, you can also select an
option (WPA Compatible) to support WPA as well. In this case, if some wireless
clients support WPA and some support WPA2, you should set up WPA2-PSK or
WPA2 (depending on the type of wireless network login) and select the WPA Compatible option in the NBG-416N.
Many types of encryption use a key to protect the information in the wireless
network. The longer the key, the stronger the encryption. Every wireless client in
the wireless network must have the same key.
Table 22 Types of Encryption for Each Type of Authentication
NO AUTHENTICATION Weakest No Security
Static WEP WPA-PSK Strongest WPA2-PSKChapter 7 Wireless LAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
7.3.1.5 WPS WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) is an industry standard specification, defined by the
WiFi Alliance. WPS allows you to quickly set up a wireless network with strong
security, without having to configure security settings manually. Depending on the
devices in your network, you can either press a button (on the device itself, or in
its configuration utility) or enter a PIN (Personal Identification Number) in the
devices. Then, they connect and set up a secure network by themselves. See how
to set up a secure wireless network using WPS in the Section 6.2.1 on page 57.
7.4 General Wireless LAN Screen
Use this screen to enable the Wireless LAN, enter the SSID and select the wireless
Note: If you are configuring the NBG-416N from a computer connected to the wireless
LAN and you change the NBG-416N’s SSID, channel or security settings, you
will lose your wireless connection when you press Apply to confirm. You must
then change the wireless settings of your computer to match the NBG-416N’s
Click Network > Wireless LAN to open the General screen.
Figure 39 Network > Wireless LAN > GeneralChapter 7 Wireless LAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
The following table describes the general wireless LAN labels in this screen.
See the rest of this chapter for information on the other labels in this screen.
Select No Security to allow wireless stations to communicate with the access
points without any data encryption.
Table 23 Network > Wireless LAN > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION Enable
Wireless LAN Click the check box to activate wireless LAN.
Name(SSID) (Service Set IDentity) The SSID identifies the Service Set with which a
wireless station is associated. Wireless stations associating to the access
point (AP) must have the same SSID. Enter a descriptive name (up to 32
printable 7-bit ASCII characters) for the wireless LAN.
Hide SSID Select this check box to hide the SSID in the outgoing beacon frame so a
station cannot obtain the SSID through scanning using a site survey tool.
Set the operating frequency/channel depending on your particular region.
Select a channel from the drop-down list box. The options vary depending
on the frequency band and the country you are in.
Refer to the Connection Wizard chapter for more information on channels.
This option is only available if Auto Channel Selection is disabled.
Select this check box for the NBG-416N to automatically choose the
channel with the least interference. Deselect this check box if you wish to
manually select the channel using the Channel Section field.
This displays the channel the NBG-416N is currently using.
Select whether the NBG-416N uses a wireless channel width of 20MHz or
Auto 20/40MHz. A standard 20MHz channel offers transfer speeds of up
to 150Mbps whereas a 40MHz channel uses two standard channels and
offers speeds of up to 300 Mbps. Because not all devices support 40MHz
channels, select Auto 20/40MHz to allow the NBG-416N to adjust the
channel bandwidth automatically.
Select WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK to add security on this wireless network.
The wireless clients which want to associate to this network must have
same wireless security settings as this device. After you select to use a
security, additional options appears in this screen. See 7.4.2 and 7.4.3
sections. Or you can select No Security to allow any client to associate
this network without authentication.
Note: If you enable the WPS function, only No Security, WPA-PSK
and WPA2-PSK are available in this field.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-416N.
Reset Click Reset to reload the previous configuration for this screen.Chapter 7 Wireless LAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
Note: If you do not enable any wireless security on your NBG-416N, your network is
accessible to any wireless networking device that is within range.
Figure 40 Network > Wireless LAN > General: No Security
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
7.4.2 WEP Encryption
WEP encryption scrambles the data transmitted between the wireless stations and
the access points to keep network communications private. It encrypts unicast
and multicast communications in a network. Both the wireless stations and the
access points must use the same WEP key.
Your NBG-416N allows you to configure up to four 64-bit or 128-bit WEP keys but
only one key can be enabled at any one time.
Table 24 Network > Wireless LAN > General: No Security
LABEL DESCRIPTION Security
Choose No Security from the drop-down list box.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-416N.
Reset Click Reset to reload the previous configuration for this screen.Chapter 7 Wireless LAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
In order to configure and enable WEP encryption; click Network > Wireless LAN
to display the General screen. Select Static WEP from the Security Mode list.
Figure 41 Network > Wireless LAN > General: Static WEP The following table describes the wireless LAN security labels in this screen.
Table 25 Network > Wireless LAN > General: Static WEP LABEL DESCRIPTION Security Mode Choose Static WEP from the drop-down list box.
Select Auto, Open System or Shared Key from the drop-down list
This field specifies whether the wireless clients have to provide the WEP
key to login to the wireless client. Keep this setting at Auto or Open
System unless you want to force a key verification before
communication between the wireless client and the ZyXEL Device
occurs. Select Shared Key to force the clients to provide the WEP key
prior to communication.
ASCII Select this option in order to enter ASCII characters as WEP key.
Hex Select this option in order to enter hexadecimal characters as a WEP
The preceding "0x", that identifies a hexadecimal key, is entered
Key 1 to Key 4 The WEP keys are used to encrypt data. Both the NBG-416N and the
wireless stations must use the same WEP key for data transmission.
If you chose 64-bit WEP, then enter any 5 ASCII characters or 10
hexadecimal characters ("0-9", "A-F").
You must configure at least one key, only one key can be activated at
any one time. The default key is key 1.Chapter 7 Wireless LAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
7.4.3 WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK Click Network > Wireless LAN to display the General screen. Select WPA-PSK
or WPA2-PSK from the Security Mode list.
Figure 42 Network > Wireless LAN > General: WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-416N.
Reset Click Reset to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
Table 25 Network > Wireless LAN > General: Static WEP (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION Table 26 Network > Wireless LAN > General: WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK LABEL DESCRIPTION Security Mode Choose WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK from the drop-down list box.
This check box is available only when you select WPA2-PSK in the
Security Mode field.
Select the check box to have both WPA2 and WPA wireless clients be
able to communicate with the NBG-416N even when the NBG-416N is
Pre-Shared Key WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK uses a simple common password for
Type a pre-shared key from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII characters
(including spaces and symbols).
Type a pre-shared key less than 64 case-sensitive HEX characters ("0-
The Group Key Update Timer is the rate at which the AP (if using
WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK key management) or RADIUS server (if using
WPA/WPA2 key management) sends a new group key out to all
clients. The re-keying process is the WPA/WPA2 equivalent of
automatically changing the WEP key for an AP and all stations in a
WLAN on a periodic basis. Setting of the Group Key Update Timer is
also supported in WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK mode.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-416N.
Reset Click Reset to reload the previous configuration for this screen.Chapter 7 Wireless LAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
The MAC filter screen allows you to configure the NBG-416N to give exclusive
access to up to 16 devices (Allow) or exclude up to 16 devices from accessing the
NBG-416N (Deny). Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access
Control) address. The MAC address is assigned at the factory and consists of six
pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example, 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. You need to
know the MAC address of the devices to configure this screen.
To change your NBG-416N’s MAC filter settings, click Network > Wireless LAN >
MAC Filter. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 43 Network > Wireless LAN > MAC Filter
The following table describes the labels in this menu.
Table 27 Network > Wireless LAN > MAC Filter
LABEL DESCRIPTION Active Select Yes from the drop down list box to enable MAC address filtering.
Filter Action Define the filter action for the list of MAC addresses in the MAC Address
Select Deny to block access to the NBG-416N, MAC addresses not listed will
be allowed to access the NBG-416N.
Select Allow to permit access to the NBG-416N, MAC addresses not listed
will be denied access to the NBG-416N.Chapter 7 Wireless LAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
7.6 Wireless LAN Advanced Screen
Use this screen to allow intra-BSS networking and set the RTS/CTS Threshold.
Click Network > Wireless LAN > Advanced. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 44 Network > Wireless LAN > Advanced
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Set This is the index number of the MAC address.
Enter the MAC addresses of the wireless station that are allowed or denied
access to the NBG-416N in these address fields. Enter the MAC addresses in
a valid MAC address format, that is, six hexadecimal character pairs, for
example, 12:34:56:78:9a:bc.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-416N.
Reset Click Reset to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
Table 27 Network > Wireless LAN > MAC Filter (continued)
Data with its frame size larger than this value will perform the RTS
(Request To Send)/CTS (Clear To Send) handshake.
Enter a value between 0 and 2347.Chapter 7 Wireless LAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
The threshold (number of bytes) for the fragmentation boundary for
directed messages. It is the maximum data fragment size that can be
sent. Enter an even number between 256 and 2346.
This field is not available when Super Mode is selected.
When a wirelessly networked device sends a beacon, it includes with it a
beacon interval. This specifies the time period before the device sends
the beacon again. The interval tells receiving devices on the network
how long they can wait in low-power mode before waking up to handle
the beacon. This value can be set from 20 to 1024 ms. A high value
helps save current consumption of the access point.
DTIM Period Delivery Traffic Indication Message (DTIM) is the time period after which
broadcast and multicast packets are transmitted to mobile clients in the
Active Power Management mode. A high DTIM value can cause clients to
lose connectivity with the network. This value can be set from 1 to 10.
Preamble Type A preamble affects the timing in your wireless network. There are two
preamble modes: long and short. If a device uses a different preamble
mode than the NBG-416N does, it cannot communicate with the NBG-
CTS Protection When set to None, the NBG-416N protects wireless communication
against interference.
Select Auto to let the NBG-416N determine whether to turn this feature
on or off in the current environment.
Tx Power This field controls the transmission power of the NBG-416N. When using
the NBG-416N with a notebook computer, select a lower transmission
power level when you are close to the AP in order to conserve battery
If you select Auto 20/40MHz as your Channel Bandwidth in the
Wireless LAN > General screen, the extension channel enables the
NBG-419N to get higher data throughput. This also lowers radio
interference and traffic.
Aggregation Select Enable to allow the grouping of several A-MSDUs (Aggregate
MAC Service Data Units) into one large A-MPDU (Aggregate MAC Protocol
Data Unit). This function allows faster data transfer rates.
Short GI Select Enable to use Short GI (Guard Interval). The guard interval is the
gap introduced between data transmission from users in order to reduce
interference. Reducing the GI increases data transfer rates but also
increases interference. Increasing the GI reduces data transfer rates but
also reduces interference.
A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between
wireless clients or between a wireless client and a wired network client
go through one access point (AP).
Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When
Intra-BSS is enabled, wireless client A and B can access the wired
network and communicate with each other. When Intra-BSS is disabled,
wireless client A and B can still access the wired network but cannot
communicate with each other.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes to the NBG-416N.
Reset Click Reset to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
Table 28 Network > Wireless LAN > Advanced (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTIONChapter 7 Wireless LAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
7.7 Quality of Service (QoS) Screen
Use the QoS screen to enable Wifi MultiMedia Quality of Service (WMMQoS). This
allows the NBG-416N to automatically set priority levels to services, such as e-
mail, VoIP, chat, and so on.
Click Network > Wireless LAN > QoS. The following screen appears.
Figure 45 Network > Wireless LAN > QoS The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 29 Network > Wireless LAN > QoS LABEL DESCRIPTION Enable WMM QoS Check this to have the NBG-416N automatically give a service a
priority level according to the ToS value in the IP header of packets
it sends. WMM QoS (Wifi MultiMedia Quality of Service) gives high
priority to voice and video, which makes them run more smoothly.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes to the NBG-416N.
Reset Click Reset to reload the previous configuration for this screen.Chapter 7 Wireless LAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
Use this screen to enable/disable WPS, view or generate a new PIN number and
check current WPS status. To open this screen, click Network > Wireless LAN >
Figure 46 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 30 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS LABEL DESCRIPTION WPS Setup
Enable WPS Select this to enable the WPS feature.
PIN Number This displays a PIN number last time system generated. Click Generate
to generate a new PIN number.
Status This displays Configured when the NBG-416N has connected to a
wireless network using WPS or when Enable WPS is selected and
wireless or wireless security settings have been changed. The current
wireless and wireless security settings also appear in the screen.
This displays Unconfigured if WPS is disabled and there are no
wireless or wireless security changes on the NBG-416N or you click
Release_Configuration to remove the configured wireless and
wireless security settings.
This button is only available when the WPS status displays Configured.
Click this button to remove all configured wireless and wireless security
settings for WPS connections on the NBG-416N.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-416N.
Refresh Click Refresh to get this screen information afresh.Chapter 7 Wireless LAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
7.9 WPS Station Screen
Use this screen when you want to add a wireless station using WPS. To open this
screen, click Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station tab.
Note: Note: After you click Push Button on this screen, you have to press a similar
button in the wireless station utility within 2 minutes. To add the second wireless
station, you have to press these buttons on both device and the wireless station
again after the first 2 minutes.
Figure 47 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
7.10 Scheduling Screen
Use this screen to set the times your wireless LAN is turned on and off. Wireless
LAN scheduling is disabled by default. The wireless LAN can be scheduled to turn
Table 31 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station
LABEL DESCRIPTION Push Button Use this button when you use the PBC (Push Button Configuration)
method to configure wireless stations’s wireless settings. See Section
Click this to start WPS-aware wireless station scanning and the wireless
Use this button when you use the PIN Configuration method to
configure wireless station’s wireless settings. See Section 6.2.1.2 on
Type the same PIN number generated in the wireless station’s utility.
Then click Start to associate to each other and perform the wireless
security information synchronization.Chapter 7 Wireless LAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
on or off on certain days and at certain times. To open this screen, click Network
> Wireless LAN > Scheduling tab.
Figure 48 Network > Wireless LAN > Scheduling
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
LABEL DESCRIPTION Enable Wireless
Select this to enable Wireless LAN scheduling.
Action Select On or Off to specify whether the Wireless LAN is turned on or off.
This field works in conjunction with the Day and Except for the
following times fields.
Day Select Everyday or the specific days to turn the Wireless LAN on or off.
If you select Everyday you can not select any specific days. This field
works in conjunction with the Except for the following times field.
Select a begin time using the first set of hour and minute (min) drop
down boxes and select an end time using the second set of hour and
minute (min) drop down boxes. If you have chosen On earlier for the
WLAN Status the Wireless LAN will turn off between the two times you
enter in these fields. If you have chosen Off earlier for the WLAN Status
the Wireless LAN will turn on between the two times you enter in these
Note: Entering the same begin time and end time will mean the
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-416N.
Reset Click Reset to reload the previous configuration for this screen.NBG-416N User’s Guide 83
This chapter discusses the NBG-416N’s WAN screens. Use these screens to configure your NBG-416N for Internet access.A WAN (Wide Area Network) connection is an outside connection to another network or the Internet. It connects your private networks (such as a LAN (Local Area Network) and other networks, so that a computer in one location can communicate with computers in other locations.Figure 49 LAN and WANSee the chapter about the connection wizard for more information on the fields in the WAN screens. 8.2 What You Need To Know
The information in this section can help you configure the screens for your WAN connection, as well as enable/disable some advanced features of your NBG-416N.Chapter 8 WAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
8.2.1 Configuring Your Internet Connection
Encapsulation Method
Encapsulation is used to include data from an upper layer protocol into a lower
layer protocol. To set up a WAN connection to the Internet, you need to use the
same encapsulation method used by your ISP (Internet Service Provider). If your
ISP offers a dial-up Internet connection using PPPoE (PPP over Ethernet) or PPTP
(Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol), they should also provide a username and
password (and service name) for user authentication.
The WAN IP address is an IP address for the NBG-416N, which makes it accessible
from an outside network. It is used by the NBG-416N to communicate with other
devices in other networks. It can be static (fixed) or dynamically assigned by the
ISP each time the NBG-416N tries to access the Internet.
If your ISP assigns you a static WAN IP address, they should also assign you the
subnet mask and DNS server IP address(es) (and a gateway IP address if you use
the Ethernet or ENET ENCAP encapsulation method).
DNS Server Address Assignment
Use Domain Name System (DNS) to map a domain name to its corresponding IP
address and vice versa, for instance, the IP address of www.zyxel.com is
204.217.0.2. The DNS server is extremely important because without it, you must
know the IP address of a computer before you can access it.
The NBG-416N can get the DNS server addresses in the following ways.
1 The ISP tells you the DNS server addresses, usually in the form of an information
sheet, when you sign up. If your ISP gives you DNS server addresses, manually
enter them in the DNS server fields.
2 If your ISP dynamically assigns the DNS server IP addresses (along with the NBG-
416N’s WAN IP address), set the DNS server fields to get the DNS server address
The MAC address screen allows users to configure the WAN port's MAC address by
either using the factory default or cloning the MAC address from a computer on
your LAN. Choose Factory Default to select the factory assigned default MAC Address.Chapter 8 WAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
Otherwise, click Clone the computer's MAC address - IP Address and enter
the IP address of the computer on the LAN whose MAC you are cloning. Once it is
successfully configured, the address will be copied to configuration file. It is
recommended that you clone the MAC address prior to hooking up the WAN Port.
8.3 Internet Connection
Use this screen to change your NBG-416N’s Internet access settings. Click
Network > WAN. The screen differs according to the encapsulation you choose.
8.3.1 Ethernet Encapsulation
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 33 Network > WAN > Internet Connection: Ethernet Encapsulation
LABEL DESCRIPTION ISP Parameters for Internet Access
Connection Type You must choose the Ethernet option when the WAN port is used as a
WAN IP Address Assignment
from ISP Select this option If your ISP did not assign you a fixed IP address. This
is the default selection.
Use fixed IP Address
Select this option If the ISP assigned a fixed IP address.
IP Address Enter your WAN IP address in this field if you selected Use Fixed IP Address.
Enter the IP Subnet Mask in this field.
Enter a Gateway IP Address (if your ISP gave you one) in this field.
MTU Auto Select Auto if you want to have the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)
automatically configured. Select Manual if you want to have enter the
MTU manually in the field below.
MTU Enter the MTU or the largest packet size per frame that your NBG-416N
can receive and process.
Select From ISP if your ISP dynamically assigns DNS server
information (and the NBG-416N’s WAN IP address). The field to the
right displays the (read-only) DNS server IP address that the ISP
Select User-Defined if you have the IP address of a DNS server. Enter
the primary and secondary DNS server's IP address in the fields to the
The MAC address section allows users to configure the WAN port's MAC
address by either using the NBG-416N’s MAC address, copying the MAC
address from a computer on your LAN or manually entering a MAC
address - IP Address
Select Clone the computer's MAC address - IP Address and enter
the IP address of the computer on the LAN whose MAC you are cloning.
Once it is successfully configured, the address will be copied to the rom
file. It will not change unless you change the setting or upload a
Select this option and enter the MAC address you want to use.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-416N.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.Chapter 8 WAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
The NBG-416N supports PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet). PPPoE is
an IETF standard (RFC 2516) specifying how a personal computer (PC) interacts
with a broadband modem (DSL, cable, wireless, etc.) connection. The PPP over
Ethernet option is for a dial-up connection using PPPoE.
For the service provider, PPPoE offers an access and authentication method that
works with existing access control systems (for example Radius).
One of the benefits of PPPoE is the ability to let you access one of multiple network
services, a function known as dynamic service selection. This enables the service
provider to easily create and offer new IP services for individuals.
Operationally, PPPoE saves significant effort for both you and the ISP or carrier, as
it requires no specific configuration of the broadband modem at the customer site.
By implementing PPPoE directly on the NBG-416N (rather than individual
computers), the computers on the LAN do not need PPPoE software installed,
since the NBG-416N does that part of the task. Furthermore, with NAT, all of the
LANs’ computers will have access.
This screen displays when you select PPPoE encapsulation.
Figure 51 Network > WAN > Internet Connection: PPPoE EncapsulationChapter 8 WAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
8.3.3 PPTP Encapsulation
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is a network protocol that enables secure
transfer of data from a remote client to a private server, creating a Virtual Private
Network (VPN) using TCP/IP-based networks.
Table 34 Network > WAN > Internet Connection: PPPoE Encapsulation
Select PPP over Ethernet if you connect to your Internet via dial-up.
Service Name Type the PPPoE service name provided to you. PPPoE uses a service
name to identify and reach the PPPoE server.
User Name Type the user name given to you by your ISP.
Password Type the password associated with the user name above.
Type your password again to make sure that you have entered is
MTU Size Enter the MTU or the largest packet size per frame that your NBG-416N
can receive and process.
Select Nailed-Up Connection if you do not want the connection to time
Idle Timeout This value specifies the time in minutes that elapses before the router
automatically disconnects from the PPPoE server.
Enter the primary and secondary DNS server's IP addresses.
If you do not configure a DNS server, you must know the IP address of a
computer in order to access it.
The MAC address section allows users to configure the WAN port's MAC
address by using the NBG-416N’s MAC address, copying the MAC
address from a computer on your LAN or manually entering a MAC
Select Clone the computer's MAC address - IP Address and enter
the IP address of the computer on the LAN whose MAC you are cloning.
Once it is successfully configured, the address will be copied to the rom
file. It will not change unless you change the setting or upload a
Select this option and enter the MAC address you want to use.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-416N.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.Chapter 8 WAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
PPTP supports on-demand, multi-protocol and virtual private networking over
public networks, such as the Internet.
This screen displays when you select PPTP encapsulation.
Figure 52 Network > WAN > Internet Connection: PPTP Encapsulation
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 35 Network > WAN > Internet Connection: PPTP Encapsulation
LABEL DESCRIPTION ISP Parameters for Internet Access
Connection Type Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is a network protocol that
enables secure transfer of data from a remote client to a private
server, creating a Virtual Private Network (VPN) using TCP/IP-based
networks. PPTP supports on-demand, multi-protocol, and virtual
private networking over public networks, such as the Internet. The
NBG-416N supports only one PPTP server connection at any given
To configure a PPTP client, you must configure the User Name and
Password fields for a PPP connection and the PPTP parameters for
User Name Type the user name given to you by your ISP.Chapter 8 WAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
Password Type the password associated with the User Name above.
Retype to Confirm Type your password again to make sure that you have entered
MTU Size Enter the MTU or the largest packet size per frame that your NBG-
416N can receive and process.
Select Nailed-Up Connection if you do not want the connection to
Idle Timeout This value specifies the time in minutes that elapses before the
NBG-416N automatically disconnects from the PPTP server.
Type the IP address of the PPTP server.
Type your identification name for the PPTP server.
from ISP Select this option If your ISP did not assign you a fixed IP address.
This is the default selection.
Use fixed IP Address
Select this option If the ISP assigned a fixed IP address.
Enter your WAN IP address in this field if you selected Use Fixed IP Address.
Your NBG-416N will automatically calculate the subnet mask based
on the IP address that you assign. Unless you are implementing
subnetting, use the subnet mask computed by the NBG-416N.
My IP Gateway Enter a Gateway IP Address (if your ISP gave you one) in this field.
Enter the primary and secondary DNS server's IP addresses.
If you do not configure a DNS server, you must know the IP address
of a computer in order to access it.
WAN MAC Address The MAC address section allows users to configure the WAN port's
MAC address by either using the NBG-416N’s MAC address, copying
the MAC address from a computer on your LAN or manually entering
address - IP Address
Select Clone the computer's MAC address - IP Address and
enter the IP address of the computer on the LAN whose MAC you
are cloning. Once it is successfully configured, the address will be
copied to the rom file. It will not change unless you change the
setting or upload a different ROM file.
Select this option and enter the MAC address you want to use.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-416N.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 35 Network > WAN > Internet Connection: PPTP Encapsulation (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTIONNBG-416N User’s Guide 91
This chapter describes how to configure LAN settings.A Local Area Network (LAN) is a shared communication system to which many computers are attached. A LAN is a computer network limited to the immediate area, usually the same building or floor of a building. The LAN screens can help you configure a LAN DHCP server, manage IP addresses, and partition your physical network into logical networks.Figure 53 LAN SetupThe LAN screens can help you configure a LAN DHCP server and manage IP addresses.Chapter 9 LAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
9.2 What You Need To Know
The actual physical connection determines whether the NBG-416N ports are LAN
or WAN ports. There are two separate IP networks, one inside the LAN network
and the other outside the WAN network as shown next.
Figure 54 LAN and WAN IP Addresses
The LAN parameters of the NBG-416N are preset in the factory with the following
• IP address of 192.168.1.1 with subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 (24 bits)
• DHCP server enabled with 32 client IP addresses starting from 192.168.1.33.
These parameters should work for the majority of installations. If your ISP gives
you explicit DNS server address(es), read the embedded Web Configurator help
regarding what fields need to be configured.
The NBG-416N is pre-configured with a pool of 32 IP addresses starting from
192.168.1.33 to 192.168.1.64. This configuration leaves 31 IP addresses
(excluding the NBG-416N itself) in the lower range (192.168.1.2 to 192.168.1.32)
for other server computers, for instance, servers for mail, FTP, TFTP, web, etc.,
Refer to Section 4.4.6 on page 44 for information on IP Address and Subnet Mask.
9.2.2 LAN TCP/IP The NBG-416N has built-in DHCP server capability that assigns IP addresses and
DNS servers to systems that support DHCP client capability.
Refer to the Section 4.4.7 on page 45 section for information on System DNS Servers.Chapter 9 LAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
Use this screen to change your basic LAN settings. Click Network > LAN.
Figure 55 Network > LAN > IP The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 36 Network > LAN > IP LABEL DESCRIPTION IP Address Type the IP address of your NBG-416N in dotted decimal notation
192.168.1.1 (factory default).
IP Subnet Mask The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP
address. Your NBG-416N will automatically calculate the subnet mask
based on the IP address that you assign. Unless you are implementing
subnetting, use the subnet mask computed by the NBG-416N.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-416N.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.Chapter 9 LAN NBG-416N User’s Guide
10.1 Overview DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows individual clients to obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. You can configure the NBG-416N’s LAN as a DHCP server or disable it. When configured as a server, the NBG-416N provides the TCP/IP configuration for the clients. If DHCP service is disabled, you must have another DHCP server on your LAN, or else the computer must be manually configured. 10.2 What You Can Do
•Use the General screen to enable the DHCP server (Section 10.4 on page 96).
•Use the Advanced screen to assign IP addresses on the LAN to specific
individual computers based on their MAC Addresses (Section 10.5 on page 96).
•Use the Client List screen to view the current DHCP client information (Section 10.6 on page 98). 10.3 What You Need To Know Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address is assigned at the factory and consists of six pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example, 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. Find out the MAC addresses of your network devices if you intend to add them to the DHCP Client List screen. Refer to Section 4.4.6 on page 44 for information on IP Address and Subnet Mask.
Refer to the Section 4.4.7 on page 45 section for information on System DNS Servers.Chapter 10 DHCP Server
following screen displays.
Figure 56 Network > DHCP Server > General
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
10.5 Advanced Screen
This screen allows you to assign IP addresses on the LAN to specific individual
computers based on their MAC addresses. You can also use this screen to
configure the DNS server information that the NBG-416N sends to the DHCP
Enable or Disable DHCP for LAN.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, RFC 2131 and RFC
2132) allows individual clients (computers) to obtain TCP/IP
configuration at startup from a server. Leave the Enable DHCP Server check box selected unless your ISP instructs you to do
otherwise. Clear it to disable the NBG-416N acting as a DHCP
server. When configured as a server, the NBG-416N provides TCP/IP
configuration for the clients. If not, DHCP service is disabled and
you must have another DHCP server on your LAN, or else the
computers must be manually configured. When set as a server, fill in
the following four fields.
This field specifies the first of the contiguous addresses in the IP
address pool for LAN.
Pool Size This field specifies the size, or count of the IP address pool for LAN.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-416N.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.Chapter 10 DHCP Server
> Advanced. The following screen displays.
Figure 57 Network > DHCP Server > Advanced
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 38 Network > DHCP Server > Advanced
LABEL DESCRIPTION Static DHCP Table
# This is the index number of the static IP table entry (row).
MAC Address Type the MAC address (with colons) of a computer on your LAN.
IP Address Type the LAN IP address of a computer on your LAN.
The NBG-416N passes a DNS (Domain Name System) server IP
address (in the order you specify here) to the DHCP clients. If you do
not configure the DNS server, the DHCP service is disabled and you
must have another DHCP sever on your LAN, or else the computers
must have their DNS server addresses manually configured.Chapter 10 DHCP Server
NBG-416N User’s Guide
10.6 Client List Screen
The DHCP table shows current DHCP client information (including IP Address,
Host Name and MAC Address) of network clients using the NBG-416N’s DHCP
Configure this screen to always assign an IP address to a MAC address (and host
name). Click Network > DHCP Server > Client List.
Note: You can also view a read-only client list by clicking the DHCP Table (Details...)
hyperlink in the Status screen.
The following screen displays.
Figure 58 Network > DHCP Server > Client List
Select User-Defined if you have the IP address of a DNS server.
Enter the DNS server's IP address in the field to the right. If you chose
User-Defined, but leave the IP address set to 0.0.0.0, User-Defined
changes to None after you click Apply. If you set a second choice to
User-Defined, and enter the same IP address, the second User-
Defined changes to None after you click Apply.
Select DNS Relay to have the NBG-416N act as a DNS proxy. The
NBG-416N's LAN IP address displays in the field to the right (read-
only). The NBG-416N tells the DHCP clients on the LAN that the NBG-
416N itself is the DNS server. When a computer on the LAN sends a
DNS query to the NBG-416N, the NBG-416N forwards the query to the
NBG-416N's system DNS server (configured in the WAN > Internet
Connection screen) and relays the response back to the computer.
You can only select DNS Relay for one of the three servers; if you
select DNS Relay for a second or third DNS server, that choice
changes to None after you click Apply.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-416N.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 38 Network > DHCP Server > Advanced (continued)
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 39 Network > DHCP Server > Client List
# This is the index number of the host computer.
IP Address This field displays the IP address relative to the # field listed above.
Host Name This field displays the computer host name.
MAC Address The MAC (Media Access Control) or Ethernet address on a LAN
(Local Area Network) is unique to your computer (six pairs of
hexadecimal notation).
A network interface card such as an Ethernet adapter has a
hardwired address that is assigned at the factory. This address
follows an industry standard that ensures no other adapter has a
Reserve Select this check box in the DHCP Setup section to have the NBG-
416N always assign the IP address(es) to the MAC address(es) (and
host name(s)). After you click Apply, the MAC address and IP
address also display in the Advanced screen (where you can edit
Apply Click Apply to save your settings.
11.1 Overview This chapter discusses how to configure NAT on the NBG-416N.NAT (Network Address Translation - NAT, RFC 1631) is the translation of the IP address of a host in a packet. For example, the source address of an outgoing packet, used within one network is changed to a different IP address known within another network.Each packet has two addresses – a source address and a destination address. For outgoing packets, NAT maps private (local) IP addresses to globally unique ones required for communication with hosts on other networks. It replaces the original IP source address in each packet and then forwards it to the Internet. The NBG-416N keeps track of the original addresses and port numbers so incoming reply packets can have their original values restored. The following figure illustrates this.Figure 59 NAT Example A: 192.168.1.33B: 192.168.1.34C: 192.168.1.35IP address 192.168.1.1WANLANassigned by ISPFTP, Telnet, SNMPPort 80Ports 21 to 25Chapter 11 Network Address Translation (NAT)
NBG-416N User’s Guide
For more information on IP address translation, refer to RFC 1631, The IP Network
Address Translator (NAT).
Note: You must create a firewall rule in addition to setting up NAT, to allow traffic from
the WAN to be forwarded through the NBG-416N.
11.2 What You Can Do
•Use the General screen to enable NAT and set a default server (Section 11.3 on
•Use the Application screen to change your NBG-416N’s port forwarding
settings (Section 11.4 on page 105).
11.2.1 What You Need To Know
The following terms and concepts may help as you read through this chapter.
This denotes where a host is located relative to the NBG-416N, for example, the
computers of your subscribers are the inside hosts, while the web servers on the
Internet are the outside hosts.
This denotes the IP address of a host in a packet as the packet traverses a router,
for example, the local address refers to the IP address of a host when the packet
is in the local network, while the global address refers to the IP address of the
host when the same packet is traveling in the WAN side.
Note: Inside/outside refers to the location of a host, while global/local refers to the IP
address of a host used in a packet.
An inside local address (ILA) is the IP address of an inside host in a packet when
the packet is still in the local network, while an inside global address (IGA) is the
IP address of the same inside host when the packet is on the WAN side. The
following table summarizes this information.
Table 40 NAT Definitions
ITEM DESCRIPTION Inside This refers to the host on the LAN.Outside This refers to the host on the WAN.Chapter 11 Network Address Translation (NAT)
NBG-416N User’s Guide
Note: NAT never changes the IP address (either local or global) of an outside host.
In the simplest form, NAT changes the source IP address in a packet received from
a subscriber (the inside local address) to another (the inside global address)
before forwarding the packet to the WAN side. When the response comes back,
NAT translates the destination address (the inside global address) back to the
inside local address before forwarding it to the original inside host. Note that the
IP address (either local or global) of an outside host is never changed.
The global IP addresses for the inside hosts can be either static or dynamically
assigned by the ISP. In addition, you can designate servers, for example, a web
server and a telnet server, on your local network and make them accessible to the
outside world. If you do not define any servers , NAT offers the additional benefit
of firewall protection. With no servers defined, your NBG-416N filters out all
incoming inquiries, thus preventing intruders from probing your network. For
more information on IP address translation, refer to RFC 1631, The IP Network
Address Translator (NAT).
Each packet has two addresses – a source address and a destination address. For
outgoing packets, the ILA (Inside Local Address) is the source address on the LAN,
and the IGA (Inside Global Address) is the source address on the WAN. For
incoming packets, the ILA is the destination address on the LAN, and the IGA is
the destination address on the WAN. NAT maps private (local) IP addresses to
globally unique ones required for communication with hosts on other networks. It
replaces the original IP source address in each packet and then forwards it to the
Internet. The NBG-416N keeps track of the original addresses and port numbers
Local This refers to the packet address
(source or destination) as the
packet travels on the LAN.
Global This refers to the packet address
(source or destination) as the
packet travels on the WAN.
Table 40 NAT Definitions (continued)
ITEM DESCRIPTIONChapter 11 Network Address Translation (NAT)
NBG-416N User’s Guide
so incoming reply packets can have their original values restored. The following
figure illustrates this.
Figure 60 How NAT Works
11.3 General NAT Screen
Use this screen to enable NAT and set a default server. Click Network > NAT to
open the General screen.
Figure 61 Network > NAT > General
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Network Address Translation (NAT) allows the translation of an Internet
protocol address used within one network (for example a private IP
address used in a local network) to a different IP address known within
another network (for example a public IP address used on the Internet).
Select the check box to enable NAT.
11.4 NAT Application Screen
Use the Application screen to forward incoming service requests to the server(s)
on your local network. You may enter a single port number or a range of port
numbers to be forwarded, and the local IP address of the desired server. The port
number identifies a service; for example, web service is on port 80 and FTP on
port 21. In some cases, such as for unknown services or where one server can
support more than one service (for example both FTP and web service), it might
be better to specify a range of port numbers.
In addition to the servers for specified services, NAT supports a default server. A
service request that does not have a server explicitly designated for it is forwarded
to the default server. If the default is not defined, the service request is simply
Note: Many residential broadband ISP accounts do not allow you to run any server
processes (such as a Web or FTP server) from your location. Your ISP may
periodically check for servers and may suspend your account if it discovers any
active services at your location. If you are unsure, refer to your ISP.
Port forwarding allows you to define the local servers to which the incoming
services will be forwarded. To change your NBG-416N’s port forwarding settings,
click Network > NAT > Application. The screen appears as shown.
Note: If you do not assign a Default Server IP address in the NAT > General screen,
the NBG-416N discards all packets received for ports that are not specified in
this screen or remote management.
In addition to the servers for specified services, NAT supports a default
server. A default server receives packets from ports that are not
specified in the Application screen.
If you do not assign a Default Server IP address, the NBG-416N
discards all packets received for ports that are not specified in the
Application screen or remote management.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-416N.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 41 Network > NAT > General (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTIONChapter 11 Network Address Translation (NAT)
NBG-416N User’s Guide
Refer to Appendix E on page 205 for port numbers commonly used for particular
Figure 62 Network > NAT > Application
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 42 Network > NAT > Application
LABEL DESCRIPTION Add Application Rule
Active Select the check box to enable this rule and the requested service can
be forwarded to the host with a specified internal IP address.
Clear the checkbox to disallow forwarding of these ports to an inside
server without having to delete the entry.
Service Name Type a name (of up to 31 printable characters) to identify this rule in
the first field next to Service Name. Otherwise, select a predefined
service in the second field next to Service Name. The predefined
service name and port number(s) will display in the Service Name and
Type a port number(s) to be forwarded.
To specify a range of ports, enter a hyphen (-) between the first port
and the last port, such as 10-20.
To specify two or more non-consecutive port numbers, separate them
by a comma without spaces, such as 123,567.
Type the inside IP address of the server that receives packets from the
port(s) specified in the Port field.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes to the Application Rules Summary
11.5 Technical Reference
The following section contains additional technical information about the NBG-
416N features described in this chapter.
11.5.1 NAT Port Forwarding: Services and Port Numbers
A port forwarding set is a list of inside (behind NAT on the LAN) servers, for
example, web or FTP, that you can make accessible to the outside world even
though NAT makes your whole inside network appear as a single machine to the
Use the Application screen to forward incoming service requests to the server(s)
on your local network. You may enter a single port number or a range of port
numbers to be forwarded, and the local IP address of the desired server. The port
number identifies a service; for example, web service is on port 80 and FTP on
port 21. In some cases, such as for unknown services or where one server can
support more than one service (for example both FTP and web service), it might
be better to specify a range of port numbers.
In addition to the servers for specified services, NAT supports a default server. A
service request that does not have a server explicitly designated for it is forwarded
Reset Click Reset to not save and return your new changes in the Service
Name and Port fields to the previous one.
Application Rules Summary
# This is the number of an individual port forwarding server entry.
Active This icon is turned on when the rule is enabled.
Name This field displays a name to identify this rule.
This field displays the inside IP address of the server.
Modify Click the Edit icon to display and modify an existing rule setting in the
fields under Add Application Rule.
Click the Remove icon to delete a rule.
Table 42 Network > NAT > Application (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTIONChapter 11 Network Address Translation (NAT)
NBG-416N User’s Guide
to the default server. If the default is not defined, the service request is simply
Note: Many residential broadband ISP accounts do not allow you to run any server
processes (such as a Web or FTP server) from your location. Your ISP may
periodically check for servers and may suspend your account if it discovers any
active services at your location. If you are unsure, refer to your ISP.
11.5.2 NAT Port Forwarding Example
Let's say you want to assign ports 21-25 to one FTP, Telnet and SMTP server (A in
the example), port 80 to another (B in the example) and assign a default server IP
address of 192.168.1.35 to a third (C in the example). You assign the LAN IP
addresses and the ISP assigns the WAN IP address. The NAT network appears as a
single host on the Internet.
Figure 63 Multiple Servers Behind NAT ExampleNBG-416N User’s Guide 109
12.1 Overview Use these screens to enable and configure the firewall that protects your NBG-416N and your LAN from unwanted or malicious traffic.Enable the firewall to protect your LAN computers from attacks by hackers on the Internet and control access between the LAN and WAN. By default the firewall:• allows traffic that originates from your LAN computers to go to all of the networks. • blocks traffic that originates on the other networks from going to the LAN. The following figure illustrates the default firewall action. User A can initiate an IM
(Instant Messaging) session from the LAN to the WAN (1). Return traffic for this
session is also allowed (2). However other traffic initiated from the WAN is blocked
(3 and 4). Figure 64 Default Firewall Action 12.2 What You Can Do
•Use the Services screen to enable or disable ICMP and VPN passthrough
features (Section 12.5 on page 111).
12.3 What You Need To Know
The NBG-416N’s firewall feature physically separates the LAN and the WAN and
acts as a secure gateway for all data passing between the networks.
12.3.1 About the NBG-416N Firewall
The NBG-416N firewall is a stateful inspection firewall and is designed to protect
against Denial of Service attacks when activated (click the General tab under
Firewall and then click the Enable Firewall check box). The NBG-416N's
purpose is to allow a private Local Area Network (LAN) to be securely connected to
the Internet. The NBG-416N can be used to prevent theft, destruction and
modification of data, as well as log events, which may be important to the security
The NBG-416N is installed between the LAN and a broadband modem connecting
to the Internet. This allows it to act as a secure gateway for all data passing
between the Internet and the LAN.
The NBG-416N has one Ethernet WAN port and four Ethernet LAN ports, which are
used to physically separate the network into two areas.The WAN (Wide Area
Network) port attaches to the broadband (cable or DSL) modem to the Internet.
The LAN (Local Area Network) port attaches to a network of computers, which
needs security from the outside world. These computers will have access to
Internet services such as e-mail, FTP and the World Wide Web. However, "inbound
access" is not allowed (by default) unless the remote host is authorized to use a
12.3.2 VPN Pass Through Features
A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a way to securely connect two networks over
the Internet. For example a home network and one in a business office. This
requires special equipment on both ends of the connection.
The NBG-416N is not one of the endpoints but it does allow traffic from those
endpoints to pass through. The NBG-416N allows the following types of VPN traffic
12.4 General Firewall Screen
Use this screen to enable or disable the NBG-416N’s firewall, and set up firewall
logs. Click Security > Firewall to open the General screen.
Figure 65 Security > Firewall > General
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
12.5 Services Screen
Use the Services screen to enable or disable ICMP and VPN passthrough features.
Click Security > Firewall > Services. The screen appears as shown next.
Figure 66 Security > Firewall > Services
Table 43 Security > Firewall > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION Enable Firewall Select this check box to activate the firewall. The NBG-416N performs
access control and protects against Denial of Service (DoS) attacks
when the firewall is activated.
Apply Click Apply to save the settings.
Reset Click Reset to start configuring this screen again.Chapter 12 Firewall
NBG-416N User’s Guide
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 44 Security > Firewall > Services
LABEL DESCRIPTION ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol is a message control and error-
reporting protocol between a host server and a gateway to the Internet.
ICMP uses Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams, but the messages are
processed by the TCP/IP software and directly apparent to the
on WAN The NBG-416N will not respond to any incoming Ping requests when
Disable is selected. Select Enable to reply to incoming WAN Ping
Select the checkbox to enable the advanced pass through features:
• PPTP Passthrough: Select this option to allow the NBG-416N to
pass through VPN traffic using PPTP.
• L2TP Passthrough: Select this option to enable computers on your
LAN to make L2TP VPN connections to servers on the Internet.
• IPSEC Passthrough: Select this option to allow the NBG-416N to
pass through VPN traffic using the IPsec protocol.
Apply Click Apply to save the settings.
Reset Click Reset to start configuring this screen again.NBG-416N User’s Guide 113
This chapter provides information on the Remote Management screens. Remote management allows you to determine which services/protocols can access which NBG-416N interface (if any) from which computers.You may manage your NBG-416N from a remote location via:Note: When you configure remote management to allow management from the LAN and WAN in the options above, you still need to configure a firewall rule to allow access. See the firewall chapters for details on configuring firewall rules. 13.2 What You Need To Know •LAN only •LAN and WANChapter 13 Remote Management
13.2.1 Remote Management Limitations
Remote management over LAN or WAN will not work when:
1 You have disabled that service in one of the remote management screens.
2 The IP address in the Secured Client IP Address field does not match the client
IP address. If it does not match, the NBG-416N will disconnect the session
3 There is already another remote management session with an equal or higher
priority running. You may only have one remote management session running at
4 There is a firewall rule that blocks it.
13.2.2 Remote Management and NAT When NAT is enabled:
• Use the NBG-416N’s WAN IP address when configuring from the WAN.
• Use the NBG-416N’s LAN IP address when configuring from the LAN.
13.2.3 System Timeout
There is a default system management idle timeout of five minutes (three
hundred seconds). The NBG-416N automatically logs you out if the management
session remains idle for longer than this timeout period. The management session
does not time out when a statistics screen is polling. You can change the timeout
period in the System screen.Chapter 13 Remote Management
NBG-416N User’s Guide
Figure 67 Management > Remote MGMT > WWW The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 45 Management > Remote MGMT > WWW LABEL DESCRIPTION Server Port You may change the server port number for a service if needed,
however you must use the same port number in order to use that
service for remote management.
Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the
NBG-416N using this service.
Secured Client IP Address
A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to
communicate with the NBG-416N using this service.
Select All to allow any computer to access the NBG-416N using
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address
that you specify to access the NBG-416N using this service.
Note: This only applies on WAN IP.
Apply Click Apply to save your customized settings and exit this screen.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.Chapter 13 Remote Management
14.1 Overview This chapter introduces the UPnP feature in the Web Configurator.Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) is a distributed, open networking standard that uses TCP/IP for simple peer-to-peer network connectivity between devices. A UPnP device can dynamically join a network, obtain an IP address, convey its capabilities and learn about other devices on the network. In turn, a device can leave a network smoothly and automatically when it is no longer in use. 14.2 What You Need to Know How do I know if I'm using UPnP? UPnP hardware is identified as an icon in the Network Connections folder (Windows XP). Each UPnP compatible device installed on your network will appear as a separate icon. Selecting the icon of a UPnP device will allow you to access the information and properties of that device. NAT TraversalUPnP NAT traversal automates the process of allowing an application to operate through NAT. UPnP network devices can automatically configure network addressing, announce their presence in the network to other UPnP devices and enable exchange of simple product and service descriptions. NAT traversal allows the following:• Dynamic port mapping• Learning public IP addresses• Assigning lease times to mappingsWindows Messenger is an example of an application that supports NAT traversal and UPnP.Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)
NBG-416N User’s Guide
See the NAT chapter for more information on NAT.
Cautions with UPnP The automated nature of NAT traversal applications in establishing their own
services and opening firewall ports may present network security issues. Network
information and configuration may also be obtained and modified by users in some
network environments.
When a UPnP device joins a network, it announces its presence with a multicast
message. For security reasons, the NBG-416N allows multicast messages on the
All UPnP-enabled devices may communicate freely with each other without
additional configuration. Disable UPnP if this is not your intention.
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
The sections show examples of using UPnP.
14.4.1 Using UPnP in Windows XP Example
This section shows you how to use the UPnP feature in Windows XP. You must
already have UPnP installed in Windows XP and UPnP activated on the NBG-416N.
Make sure the computer is connected to a LAN port of the NBG-416N. Turn on
your computer and the NBG-416N.
14.4.1.1 Auto-discover Your UPnP-enabled Network Device
1 Click start and Control Panel. Double-click Network Connections. An icon
displays under Internet Gateway.
Table 46 Management > UPnP > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION Enable the Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) FeatureSelect this check box to activate UPnP. Be aware that anyone could use a UPnP application to open the Web Configurator's login screen without entering the NBG-416N's IP address (although you must still enter the password to access the Web Configurator).Allow users to make port forwarding changes through UPnPSelect this check box to allow UPnP-enabled applications to automatically configure the NBG-416N so that they can communicate through the NBG-416N, for example by using NAT traversal, UPnP applications automatically reserve a NAT forwarding port in order to communicate with another UPnP enabled device; this eliminates the need to manually configure port forwarding for the UPnP enabled application. Apply Click Apply to save the setting to the NBG-416N.
NBG-416N User’s Guide
2 Right-click the icon and select Properties.
Figure 69 Network Connections
3 In the Internet Connection Properties window, click Settings to see the port
mappings there were automatically created.
Figure 70 Internet Connection PropertiesChapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)
NBG-416N User’s Guide
4 You may edit or delete the port mappings or click Add to manually add port
Figure 71 Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings
Figure 72 Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings: Add
Note: When the UPnP-enabled device is disconnected from your computer, all port
mappings will be deleted automatically.
5 Select Show icon in notification area when connected option and click OK.
An icon displays in the system tray.
Figure 73 System Tray IconChapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)
NBG-416N User’s Guide
6 Double-click on the icon to display your current Internet connection status.
Figure 74 Internet Connection Status
14.4.2 Web Configurator Easy Access
With UPnP, you can access the web-based configurator on the NBG-416N without
finding out the IP address of the NBG-416N first. This comes helpful if you do not
know the IP address of the NBG-416N.
Follow the steps below to access the Web Configurator.
1 Click Start and then Control Panel.
2 Double-click Network Connections.Chapter 14 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)
NBG-416N User’s Guide
3 Select My Network Places under Other Places.
Figure 75 Network Connections
4 An icon with the description for each UPnP-enabled device displays under Local
15.1 Overview This chapter provides information on the System screens. See the chapter about wizard setup for more information on the next few screens. 15.2 What You Can Do
•Use the General screen to enter a name to identify the NBG-416N in the
network and set the password (Section 15.3 on page 125).
•Use the Time Setting screen to change your NBG-416N’s time and date (Section 15.4 on page 127). 15.3 System General Screen Use this screen to enter a name to identify the NBG-416N in the network and set the password. Click Maintenance > System. The following screen displays. Figure 77 Maintenance > System > GeneralChapter 15 System
NBG-416N User’s Guide
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 47 Maintenance > System > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION System Setup
System Name System Name is a unique name to identify the NBG-416N in an
Ethernet network. It is recommended you enter your computer’s
“Computer name” in this field (see the chapter about wizard setup for
how to find your computer’s name).
This name can be up to 30 alphanumeric characters long. Spaces are
not allowed, but dashes “-” and underscores "_" are accepted.
Domain Name Enter the domain name (if you know it) here. If you leave this field
blank, the ISP may assign a domain name via DHCP.
The domain name entered by you is given priority over the ISP
assigned domain name.
Type how many minutes a management session can be left idle before
the session times out. The default is 5 minutes. After it times out you
have to log in with your password again. Very long idle timeouts may
have security risks. A value of "0" means a management session never
times out, no matter how long it has been left idle (not
Password Setup Change your NBG-416N’s password (recommended) using the fields as
Old Password Type the default password or the existing password you use to access
the system in this field.
New Password Type your new system password (up to 30 characters). Note that as
you type a password, the screen displays an asterisk (*) for each
Type the new password again in this field.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-416N.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.Chapter 15 System
15.4 Time Setting Screen
To change your NBG-416N’s time and date, click Maintenance > System > Time
Setting. The screen appears as shown. Use this screen to configure the NBG-
416N’s time based on your local time zone.
Figure 78 Maintenance > System > Time Setting
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 48 Maintenance > System > Time Setting
LABEL DESCRIPTION Current Time and Date
Current Time This field displays the time of your NBG-416N.
Each time you reload this page, the NBG-416N synchronizes the time
with the time server.
Current Date This field displays the date of your NBG-416N.
Each time you reload this page, the NBG-416N synchronizes the date
with the time server.
Manual Select this radio button to enter the time and date manually. If you
configure a new time and date, Time Zone and Daylight Saving at the
same time, the new time and date you entered has priority and the
Time Zone and Daylight Saving settings do not affect it.
Click this to copy the time settings of your computer into the NBG-
This field displays the last updated time from the time server or the
last time configured manually.
When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new time
in this field and then click Apply.
This field displays the last updated date from the time server or the
last date configured manually.
When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new date
in this field and then click Apply.
Select this radio button to have the NBG-416N get the time and date
from the time server you specified below.
Auto Select Auto to have the NBG-416N automatically search for an
available time server and synchronize the date and time with the time
server after you click Apply.
Select User Defined Time Server Address and enter the IP
address or URL (up to 20 extended ASCII characters in length) of
your time server. Check with your ISP/network administrator if you
are unsure of this information.
Time Zone Choose the time zone of your location. This will set the time
difference between your time zone and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
Daylight Savings Daylight saving is a period from late spring to early fall when many
countries set their clocks ahead of normal local time by one hour to
give more daytime light in the evening.
Select this option if you use Daylight Saving Time.
Start Date Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time starts if you
selected Daylight Savings. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour
format. Here are a couple of examples:
Daylight Saving Time starts in most parts of the United States on the
first Sunday of April. Each time zone in the United States starts using
Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States you
would select First, Sunday, April and type 2 in the o'clock field.
Daylight Saving Time starts in the European Union on the last Sunday
of March. All of the time zones in the European Union start using
Daylight Saving Time at the same moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So
in the European Union you would select Last, Sunday, March. The
time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In
Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time
zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1).
Table 48 Maintenance > System > Time Setting (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTIONChapter 15 System
End Date Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time ends if you
selected Daylight Savings. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour
format. Here are a couple of examples:
Daylight Saving Time ends in the United States on the last Sunday of
October. Each time zone in the United States stops using Daylight
Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States you would
select Last, Sunday, October and type 2 in the o'clock field.
Daylight Saving Time ends in the European Union on the last Sunday
of October. All of the time zones in the European Union stop using
Daylight Saving Time at the same moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So
in the European Union you would select Last, Sunday, October. The
time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In
Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time
zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1).
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the NBG-416N.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 48 Maintenance > System > Time Setting (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTIONChapter 15 System
16.1 Overview This chapter contains information about configuring general log settings and viewing the NBG-416N’s logs. The Web Configurator allows you to look at all of the NBG-416N’s logs in one location. 16.2 What You Need to Know An alert is a type of log that warrants more serious attention. They include system errors, attacks (access control) and attempted access to blocked web sites or web sites with restricted web features such as cookies, active X and so on. Some categories such as System Errors consist of both logs and alerts. You may
differentiate them by their color in the View Log screen. Alerts display in red and logs display in black.Alerts are e-mailed as soon as they happen. Logs may be e-mailed as soon as the log is full (see Log Schedule). Selecting many alert and/or log categories
(especially Access Control) may result in many e-mails being sent.
16.3 View Log Screen
Use the View Log screen to see the logged messages for the NBG-416N. Options include logs about system maintenance, system errors, access control, allowed or blocked web sites, blocked web features (such as ActiveX controls, Java and cookies), attacks (such as DoS) and IPSec.Log entries in red indicate system error logs. The log wraps around and deletes the old entries after it fills. Click a column heading to sort the entries. A triangle indicates ascending or descending sort order.Chapter 16 Logs
NBG-416N User’s Guide
Click Maintenance > Logs to open the View Log screen.
Figure 79 Maintenance > Logs > View Log
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 49 Maintenance > Logs > View Log
LABEL DESCRIPTION Refresh Click Refresh to renew the log screen.
Clear Logs Click Clear Logs to delete all the logs.
Next Click Next to show the next page of log entries.
Last Click Last to show the last page of log entries.
# This is the index number of the log entry.
Time This field displays the time the log was recorded. See the chapter on
system maintenance and information to configure the NBG-416N’s
Message This field states the reason for the log.NBG-416N User’s Guide 133
17.1 Overview This chapter shows you how to upload a new firmware, upload or save backup configuration files and restart the NBG-416N. 17.2 What You Can Do
•Use the Firmware screen to upload firmware to your NBG-416N (Section 17.3 on page 133). •Use the Configuration screen to view information related to factory defaults,
backup configuration, and restoring configuration (Section 17.4 on page 136).
•Use the Restart screen to have the NBG-416N reboot (Section 17.5 on page 138). 17.3 Firmware Upload Screen
Find firmware at www.zyxel.com in a file that (usually) uses the system model name with a “*.bin” extension, e.g., “NBG-416N.bin”. The upload process uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and may take up to two minutes. After a successful upload, the system will reboot.Chapter 17 Tools
NBG-416N User’s Guide
Click Maintenance > Tools. Follow the instructions in this screen to upload
firmware to your NBG-416N.
Figure 80 Maintenance > Tools > Firmware
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Note: Do not turn off the NBG-416N while firmware upload is in progress!
After you see the Firmware Upload In Process screen, wait for several minutes
before logging into the NBG-416N again.
Figure 81 Upload Warning
Table 50 Maintenance > Tools > Firmware
LABEL DESCRIPTION File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click
Browse... to find it.
Browse... Click Browse... to find the .bin file you want to upload. Remember that
you must decompress compressed (.zip) files before you can upload them.
Upload Click Upload to begin the upload process. This process may take up to
two minutes.Chapter 17 Tools
NBG-416N User’s Guide
The NBG-416N automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network
disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your
Figure 82 Network Temporarily Disconnected
After two minutes, log in again and check your new firmware version in the
If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Return to
go back to the Firmware screen.
Figure 83 Upload Error MessageChapter 17 Tools
17.4 Configuration Screen
Click Maintenance > Tools > Configuration. Information related to factory
defaults, backup configuration, and restoring configuration appears as shown
Figure 84 Maintenance > Tools > Configuration
17.4.1 Backup Configuration
Backup configuration allows you to back up (save) the NBG-416N’s current
configuration to a file on your computer. Once your NBG-416N is configured and
functioning properly, it is highly recommended that you back up your configuration
file before making configuration changes. The backup configuration file will be
useful in case you need to return to your previous settings.
Click Backup to save the NBG-416N’s current configuration to your computer.Chapter 17 Tools
NBG-416N User’s Guide
17.4.2 Restore Configuration
Restore configuration allows you to upload a new or previously saved
configuration file from your computer to your NBG-416N.
Note: Do not turn off the NBG-416N while configuration file upload is in progress.
After you see a “configuration upload successful” screen, you must then wait one
minute before logging into the NBG-416N again.
Figure 85 Configuration Restore Successful
The NBG-416N automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network
disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your
Figure 86 Temporarily Disconnected
If you uploaded the default configuration file you may need to change the IP
address of your computer to be in the same subnet as that of the default NBG-
416N IP address (192.168.1.1). See Appendix C on page 175 for details on how to
set up your computer’s IP address.
Table 51 Maintenance Restore Configuration
LABEL DESCRIPTION File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click
Browse... to find it.
Browse... Click Browse... to find the file you want to upload. Remember that you
must decompress compressed (.ZIP) files before you can upload them.
Upload Click Upload to begin the upload process.Chapter 17 Tools
NBG-416N User’s Guide
If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Return to
go back to the Configuration screen.
Figure 87 Configuration Restore Error
17.4.3 Back to Factory Defaults
Pressing the Reset button in this section clears all user-entered configuration
information and returns the NBG-416N to its factory defaults.
You can also press the RESET button on the rear panel to reset the factory
defaults of your NBG-416N. Refer to Section 3.3.1 on page 27 for more
information on the RESET button.
System restart allows you to reboot the NBG-416N without turning the power off.
Click Maintenance > Tools > Restart. Click Restart to have the NBG-416N
reboot. This does not affect the NBG-416N's configuration.
Figure 88 Maintenance > Tools > RestartNBG-416N User’s Guide 139
The Sys OP Mode (System Operation Mode) function lets you configure whether your NBG-416N is a router or AP. You can choose between Router Mode and AP Mode depending on your network topology and the features you require from your device. See Section 1.1 on page 19 for more information on which mode to choose. 18.2 What You Need to Know RouterA router connects your local network with another network, such as the Internet. The router has two IP addresses, the LAN IP address and the WAN IP address.Figure 89 LAN and WAN IP Addresses in Router ModeChapter 18 Sys OP Mode
NBG-416N User’s Guide
AP An AP extends one network and so has just one IP address. All Ethernet ports on
the AP have the same IP address. To connect to the Internet, another device, such
as a router, is required.
Figure 90 IP Address in AP Mode
Use this screen to select how you connect to the Internet.
Figure 91 Maintenance > Sys OP Mode > General
If you select Router mode, the following pop-up message window appears.
Figure 92 Maintenance > Sys Op Mode > General: Router
• In this mode there are both LAN and WAN ports. The LAN Ethernet and WAN Ethernet ports have different IP addresses.
• The DHCP server on your device is enabled and allocates IP addresses to other
devices on your local network.
• The LAN IP address of the device on the local network is set to 192.168.1.1.Chapter 18 Sys OP Mode
NBG-416N User’s Guide
• You can configure the IP address settings on your WAN port. Contact your ISP or
system administrator for more information on appropriate settings.
If you select Access Point the following pop-up message window appears.
Figure 93 Maintenance > Sys Op Mode > General: AP
•In AP Mode all Ethernet ports have the same IP address.
• All ports on the rear panel of the device are LAN ports, including the port labeled
WAN. There is no WAN port.
• The DHCP server on your device is disabled. In AP mode there must be a device
with a DHCP server on your network such as a router or gateway which can
allocate IP addresses.
The IP address of the device on the local network is set to 192.168.1.2.
The following table describes the labels in the General screen.
Note: If you select the incorrect System Operation Mode, you cannot connect to the
Table 52 Maintenance > Sys Op Mode > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION System Operation Mode
Router Select Router if your device routes traffic between a local
network and another network such as the Internet. This mode
offers services such as a firewall or content filter.
Access Point Select Access Point if your device bridges traffic between clients
on the same network.
Apply Click Apply to save your settings.
Reset Click Reset to return your settings to the default (Router).Chapter 18 Sys OP Mode
Troubleshooting This chapter offers some suggestions to solve problems you might encounter. The potential problems are divided into the following categories. • Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs• NBG-416N Access and Login• Internet Access• Resetting the NBG-416N to Its Factory Defaults• Wireless Router/AP Troubleshooting 20.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs The NBG-416N does not turn on. None of the LEDs turn on.1 Make sure you are using the power adaptor or cord included with the NBG-416N. 2 Make sure the power adaptor or cord is connected to the NBG-416N and plugged in to an appropriate power source. Make sure the power source is turned on. 3 Disconnect and re-connect the power adaptor or cord to the NBG-416N. 4 If the problem continues, contact the vendor.One of the LEDs does not behave as expected. 1 Make sure you understand the normal behavior of the LED. See Section 1.5 on page 20. 2 Check the hardware connections. See the Quick Start Guide.Chapter 20 Troubleshooting
NBG-416N User’s Guide
3 Inspect your cables for damage. Contact the vendor to replace any damaged
4 Disconnect and re-connect the power adaptor to the NBG-416N.
5 If the problem continues, contact the vendor.
20.2 NBG-416N Access and Login
I don’t know the IP address of my NBG-416N.
1 The default IP address is 192.168.1.1.
2 If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, you might get the IP address
of the NBG-416N by looking up the IP address of the default gateway for your
computer. To do this in most Windows computers, click Start > Run, enter cmd,
and then enter ipconfig. The IP address of the Default Gateway might be the IP
address of the NBG-416N (it depends on the network), so enter this IP address in
your Internet browser.Set your device to Router Mode, login (see the Quick Start
Guide for instructions) and go to the Device Information table in the Status
screen. Your NBG-416N’s IP address is available in the Device Information
•If the DHCP setting under LAN information is None, your device has a fixed
•If the DHCP setting under LAN information is Client, then your device
receives an IP address from a DHCP server on the network.
3 If your NBG-416N is a DHCP client, you can find your IP address from the DHCP
server. This information is only available from the DHCP server which allocates IP
addresses on your network. Find this information directly from the DHCP server or
contact your system administrator for more information.
4 Reset your NBG-416N to change all settings back to their default. This means your
current settings are lost. See Section 20.4 on page 149 in the Troubleshooting
for information on resetting your NBG-416N.
I forgot the username and password.
1 The default username is admin and default password is 1234.Chapter 20 Troubleshooting
NBG-416N User’s Guide
2 If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See
Section 20.4 on page 149.
I cannot see or access the Login screen in the Web Configurator.
1 Make sure you are using the correct IP address.
• The default IP address is 192.168.1.1.
• If you changed the IP address (Section 7.3 on page 102), use the new IP
• If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, see the troubleshooting
suggestions for I don’t know the IP address of my NBG-416N.
2 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as
expected. See the Quick Start Guide.
3 Make sure your Internet browser does not block pop-up windows and has
JavaScript and Java enabled. See Appendix B on page 167.
4 Make sure your computer is in the same subnet as the NBG-416N. (If you know
that there are routers between your computer and the NBG-416N, skip this step.)
• If there is a DHCP server on your network, make sure your computer is using
a dynamic IP address. See Section 7.3 on page 102.
• If there is no DHCP server on your network, make sure your computer’s IP
address is in the same subnet as the NBG-416N. See Section 7.3 on page
5 Reset the device to its factory defaults, and try to access the NBG-416N with the
default IP address. See Section 7.3 on page 102.
6 If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one
of the advanced suggestions.
Advanced Suggestions
• If your computer is connected to the WAN port or is connected wirelessly, use a
computer that is connected to a LAN/ETHERNET port.
I can see the Login screen, but I cannot log in to the NBG-416N.Chapter 20 Troubleshooting
NBG-416N User’s Guide
1 Make sure you have entered the password correctly. The default username is
admin and default password is 1234. This field is case-sensitive, so make sure
[Caps Lock] is not on.
2 This can happen when you fail to log out properly from your last session. Try
logging in again after 5 minutes.
3 Disconnect and re-connect the power adaptor or cord to the NBG-416N.
4 If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See
Section 20.4 on page 149.
20.3 Internet Access
I cannot access the Internet.
1 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as
expected. See the Quick Start Guide.
2 Make sure you entered your ISP account information correctly in the wizard. These
fields are case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on.
3 If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure the wireless settings
in the wireless client are the same as the settings in the AP.
4 Disconnect all the cables from your device, and follow the directions in the Quick
5 Go to Maintenance > Sys OP Mode > General. Check your System Operation
• Select Router if your device routes traffic between a local network and
another network such as the Internet.
• Select Access Point if your device bridges traffic between clients on the
6 If the problem continues, contact your ISP.
I cannot access the Internet anymore. I had access to the Internet (with the NBG-
416N), but my Internet connection is not available anymore.Chapter 20 Troubleshooting
NBG-416N User’s Guide
1 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as
expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 1.5 on page 20.
2 Reboot the NBG-416N.
3 If the problem continues, contact your ISP.
The Internet connection is slow or intermittent.
1 There might be a lot of traffic on the network. Look at the LEDs, and check Section
1.5 on page 20. If the NBG-416N is sending or receiving a lot of information, try
closing some programs that use the Internet, especially peer-to-peer applications.
2 Check the signal strength. If the signal strength is low, try moving the NBG-416N
closer to the AP if possible, and look around to see if there are any devices that
might be interfering with the wireless network (for example, microwaves, other
wireless networks, and so on).
3 Reboot the NBG-416N.
4 If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one
of the advanced suggestions.
• Check the settings for QoS. If it is disabled, you might consider activating it.
20.4 Resetting the NBG-416N to Its Factory
If you reset the NBG-416N, you lose all of the changes you have made. The NBG-
416N re-loads its default settings, and the username/password resets to admin/
1234. You have to make all of your changes again.
You will lose all of your changes when you push the RESET button.
To reset the NBG-416N,
1 Make sure the power LED is on.Chapter 20 Troubleshooting
NBG-416N User’s Guide
2 Press the RESET button for longer than 1 second to restart/reboot the NBG-416N.
3 Press the RESET button for longer than five seconds to set the NBG-416N back to
its factory-default configurations.
If the NBG-416N restarts automatically, wait for the NBG-416N to finish
restarting, and log in to the Web Configurator. The username is admin and
If the NBG-416N does not restart automatically, disconnect and reconnect the
NBG-416N’s power. Then, follow the directions above again.
20.5 Wireless Router/AP Troubleshooting
I cannot access the NBG-416N or ping any computer from the WLAN (wireless
1 Make sure the wireless LAN is enabled on the NBG-416N.
2 Make sure the wireless adapter on the wireless station is working properly.
3 Make sure the wireless adapter installed on your computer is IEEE 802.11
compatible and supports the same wireless standard as the NBG-416N.
4 Make sure your computer (with a wireless adapter installed) is within the
transmission range of the NBG-416N.
5 Check that both the NBG-416N and your wireless station are using the same
wireless and wireless security settings.
6 Make sure traffic between the WLAN and the LAN is not blocked by the firewall on
7 Make sure you allow the NBG-416N to be remotely accessed through the WLAN
interface. Check your remote management settings.
• See Chapter 7 Wireless LAN for more information.
I can access the Web Configurator after I switched to AP mode.Chapter 20 Troubleshooting
NBG-416N User’s Guide
When you change from router mode to AP mode, your computer must have an IP
address in the range between “192.168.1.3” and “192.168.1.254”.
Refer to Appendix C on page 175 for instructions on how to change your
computer’s IP address.Chapter 20 Troubleshooting
Product Specifications The following tables summarize the NBG-416N’s hardware and firmware features. Table 53 Hardware Features Dimensions (W x D x H) 162 mm x 115 mm x 33 mmWeight 216 gPower Specification Input: 100 -- 240VAC, 50/60 HzOutput: 5VDC /1AEthernet ports Auto-negotiating: 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps in either half-duplex or full-duplex mode.Auto-crossover: Use either crossover or straight-through Ethernet cables.4-5 Port Switch A combination of switch and router makes your NBG-416N a cost-effective and viable network solution. You can add up to four computers to the NBG-416N without the cost of a hub when connecting to the Internet through the WAN port. You can add up to five computers to the NBG-416N when you connect to the Internet in AP mode. Add more than four computers to your LAN by using a hub.LEDs PWR, LAN1-4, WAN, WLAN, WPSReset Button The reset button is built into the rear panel. Use this button to restore the NBG-416N to its factory default settings. Press for 1 second to restart the device. Press for 5 seconds to restore to factory default settings.WPS button Press the WPS on two WPS enabled devices within 120 seconds for a security-enabled wireless connection. Antenna The NBG-416N is equipped with a 2.4GHz detachable antenna to provide clear radio transmission and reception on the wireless network. Operation EnvironmentTemperature: 0º C ~ 40º C / 32ºF ~ 104ºFHumidity: 20% ~ 90% Storage Environment Temperature: -30º C ~ 70º C / -22ºF ~ 158ºFHumidity: 20% ~ 95%Chapter 21 Product Specifications
Default Username admin
DHCP Pool 192.168.1.33 to 192.168.1.64
features on the NBG-416N.
Wireless Functionality Allows IEEE802.11b, IEEE802.11g, and/or IEEE 802.11n
wireless clients to connect to the NBG-416N wirelessly. Enable
wireless security ( WPA(2)-PSK) and/or MAC filtering to protect
your wireless network.
Note: The NBG-416N may be prone to RF (Radio
Frequency) interference from other 2.4 GHz devices
such as microwave ovens, wireless phones,
Bluetooth enabled devices, and other wireless LANs.
Firmware Upgrade Download new firmware (when available) from the ZyXEL web
site and use the Web Configurator to put it on the NBG-416N.
Note: Only upload firmware for your specific model!
Configuration Backup &
Make a copy of the NBG-416N’s configuration and put it back
on the NBG-416N later if you decide you want to revert back to
an earlier configuration.
Each computer on your network must have its own unique IP
address. Use NAT to convert a single public IP address to
multiple private IP addresses for the computers on your
Firewall You can configure firewall on the NBG-416N for secure Internet
access. When the firewall is on, by default, all incoming traffic
from the Internet to your network is blocked unless it is
initiated from your network. This means that probes from the
outside to your network are not allowed, but you can safely
browse the Internet and download files for example.
Remote Management This allows you to decide whether a service (HTTP or FTP traffic
for example) from a computer on a network (LAN or WAN for
example) can access the NBG-416N.
Wireless LAN Scheduler You can schedule the times the Wireless LAN is enabled/
NBG-416N User’s Guide
Time and Date Get the current time and date from an external server when
you turn on your NBG-416N. You can also set the time
manually. These dates and times are then used in logs.
Port Forwarding If you have a server (mail or web server for example) on your
network, then use this feature to let people access it from the
Configuration Protocol)
Use this feature to have the NBG-416N assign IP addresses, an
IP default gateway and DNS servers to computers on your
Logging Use logs for troubleshooting. You can view logs in the Web
PPPoE PPPoE mimics a dial-up Internet access connection.
PPTP Encapsulation Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) enables secure
transfer of data through a Virtual Private Network (VPN). The
NBG-416N supports one PPTP connection at a time.
Universal Plug and Play
The NBG-416N can communicate with other UPnP enabled
devices in a network.
Table 54 Firmware Features (continued)
FEATURE DESCRIPTIONChapter 21 Product Specifications
APPENDIX A IP Addresses and Subnetting
This appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks.
IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device
(including computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to
communicate across the network. These networking devices are also known as
Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network.
You can also use subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.
Introduction to IP Addresses
One part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host
ID. In the same way that houses on a street share a common street name, the
hosts on a network share a common network number. Similarly, as each house
has its own house number, each host on the network has its own unique
identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network number to send packets
to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on the network
the packets are delivered.
An IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for
example, 192.168.1.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is
an eight-digit binary number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal
Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or
0 to 255 in decimal.Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting
NBG-416N User’s Guide
The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets
(192.168.1) are the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID.
Figure 95 Network Number and Host ID How much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID
varies according to the subnet mask.
A subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number,
and which bits are part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term
“subnet” is short for “sub-network”.
A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a “1” then the
corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the network number. If a bit in the
subnet mask is “0” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the host
The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in
bold text) and host ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal).
Table 55 Subnet Mask - Identifying Network Number
By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones
beginning from the leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of
zeros, for a total number of 32 bits.
Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits
with a “1” value). For example, an “8-bit mask” means that the first 8 bits of the
mask are ones and the remaining 24 bits are zeroes.
Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The
following examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit
and 29-bit subnet masks.
The size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible
hosts you can have on your network. The larger the number of network number
bits, the smaller the number of remaining host ID bits.
An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network
(192.168.1.0 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host
IDs of all ones is the broadcast address for that network (192.168.1.255 with a
24-bit subnet mask, for example).
Network Number 11000000 10101000 00000001
Table 56 Subnet Masks
(2)Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting
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As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the
maximum number of possible hosts in a network as follows:
Since the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left,
followed by a continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask,
you can simply specify the number of ones instead of writing the value of each
octet. This is usually specified by writing a “/” followed by the number of bits in
the mask after the address.
For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with subnet mask
The following table shows some possible subnet masks using both notations.
You can use subnetting to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. In the
following example a network administrator creates two sub-networks to isolate a
group of servers from the rest of the company network for security reasons.
In this example, the company network address is 192.168.1.0. The first three
octets of the address (192.168.1) are the network number, and the remaining
octet is the host ID, allowing a maximum of 2
– 2 or 254 possible hosts.
The following figure shows the company network before subnetting.
Figure 96 Subnetting Example: Before Subnetting
You can “borrow” one of the host ID bits to divide the network 192.168.1.0 into
two separate sub-networks. The subnet mask is now 25 bits (255.255.255.128 or
The “borrowed” host ID bit can have a value of either 0 or 1, allowing two
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The following figure shows the company network after subnetting. There are now
two sub-networks, A and B.
Figure 97 Subnetting Example: After Subnetting
In a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of
– 2 or 126 possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet’s address itself,
all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address).
192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.1.127
with mask 255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP
address that can be assigned to an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.1.1 and
the highest is 192.168.1.126.
Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254.
Example: Four Subnets
The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit
address into two subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets,
you need to “borrow” two host ID bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01,
10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits
(11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192.Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting
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Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 2
- 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a
host ID of all zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast
11000000Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting
The following table shows IP address last octet values for each subnet.
The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 24-bit
Table 62 Subnet 4 (continued)
The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 16-bit
Configuring IP Addresses
Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If
the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP
addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet
If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you
have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when
the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select
a network number from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0. The Internet Assigned
Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for private
use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. You must
also enable Network Address Translation (NAT) on the NBG-416N.
Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address for your NBG-
416N that is easy to remember (for instance, 192.168.1.1) but make sure that no
other device on your network is using that IP address.
The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your
NBG-416N will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address
Table 65 16-bit Network Number Subnet Planning
that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the
NBG-416N unless you are instructed to do otherwise.
Private IP Addresses
Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are
isolated from the Internet (running only between two branch offices, for example)
you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three
blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
• 10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255
• 172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255
• 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255
You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP, or it can be assigned
from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet
access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for
your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger
organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP
Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address;
always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment,
please refer to RFC 1597, Address Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466,
Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.NBG-416N User’s Guide 167
APPENDIX B Pop-up Windows, JavaScript
and Java Permissions In order to use the Web Configurator you need to allow:• Web browser pop-up windows from your device.• JavaScript (enabled by default).• Java permissions (enabled by default).Note: Internet Explorer 6 screens are used here. Screens for other Internet Explorer versions may vary. Internet Explorer Pop-up Blockers You may have to disable pop-up blocking to log into your device. Either disable pop-up blocking (enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2) or allow pop-up blocking and create an exception for your device’s IP address. Disable pop-up Blockers
1 In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Pop-up Blocker and then select Turn Off Pop-up Blocker. Figure 98 Pop-up Blocker You can also check if pop-up blocking is disabled in the Pop-up Blocker section in the Privacy tab.Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScript and Java Permissions
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1 In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options, Privacy.
2 Clear the Block pop-ups check box in the Pop-up Blocker section of the screen.
This disables any web pop-up blockers you may have enabled.
Figure 99 Internet Options: Privacy
3 Click Apply to save this setting.
Enable pop-up Blockers with Exceptions
Alternatively, if you only want to allow pop-up windows from your device, see the
2 Select Settings…to open the Pop-up Blocker Settings screen.
Figure 100 Internet Options: Privacy
3 Type the IP address of your device (the web page that you do not want to have
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4 Click Add to move the IP address to the list of Allowed sites.
Figure 101 Pop-up Blocker Settings
5 Click Close to return to the Privacy screen.
6 Click Apply to save this setting.
If pages of the Web Configurator do not display properly in Internet Explorer,
check that JavaScript are allowed.Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScript and Java Permissions
2 Click the Custom Level... button.
3 Scroll down to Scripting.
4 Under Active scripting make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
5 Under Scripting of Java applets make sure that Enable is selected (the
default).Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScript and Java Permissions
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6 Click OK to close the window.
Figure 103 Security Settings - Java Scripting
4 Under Java permissions make sure that a safety level is selected.Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScript and Java Permissions
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5 Click OK to close the window.
2 Make sure that Use Java 2 for <applet> under Java (Sun) is selected.Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScript and Java Permissions
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3 Click OK to close the window.
All computers must have a 10M or 100M Ethernet adapter card and TCP/IP
Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP, Macintosh OS 7 and later operating systems and
all versions of UNIX/LINUX include the software components you need to install
and use TCP/IP on your computer. Windows 3.1 requires the purchase of a third-
party TCP/IP application package.
TCP/IP should already be installed on computers using Windows NT/2000/XP,
Macintosh OS 7 and later operating systems.
After the appropriate TCP/IP components are installed, configure the TCP/IP
settings in order to "communicate" with your network.
If you manually assign IP information instead of using dynamic assignment, make
sure that your computers have IP addresses that place them in the same subnet
as the Prestige’s LAN port.Appendix C Setting up Your Computer’s IP Address
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Click Start, Settings, Control Panel and double-click the Network icon to open
Figure 106 WIndows 95/98/Me: Network: Configuration
Installing Components
The Network window Configuration tab displays a list of installed components.
You need a network adapter, the TCP/IP protocol and Client for Microsoft
If you need the adapter:
1 In the Network window, click Add.
2 Select Adapter and then click Add.
3 Select the manufacturer and model of your network adapter and then click OK.
3 Select Microsoft from the list of manufacturers.
4 Select TCP/IP from the list of network protocols and then click OK.
If you need Client for Microsoft Networks:
2 Select Client and then click Add.
3 Select Microsoft from the list of manufacturers.
4 Select Client for Microsoft Networks from the list of network clients and then
5 Restart your computer so the changes you made take effect.
1 In the Network window Configuration tab, select your network adapter's TCP/IP
entry and click Properties
2 Click the IP Address tab.
• If your IP address is dynamic, select Obtain an IP address automatically.
• If you have a static IP address, select Specify an IP address and type your
information into the IP Address and Subnet Mask fields.
Figure 107 Windows 95/98/Me: TCP/IP Properties: IP AddressAppendix C Setting up Your Computer’s IP Address
• If you do not know your DNS information, select Disable DNS.
• If you know your DNS information, select Enable DNS and type the
information in the fields below (you may not need to fill them all in).
Figure 108 Windows 95/98/Me: TCP/IP Properties: DNS Configuration
4 Click the Gateway tab.
• If you do not know your gateway’s IP address, remove previously installed
• If you have a gateway IP address, type it in the New gateway field and click
5 Click OK to save and close the TCP/IP Properties window.
6 Click OK to close the Network window. Insert the Windows CD if prompted.
7 Turn on your Prestige and restart your computer when prompted.
1 Click Start and then Run.
2 In the Run window, type "winipcfg" and then click OK to open the IP Configuration window.Appendix C Setting up Your Computer’s IP Address
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3 Select your network adapter. You should see your computer's IP address, subnet
mask and default gateway.
Windows 2000/NT/XP The following example figures use the default Windows XP GUI theme.
2 In the Control Panel, double-click Network Connections (Network and Dial-
up Connections in Windows 2000/NT).
Figure 110 Windows XP: Control Panel
3 Right-click Local Area Connection and then click Properties.
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4 Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) (under the General tab in Win XP) and then
Figure 112 Windows XP: Local Area Connection Properties
5 The Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window opens (the General tab in
• If you have a dynamic IP address click Obtain an IP address
• If you have a static IP address click Use the following IP Address and fill in
the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields.Appendix C Setting up Your Computer’s IP Address
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Figure 113 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties
6 If you do not know your gateway's IP address, remove any previously installed
gateways in the IP Settings tab and click OK.
Do one or more of the following if you want to configure additional IP addresses:
•In the IP Settings tab, in IP addresses, click Add.
•In TCP/IP Address, type an IP address in IP address and a subnet mask in
Subnet mask, and then click Add.
• Repeat the above two steps for each IP address you want to add.
• Configure additional default gateways in the IP Settings tab by clicking Add
in Default gateways.
•In TCP/IP Gateway Address, type the IP address of the default gateway in
Gateway. To manually configure a default metric (the number of transmission
hops), clear the Automatic metric check box and type a metric in Metric.
• Repeat the previous three steps for each default gateway you want to add.Appendix C Setting up Your Computer’s IP Address
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•Click OK when finished.
Figure 114 Windows XP: Advanced TCP/IP Properties
7 In the Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window (the General tab in
•Click Obtain DNS server address automatically if you do not know your
DNS server IP address(es).
• If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click Use the following DNS
server addresses, and type them in the Preferred DNS server and
Alternate DNS server fields.Appendix C Setting up Your Computer’s IP Address
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If you have previously configured DNS servers, click Advanced and then the
DNS tab to order them.
Figure 115 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties
8 Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
9 Click Close (OK in Windows 2000/NT) to close the Local Area Connection
10 Close the Network Connections window (Network and Dial-up Connections
11 Turn on your Prestige and restart your computer (if prompted).
1 Click Start, All Programs, Accessories and then Command Prompt.
2 In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You
can also open Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click
1 Click the Apple menu, Control Panel and double-click TCP/IP to open the TCP/
2 Select Ethernet built-in from the Connect via list.
Figure 117 Macintosh OS 8/9: TCP/IP
3 For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP Server from the
4 For statically assigned settings, do the following:
•From the Configure box, select Manually.
• Type your IP address in the IP Address box.
• Type your subnet mask in the Subnet mask box.
• Type the IP address of your Prestige in the Router address box.
5 Close the TCP/IP Control Panel.
Check your TCP/IP properties in the TCP/IP Control Panel window.Appendix C Setting up Your Computer’s IP Address
2 Click Network in the icon bar.
• Select Automatic from the Location list.
• Select Built-in Ethernet from the Show list.
•Click the TCP/IP tab.
3 For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP from the Configure list.
NBG-416N User’s Guide
4 For statically assigned settings, do the following:
•From the Configure box, select Manually.
• Type your IP address in the IP Address box.
• Type your subnet mask in the Subnet mask box.
• Type the IP address of your Prestige in the Router address box.
5 Click Apply Now and close the window.
6 Turn on your Prestige and restart your computer (if prompted).
Check your TCP/IP properties in the Network window.
This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in Red
Hat Linux 9.0. Procedure, screens and file location may vary depending on your
Linux distribution and release version.
Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator.
Using the K Desktop Environment (KDE)
Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address using the KDE.
1 Click the Red Hat button (located on the bottom left corner), select System
Setting and click Network.
Figure 120 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: DevicesAppendix C Setting up Your Computer’s IP Address
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2 Double-click on the profile of the network card you wish to configure. The
Ethernet Device General screen displays as shown.
Figure 121 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Ethernet Device: General
• If you have a dynamic IP address click Automatically obtain IP address
settings with and select dhcp from the drop down list.
• If you have a static IP address click Statically set IP Addresses and fill in
the Address, Subnet mask, and Default Gateway Address fields.
3 Click OK to save the changes and close the Ethernet Device General screen.
4 If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the DNS tab in the Network
Configuration screen. Enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.
Figure 122 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: DNSAppendix C Setting up Your Computer’s IP Address
5 Click the Devices tab.
6 Click the Activate button to apply the changes. The following screen displays.
Click Yes to save the changes in all screens.
Figure 123 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: Activate
7 After the network card restart process is complete, make sure the Status is
Active in the Network Configuration screen.
Using Configuration Files
Follow the steps below to edit the network configuration files and set your
computer IP address.
1 Assuming that you have only one network card on the computer, locate the
ifconfig-eth0 configuration file (where eth0 is the name of the Ethernet card).
Open the configuration file with any plain text editor.
• If you have a dynamic IP address, enter dhcp in the BOOTPROTO= field. The
following figure shows an example.
Figure 124 Red Hat 9.0: Dynamic IP Address Setting in ifconfig-eth0
• If you have a static IP address, enter static in the BOOTPROTO= field. Type
IPADDR= followed by the IP address (in dotted decimal notation) and type
NETMASK= followed by the subnet mask. The following example shows an
example where the static IP address is 192.168.1.10 and the subnet mask is
Figure 125 Red Hat 9.0: Static IP Address Setting in ifconfig-eth0
2 If you know your DNS server IP address(es), enter the DNS server information in
the resolv.conf file in the /etc directory. The following figure shows an example
where two DNS server IP addresses are specified.
Figure 126 Red Hat 9.0: DNS Settings in resolv.conf
3 After you edit and save the configuration files, you must restart the network card.
Enter./network restart in the /etc/rc.d/init.d directory. The following figure
[root@localhost init.d]# network restart
Shutting down interface eth0: [OK]
Shutting down loopback interface: [OK]
Setting network parameters: [OK]
21.0.1 Verifying Settings
Enter ifconfig in a terminal screen to check your TCP/IP properties.
Figure 128 Red Hat 9.0: Checking TCP/IP Properties
[root@localhost]# ifconfig
inet addr:172.23.19.129 Bcast:172.23.19.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
Interrupt:10 Base address:0x1000
[root@localhost]#NBG-416N User’s Guide 193
APPENDIX D Wireless LANs
Wireless LAN Topologies This section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies. Ad-hoc Wireless LAN Configuration The simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects a set of computers with wireless stations (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless adapters are within range of each other, they can set up an independent network, which is commonly referred to as an Ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an example of notebook computers using wireless adapters to form an Ad-hoc wireless LAN. Figure 129 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc Network BSS A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless stations or between a wireless station and a wired network client go through one access point (AP). Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless stations in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is enabled, wireless station A and B can access the wired network and communicateAppendix D Wireless LANs
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with each other. When Intra-BSS is disabled, wireless station A and B can still
access the wired network but cannot communicate with each other.
Figure 130 Basic Service Set
ESS An Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each
containing an access point, with each access point connected together by a wired
network. This wired connection between APs is called a Distribution System (DS).
This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access
Points not only provide communication with the wired network but also mediate
wireless network traffic in the immediate neighborhood.Appendix D Wireless LANs
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An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and
their associated wireless stations within the same ESS must have the same ESSID
in order to communicate.
Figure 131 Infrastructure WLAN Channel
A channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by IEEE 802.11a/b/g wireless devices.
Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of
channels (for your region) so you should use a different channel than an adjacent
AP (access point) to reduce interference. Interference occurs when radio signals
from different access points overlap causing interference and degrading
Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap,
your AP should be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an
adjacent AP is using. For example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent
AP is using channel 1, then you need to select a channel between 6 or 11.
RTS/CTS A hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access
point, but are not within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a
hidden node. Both stations (STA) are within range of the access point (AP) orAppendix D Wireless LANs
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wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other, so they cannot "hear" each
other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being used. Therefore,
they are considered hidden from each other.
Figure 132 RTS/CTS When station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is
already using the channel. If these two stations send data at the same time,
collisions may occur when both sets of data arrive at the AP at the same time,
resulting in a loss of messages for both stations.
RTS/CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/CTS
defines the biggest size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To
Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is invoked.
When a data frame exceeds the RTS/CTS value you set (between 0 to 2432
bytes), the station that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS
(Request To Send) message to the AP for permission to send it. The AP then
responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other stations within its range
to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms with the
requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission.
Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/CTS directly to the AP
without the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.
You should only configure RTS/CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on
your network and the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra
network overhead involved in the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send)
If the RTS/CTS value is greater than the Fragmentation Threshold value (see
next), then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never
occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.
Note: Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could
negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy.Appendix D Wireless LANs
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Fragmentation Threshold
A Fragmentation Threshold is the maximum data fragment size (between 256
and 2432 bytes) that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will
fragment the packet into smaller data frames.
A large Fragmentation Threshold is recommended for networks not prone to
interference while you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or
networks that are prone to interference.
If the Fragmentation Threshold value is smaller than the RTS/CTS value (see
previously) you set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send)
handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach
A preamble is used to synchronize the transmission timing in your wireless
network. There are two preamble modes: Long and Short.
Short preamble takes less time to process and minimizes overhead, so it should
be used in a good wireless network environment when all wireless stations
Select Long if you have a ‘noisy’ network or are unsure of what preamble mode
your wireless stations support as all IEEE 802.11b compliant wireless adapters
must support long preamble. However, not all wireless adapters support short
preamble. Use long preamble if you are unsure what preamble mode the wireless
adapters support, to ensure interpretability between the AP and the wireless
stations and to provide more reliable communication in ‘noisy’ networks.
Select Dynamic to have the AP automatically use short preamble when all
wireless stations support it, otherwise the AP uses long preamble.
Note: The AP and the wireless stations MUST use the same preamble mode in order
IEEE 802.11g Wireless LAN IEEE 802.11g is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard. This means an
IEEE 802.11b adapter can interface directly with an IEEE 802.11g access point
(and vice versa) at 11 Mbps or lower depending on range. IEEE 802.11g hasAppendix D Wireless LANs
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several intermediate rate steps between the maximum and minimum data rates.
The IEEE 802.11g data rate and modulation are as follows:
In June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of
IEEE 802.11 to support extended authentication as well as providing additional
accounting and control features. It is supported by Windows XP and a number of
network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x are:
• User based identification that allows for roaming.
• Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138,
2139) for centralized user profile and accounting management on a network
• Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows
additional authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access
point or the wireless stations.
RADIUS RADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication,
authorization and accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the
RADIUS server. The RADIUS server handles the following tasks:
Determines the identity of the users.
Determines the network services available to authenticated users once they are
connected to the network.
Keeps track of the client’s network activity.
RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay
between the wireless station and the network RADIUS server.
Table 66 IEEE 802.11g
1 DBPSK (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keyed)
2 DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
5.5 / 11 CCK (Complementary Code Keying)
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)Appendix D Wireless LANs
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Types of RADIUS Messages
The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point
and the RADIUS server for user authentication:
Sent by an access point requesting authentication.
Sent by a RADIUS server rejecting access.
Sent by a RADIUS server allowing access.
Sent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access.
The access point sends a proper response from the user and then sends another
Access-Request message.
The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point
and the RADIUS server for user accounting:
Sent by the access point requesting accounting.
• Accounting-Response
Sent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting.
In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a
shared secret key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over
the network. In addition to the shared key, password information exchanged is
also encrypted to protect the network from unauthorized access.
Types of Authentication
This appendix discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS,
EAP-TTLS, PEAP and LEAP.
The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server or the AP.
Consult your network administrator for more information.
EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5)
MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The
authentication server sends a challenge to the wireless station. The wireless
station ‘proves’ that it knows the password by encrypting the password with the
challenge and sends back the information. Password is not sent in plain text.Appendix D Wireless LANs
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However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication
server needs to get the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus
someone other than the authentication server may access the password file. In
addition, it is possible to impersonate an authentication server as MD5
authentication method does not perform mutual authentication. Finally, MD5
authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session
key. You must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption.
EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security)
With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless
stations for mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client.
After validating the identity of the server, the client sends a different certificate to
the server. The exchange of certificates is done in the open before a secured
tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive attacks. A digital
certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the sender’s identity.
However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle
certificates, which imposes a management overhead.
EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service)
EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for
only the server-side authentications to establish a secure connection. Client
authentication is then done by sending username and password through the
secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client authentication, EAP-
TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP,
CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2.
PEAP (Protected EAP)
Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure
connection, then use simple username and password methods through the
secured connection to authenticate the clients, thus hiding client identity.
However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5, EAP-MSCHAPv2
and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is
implemented only by Cisco.
LEAP LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of
Dynamic WEP Key Exchange
The AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key
expires when the wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication
times out. A new WEP key is generated each time reauthentication is performed.Appendix D Wireless LANs
NBG-416N User’s Guide
If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key
in the Wireless screen. You may still configure and store keys here, but they will
not be used while Dynamic WEP is enabled.
Note: EAP-MD5 cannot be used with dynamic WEP key exchange
For added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and
PEAP) use dynamic keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate
environments, but for public deployment, a simple user name and password pair
is more practical. The following table is a comparison of the features of
authentication types.
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2
(IEEE 802.11i) is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption,
authentication and key management than WPA.
Key differences between WPA(2) and WEP are improved data encryption and user
Both WPA and WPA2 improve data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity
Protocol (TKIP), Message Integrity Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. In addition to
TKIP, WPA2 also uses Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter mode
with Cipher block chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP) to offer
stronger encryption.
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically
generated and distributed by the authentication server. It includes a per-packet
key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check (MIC) named Michael, an
extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying
Table 67 Comparison of EAP Authentication Types
Certificate – Client No Yes Optional Optional No
Certificate – Server No Yes Yes Yes No
Dynamic Key Exchange No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Credential Integrity None Strong Strong Strong Moderate
Deployment Difficulty Easy Hard Moderate Moderate Moderate
TKIP regularly changes and rotates the encryption keys so that the same
encryption key is never used twice. The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise
Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that then sets up a key hierarchy and
management system, using the pair-wise key to dynamically generate unique data
encryption keys to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated
between the AP and the wireless clients. This all happens in the background
WPA2 AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that uses a 256-bit
mathematical algorithm called Rijndael.
The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from
capturing data packets, altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a
strong mathematical function in which the receiver and the transmitter each
compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is assumed that the
data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped.
By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating
an integrity checking mechanism (MIC), TKIP makes it much more difficult to
decode data on a Wi-Fi network than WEP, making it difficult for an intruder to
break into the network.
The encryption mechanisms used for WPA and WPA-PSK are the same. The only
difference between the two is that WPA-PSK uses a simple common password,
instead of user-specific credentials. The common-password approach makes WPA-
PSK susceptible to brute-force password-guessing attacks but it's still an
improvement over WEP as it employs an easier-to-use, consistent, single,
alphanumeric password.
authenticate wireless clients using an external RADIUS database.
If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external
RADIUS server, use WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an
external RADIUS server, you should use WPA2 -PSK (WPA2 -Pre-Shared Key) that
only requires a single (identical) password entered into each access point, wireless
gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a wireless client will
be granted access to a WLAN.
If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK
depending on whether you have an external RADIUS server or not.
Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2.
WEP is less secure than WPA or WPA2.Appendix D Wireless LANs
NBG-416N User’s Guide
21.0.2 WPA(2)-PSK Application Example
A WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows.
1 First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared
Key (PSK) must consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters (including spaces
2 The AP checks each wireless client's password and (only) allows it to join the
network if the password matches.
3 The AP derives and distributes keys to the wireless clients.
4 The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process to encrypt
data exchanged between them.
Figure 133 WPA(2)-PSK Authentication
21.0.3 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example
You need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number (default is 1812),
and the RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example with an external
RADIUS server looks as follows. "A" is the RADIUS server. "DS" is the distribution
1 The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server.
2 The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and
grants or denies network access accordingly.
3 The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that
then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the pair-wise key to
dynamically generate unique data encryption keys to encrypt every data packet
that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients.Appendix D Wireless LANs
NBG-416N User’s Guide
Security Parameters Summary
Refer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for
each Authentication Method/ key management protocol type. MAC address filters
are not dependent on how you configure these security features.
Table 68 Wireless Security Relational Matrix
AUTHENTICATION METHOD/ KEY MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL ENCRYPTIO N METHOD ENTER MANUAL KEY IEEE 802.1X Open None No Disable
Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
Open WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
Yes Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
Shared WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
Yes Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
WPA2-PSK AES Yes EnableNBG-416N User’s Guide 205
APPENDIX E Services The following table lists some commonly-used services and their associated protocols and port numbers. • Name: This is a short, descriptive name for the service. You can use this one or create a different one, if you like. • Protocol: This is the type of IP protocol used by the service. If this is TCP/
UDP, then the service uses the same port number with TCP and UDP. If this is
User-Defined, the Port(s) is the IP protocol number, not the port number.
• Port(s): This value depends on the Protocol.
•If the Protocol is TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP, this is the IP port number.
•If the Protocol is USER, this is the IP protocol number.
• Description: This is a brief explanation of the applications that use this service or the situations in which this service is used. Table 69 Examples of Services NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION AH (IPSEC_TUNNEL)User-Defined 51 The IPSEC AH (Authentication Header) tunneling protocol uses this service. AIM TCP 5190 AOL’s Internet Messenger service.
AUTH TCP 113 Authentication protocol used by some servers. BGP TCP 179 Border Gateway Protocol.
BOOTP_CLIENT UDP 68 DHCP Client.
BOOTP_SERVER UDP 67 DHCP Server. CU-SEEME TCP/UDPTCP/UDP 7648 24032A popular videoconferencing solution from White Pines Software. DNS TCP/UDP 53 Domain Name Server, a service that matches web names (e.g. www.zyxel.com) to IP numbers. ESP (IPSEC_TUNNEL)User-Defined 50 The IPSEC ESP (Encapsulation Security Protocol) tunneling protocol uses this service. FINGER TCP 79 Finger is a UNIX or Internet related command that can be used to find out if a user is logged on.Appendix E Services
File Transfer Program, a program to
enable fast transfer of files, including
large files that may not be possible by
H.323 TCP 1720 NetMeeting uses this protocol.
server protocol for the world wide
HTTPS TCP 443 HTTPS is a secured http session often
ICMP User-Defined 1 Internet Control Message Protocol is
often used for diagnostic purposes.
ICQ UDP 4000 This is a popular Internet chat
User-Defined 2 Internet Group Multicast Protocol is
used when sending packets to a
specific group of hosts.
IKE UDP 500 The Internet Key Exchange algorithm
is used for key distribution and
IMAP4 TCP 143 The Internet Message Access Protocol
IMAP4S TCP 993 This is a more secure version of IMAP4
IRC TCP/UDP 6667 This is another popular Internet chat
The Network Basic Input/Output
System is used for communication
between computers in a LAN.
NEW-ICQ TCP 5190 An Internet chat program.
NEWS TCP 144 A protocol for news groups.
NFS UDP 2049 Network File System - NFS is a client/
server distributed file service that
provides transparent file sharing for
network environments.
NNTP TCP 119 Network News Transport Protocol is
the delivery mechanism for the
USENET newsgroup service.
PING User-Defined 1 Packet INternet Groper is a protocol
that sends out ICMP echo requests to
test whether or not a remote host is
Table 69 Examples of Services (continued)
POP3 TCP 110 Post Office Protocol version 3 lets a
client computer get e-mail from a
POP3 server through a temporary
connection (TCP/IP or other).
POP3S TCP 995 This is a more secure version of POP3
PPTP TCP 1723 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
public networks. This is the control
User-Defined 47 PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling
Protocol) enables secure transfer of
data over public networks. This is the
RCMD TCP 512 Remote Command Service.
RLOGIN TCP 513 Remote Login.
ROADRUNNER TCP/UDP 1026 This is an ISP that provides services
mainly for cable modems.
RTELNET TCP 107 Remote Telnet.
RTSP TCP/UDP 554 The Real Time Streaming (media
control for multimedia on the
SFTP TCP 115 The Simple File Transfer Protocol is an
old way of transferring files between
SMTP TCP 25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the
message-exchange standard for the
Internet. SMTP enables you to move
messages from one e-mail server to
SMTPS TCP 465 This is a more secure version of SMTP
SNMP TCP/UDP 161 Simple Network Management
SNMP-TRAPS TCP/UDP 162 Traps for use with the SNMP
SQL-NET TCP 1521 Structured Query Language is an
interface to access data on many
different types of database systems,
including mainframes, midrange
systems, UNIX systems and network
Table 69 Examples of Services (continued)
TELNET TCP 23 Telnet is the login and terminal
emulation protocol common on the
Internet and in UNIX environments. It
operates over TCP/IP networks. Its
primary function is to allow users to
log into remote host systems.
TFTP UDP 69 Trivial File Transfer Protocol is an
Internet file transfer protocol similar
to FTP, but uses the UDP (User
Datagram Protocol) rather than TCP
port number is specified in the
Table 69 Examples of Services (continued)
NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTIONNBG-416N User’s Guide
APPENDIX F Open Software Announcements
End-User License Agreement for “NBG416N”
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License Agreement is found invalid or unenforceable by a court of competentAppendix F Open Software Announcements
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jurisdiction, the remainder of this License Agreement shall be interpreted so as to
reasonably effect the intention of the parties.
NOTE: Some components of this product incorporate free software programs
covered under the open source code licenses which allows you to freely copy,
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This Product includes Linux Kernel , Busybox, dnsmasq, iptables, wireless_tools,
Pptp-client and igmpproxy software under GPL 2.0 license.
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license
document, but changing it is not allowed.Appendix F Open Software Announcements
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do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. ButAppendix F Open Software Announcements
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from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
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End-User License Agreement for "NBG-416N"
WARNING: ZyXEL Communications Corp. IS WILLING TO LICENSE THE ENCLOSED SOFTWARE TO YOU ONLY UPON THE CONDITION THAT YOU ACCEPT ALL OF THE TERMS CONTAINED IN THIS LICENSE AGREEMENT. PLEASE READ THE TERMS CAREFULLY BEFORE COMPLETING THE INSTALLATION PROCESS AS INSTALLING THE SOFTWARE WILL INDICATE YOUR ASSENT TO THEM. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THESE TERMS, THEN ZyXEL, INC. IS UNWILLING TO LICENSE THE SOFTWARE TO YOU, IN WHICH EVENT YOU SHOULD RETURN THE UNINSTALLEDAppendix G Legal Information
AND YOUR MONEY WILL BE REFUNDED.
1 Grant of License for Personal Use
ZyXEL Communications Corp. ("ZyXEL") grants you a non-exclusive, non-
sublicense, non-transferable license to use the program with which this license is
distributed (the "Software"), including any documentation files accompanying the
Software ("Documentation"), for internal business use only, for up to the number
of users specified in sales order and invoice. You have the right to make one
backup copy of the Software and Documentation solely for archival, back-up or
disaster recovery purposes. You shall not exceed the scope of the license granted
hereunder. Any rights not expressly granted by ZyXEL to you are reserved by
ZyXEL, and all implied licenses are disclaimed.
You have no ownership rights in the Software. Rather, you have a license to use
the Software as long as this License Agreement remains in full force and effect.
Ownership of the Software, Documentation and all intellectual property rights
therein shall remain at all times with ZyXEL. Any other use of the Software by any
other entity is strictly forbidden and is a violation of this License Agreement.
The Software and Documentation contain material that is protected by United
States Copyright Law and trade secret law, and by international treaty provisions.
All rights not granted to you herein are expressly reserved by ZyXEL. You may not
remove any proprietary notice of ZyXEL or any of its licensors from any copy of
the Software or Documentation.
You may not publish, display, disclose, sell, rent, lease, modify, store, loan,
distribute, or create derivative works of the Software, or any part thereof. You
may not assign, sublicense, convey or otherwise transfer, pledge as security or
otherwise encumber the rights and licenses granted hereunder with respect to the
Software. Certain components of the Software, and third party open source
programs included with the Software, have been or may be made available by
ZyXEL on its Open Source web site (ftp://opensource.zyxel.com) (collectively the
"Open-Sourced Components") You may modify or replace only these Open-
Sourced Components; provided that you comply with the terms of this License and
any applicable licensing terms governing use of the Open-Sourced Components.
ZyXEL is not obligated to provide any maintenance, technical or other support for
the resultant modified Software. You may not copy, reverse engineer, decompile,
reverse compile, translate, adapt, or disassemble the Software, or any part
thereof, nor shall you attempt to create the source code from the object code forAppendix G Legal Information
NBG-416N User’s Guide
the Software. Except as and only to the extent expressly permitted in this License,
by applicable licensing terms governing use of the Open-Sourced Components, or
by applicable law, you may not market, co-brand, private label or otherwise
permit third parties to link to the Software, or any part thereof. You may not use
the Software, or any part thereof, in the operation of a service bureau or for the
benefit of any other person or entity. You may not cause, assist or permit any third
party to do any of the foregoing. Portions of the Software utilize or include third
party software and other copyright material. Acknowledgements, licensing terms
and disclaimers for such material are contained in the online electronic
documentation for the Software (ftp://opensource.zyxel.com), and your use of
such material is governed by their respective terms. ZyXEL has provided, as part
of the Software package, access to certain third party software as a convenience.
To the extent that the Software contains third party software, ZyXEL has no
express or implied obligation to provide any technical or other support for such
software. Please contact the appropriate software vendor or manufacturer directly
for technical support and customer service related to its software and products.
You acknowledge that the Software contains proprietary trade secrets of ZyXEL
and you hereby agree to maintain the confidentiality of the Software using at least
as great a degree of care as you use to maintain the confidentiality of your own
most confidential information. You agree to reasonably communicate the terms
and conditions of this License Agreement to those persons employed by you who
come into contact with the Software, and to use reasonable best efforts to ensure
their compliance with such terms and conditions, including, without limitation, not
knowingly permitting such persons to use any portion of the Software for the
purpose of deriving the source code of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS." TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, ZyXEL DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ZyXEL DOES NOT WARRANT THAT THE FUNCTIONS CONTAINED IN THE SOFTWARE WILL MEET ANY REQUIREMENTS OR NEEDS YOU MAY HAVE, OR THAT THE SOFTWARE WILL OPERATE ERROR FREE, OR IN AN UNINTERUPTED FASHION, OR THAT ANY DEFECTS OR ERRORS IN THE SOFTWARE WILL BE CORRECTED, OR THAT THE SOFTWARE IS COMPATIBLE WITH ANY PARTICULAR PLATFORM. SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE WAIVER OR EXCLUSION OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES SO THEY MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. IF THIS EXCLUSION IS HELD TO BE UNENFORCEABLE BY A COURT OF COMPETENT JURISDICTION, THEN ALL EXPRESS AND IMPLIED WARRANTIES SHALL BE LIMITED IN DURATION TO A PERIOD OF THIRTY (30) DAYS FROM THE DATE OF PURCHASE OF THE SOFTWARE,
AND NO WARRANTIES SHALL APPLY AFTER THAT PERIOD.Appendix G Legal Information
NBG-416N User’s Guide
7 Limitation of Liability
IN NO EVENT WILL ZyXEL BE LIABLE TO YOU OR ANY THIRD PARTY FOR ANY INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION,
INDIRECT, SPECIAL, PUNITIVE, OR EXEMPLARY DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF BUSINESS, LOSS OF PROFITS, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, OR LOSS OF BUSINESS INFORMATION) ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM, OR FOR ANY CLAIM BY ANY OTHER PARTY, EVEN IF ZyXEL HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. ZyXEL's AGGREGATE LIABILITY WITH RESPECT TO ITS OBLIGATIONS UNDER THIS AGREEMENT OR OTHERWISE WITH RESPECT TO THE SOFTWARE AND DOCUMENTATION OR OTHERWISE SHALL BE EQUAL TO THE PURCHASE PRICE, BUT SHALL IN NO EVENT EXCEED THE PRODUCT°ØS PRICE. BECAUSE SOME STATES/COUNTRIES DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, THE ABOVE LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.
8 Export Restrictions
This License Agreement is effective until it is terminated. You may terminate this
License Agreement at any time by destroying or returning to ZyXEL all copies of
the Software and Documentation in your possession or under your control. ZyXEL
may terminate this License Agreement for any reason, including, but not limited
to, if ZyXEL finds that you have violated any of the terms of this License
Agreement. Upon notification of termination, you agree to destroy or return to
ZyXEL all copies of the Software and Documentation and to certify in writing that
all known copies, including backup copies, have been destroyed. All provisionsAppendix G Legal Information
NBG-416N User’s Guide
relating to confidentiality, proprietary rights, and non-disclosure shall survive the
termination of this Software License Agreement.
This License Agreement shall be construed, interpreted and governed by the laws
of Republic of China without regard to conflicts of laws provisions thereof. The
exclusive forum for any disputes arising out of or relating to this License
Agreement shall be an appropriate court or Commercial Arbitration Association
sitting in ROC, Taiwan. This License Agreement shall constitute the entire
Agreement between the parties hereto. This License Agreement, the rights
granted hereunder, the Software and Documentation shall not be assigned by you
without the prior written consent of ZyXEL. Any waiver or modification of this
License Agreement shall only be effective if it is in writing and signed by both
parties hereto. If any part of this License Agreement is found invalid or
unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction, the remainder of this License
Agreement shall be interpreted so as to reasonably effect the intention of the
Note: NOTE: Some components of the Vantage CNM 2.3 incorporate source code
covered under the Apache License, GPL License, LGPL License, Sun License,
and Castor License. To obtain the source code covered under those Licenses,
please check ftp://opensource.zyxel.com to get it.Index
A Address Assignment 84
alternative subnet mask notation 160
AP (Access Point) 195
CTS (Clear to Send) 196
see also Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
see also Domain name system
vs host name. see also system name
Extended wireless security 39Index
ZyXEL device firewall 110
stateful inspection 109
G General wireless LAN screen 71
Independent Basic Service Set 193
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
See IANA Internet connection
PPPoE. see also PPP over Ethernet
Local Area Network 91
MAC address filter 69
MAC address filtering 76
Media access control 76
how it works 101, 103
see also Network Address TranslationIndex
Navigation Panel 30, 52
navigation panel 30, 52
Network Address Translation 101, 104
see also Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet
see also Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol 42
product registration 234
Q Quality of Service (QoS) 79
Remote management 113
and the firewall 113
RF (Radio Frequency) 154
Service Set IDentification 72
Service Set IDentity. See SSID.
stateful inspection firewall 109
Packet statistics 33
Wireless station status 34
syntax conventions 6
user authentication 69
W WAN IP address assignment 44
WAN (Wide Area Network) 83
WAN IP address assignment 46
wireless channel 150
wireless LAN scheduling 81
MAC address filter 69
Wireless security 68
wireless security 150
