MRU-200 - Meter Sonel - Free user manual and instructions

Product Type	Earth Resistance Meter
Model	MRU-200 (also MRU-200-GPS with GPS module)
Dimensions	288 x 223 x 75 mm
Weight	Approx. 2 kg (with accumulators)
Power Supply	NiMH accumulator pack 4.8 V, 4.2 Ah; external charger 100-240 V AC
Measurement Functions	2-pole (bonding), 3-pole, 4-wire, 3-pole with clamp, two-clamp, impulse method, earth resistivity, current measurement
Earth Resistance Range (3-pole)	0.100 Ω … 19.99 kΩ (IEC 61557-5)
Protective Conductor Resistance (2P)	0.045 Ω … 19.99 kΩ (IEC 61557-4)
Interference Voltage Measurement	0…100 V RMS, accuracy ±(2%+3 digits)
Data Memory	990 results in 10 banks of 99 cells
Data Transfer	USB or Bluetooth (module built-in from serial E30001)
Display	LCD with backlight and adjustable contrast
Safety Category	CAT IV 300 V (up to 2000 m), double insulation
Ingress Protection	IP54
Operating Temperature	-10 °C … +50 °C
Storage Temperature	-20 °C … +80 °C
Humidity	20…90% RH (non-condensing)
Measurement Clamp Compatibility	Hard clamps (C-3) and flexible clamps (F, FS, FSX) via ERP-1 adapter
Auto-off	Adjustable timer or disable
Languages	Multiple selectable via menu
Cleaning	Soft damp cloth with mild detergent; no solvents
Warranty	Manufacturer: Sonel S.A., Poland; service only by manufacturer

Frequently Asked Questions - MRU-200 Sonel

How do I measure earth resistance with the 3-pole method?

Disconnect the earth electrode. Connect H to current electrode, S to voltage electrode, and E to the tested electrode. Align electrodes, press START. The result is displayed with auxiliary electrode resistances.

Can I use the meter with flexible clamps?

Yes, for current measurement (function I) and for earth resistance with the ERP-1 adapter. Flexible clamps must be calibrated first via the menu.

How do I save measurement results?

After a measurement, press ENTER. Use arrow keys to select a cell and bank. Press ENTER again to save. Overwrite confirmation appears if cell is occupied.

What does the BAT symbol mean?

Battery low. The NiMH pack needs charging. Measurements with insufficient voltage are unreliable and blocked when fully discharged.

How do I calibrate the measurement clamps?

Go to MENU > Measurement settings > Calibration of measurement clamps. Follow on-screen prompts. For hard clamps, connect and follow instructions. For flexible clamps, use ERP-1 adapter.

What is the difference between 3-pole and 4-wire methods?

4-wire (R_E4P) eliminates test lead resistance, recommended for very low resistances. 3-pole (R_E3P) is standard for most measurements.

How do I transfer data to a computer?

Set function switch to MEM. Connect via USB cable or use Bluetooth module. Start Sonel Reader software on PC. For Bluetooth, pair using PIN (default 123).

What is the impulse method used for?

It measures dynamic impedance of lightning arrester earthing systems. Not for protective or working earthing. Uses high-voltage pulse (approx. 1500 V, 1 A).

How do I replace the fuses?

Remove the battery compartment. The fuses are near the center: 1A 250V and 2A 250V time-delay (5x20 mm). Replace with identical types.

Can I measure earth resistivity?

Yes, select the ρ function. Use four equally spaced electrodes in a line (Wenner method). Set distance between electrodes, press START. Result is calculated automatically.

USER MANUAL MRU-200 Sonel

Line drawing of a medical device with control panel and buttons (no text or symbols)

USER MANUAL

USER MANUAL

EARTH RESISTANCE METER MRU-200 • MRU-200-GPS

CE

SONEL S. A.

Wokulskiego 11

58-100 Świdnica

Poland

Version 2.04 11.09.2023

The MRU-200 / MRU-200-GPS meter is a modern, easy and safe measuring device. Please acquaint yourself with the present manual in order to avoid measuring errors and prevent possible problems related to operation of the meter.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Safety 5

2 Menu....6

2.1 Wireless transmission....6
2.2 MRU-200-GPS GPS settings 6
2.3 Measurement settings....7

2.3.1 Mains frequency 7
2.3.2 Calibration of measurement clamps....8
2.3.3 Earth resistivity settings....11

2.4 Meter settings.... 12

2.4.1 LCD contrast....12
2.4.2 LCD Backlight 12
2.4.3 AUTO-OFF settings 12
2.4.4 Display settings....13
2.4.5 Date and time 13
2.4.6 Battery discharging 13
2.4.7 Programme update 14

2.5 Language choice.... 14
2.6 Information on the manufacturer 14

3 Measurements....15

3.1 Measurement of resistance of earth connection and equipotential bonding (2P) .. 15
3.2 Calibration of the test leads 17

3.2.1 Auto-zeroing on....17
3.2.2 Auto-zeroing off....18

3.3 Earth resistance measurement with 3-pole method (R E3P).... 19

3.4 Earth resistance measurement with 4-wire method (R E 4P)....22
3.5 Earth resistance measurement with 3-pole method with additional clamp(PC).....25
3.6 Earth resistance measurement with 3-pole method with ERP-1 adapter ( RE3P+ERP-1 )....29
3.7 Earth resistance measurement with two-clamp method (2C).... 33
3.8 Earth impedance measurement with impulse method (R _E4P1 ) 35
3.9 Current measurement (I) 39
3.10 Earth resistivity measurement (ρ) 40

4 Memory 43

4.1 Saving of the measurement results in the memory 43
4.2 Memory erasing 44
4.3 Memory browsing.... 45

5 Data transmission....46

5.1 Computer connection accessories.... 46
5.2 Connection of the meter to a computer 46
5.3 Data transmission with Bluetooth module 46

6 Power supply....48

6.1 Monitoring of the power supply voltage.... 48
6.2 Replacement of accumulators.... 48
6.3 Fuse replacement 49
6.4 Charging of accumulators 49
6.5 Discharging of accumulators.... 51

6.6 General principles regarding using Ni-MH accumulators 51

7 Cleaning and maintenance....52

8 Storage 52

9 Dismantling and disposal.... 52

10 Technical data.... 53

10.1 Basic data....53

10.2 Other technical data 55

10.3 Additional data....56

10.3.1 Influence of the serial interference voltage U_z upon earth resistance measurements for functions R_E3P , R_E4P , R_E3P+C ....56

10.3.2 Influence of the serial interference voltage U z upon earth resistance measurements for earth resistivity function (ρ) 56

10.3.3 Influence of the auxiliary electrodes upon earth resistance measurements for function R_E3P , R_E4P , R_E3P+C ..... 56

10.3.4 Influence of the auxiliary electrodes upon earth resistance measurements for earth resistivity function (ρ) 57

10.3.5 Influence of the auxiliary electrodes upon earth resistance measurements by means of the impulse method (RE4P) 57

10.3.6 Influence of the interference current I z upon the result of the earth resistance measurement for method R_E3P+C ..... 57

10.3.7 Influence of interference current on the result of the earth resistance measurement for two-clamp method (2C)....58

10.3.8 Influence of the relation of the resistance measured with clamp for the multiple earthing branch to the resultant resistance ( R_E3P+C ) 58

10.3.9 Additional uncertainties in accordance with IEC 61557-4 (2P)....58

10.3.10 Additional uncertainties in accordance with IEC 61557-5 (R_E3P, R_E4P, R_E3P+C)..... 58

11 Positions of the meter's cover 59

12 Manufacturer....59

1 Safety

The MRU-200 / MRU-200-GPS meter has been designed to realize measurements whose results determine the safety conditions of the installation. Therefore, in order to provide conditions for correct operation and the correctness of the obtained results, the following recommendations must be observed:

• Before you proceed to operate the meter, acquaint yourself thoroughly with the present manual and observe the safety regulations and specifications determined by the producer.
• The MRU-200 / MRU-200-GPS meter has been designed for the purpose of measurements of earth connection and equipotential bonding, ground resistivity, as well as clamps current measurements. Any application that differs from those specified in the present manual may result in a damage to the device and constitute a source of danger for the user.
• The device must be operated solely by appropriately qualified personnel with relevant certificates to realize measurements of electric installation. Operation of the meter realized by unauthorised personnel may result in damage to the device and constitute a source of danger for the user.
• Using this manual does not exclude the need to comply with occupational health and safety regulations and with other relevant fire regulations required during the performance of a particular type of work. Before starting the work with the device in special environments, e.g. potentially fire-risk/explosive environment, it is necessary to consult it with the person responsible for health and safety.

- It is unacceptable to operate the following:

⇒ A damaged meter which is completely or partially out of order,
⇒ A meter with damaged test leads insulation,
⇒ A meter stored for an excessive period of time in disadvantageous conditions (e.g. excessive humidity). If the meter has been transferred from a cool to a warm environment of a high level of relative humidity, do not realize measurements until the meter has been warmed up to the ambient temperature (approximately 30 minutes).

- Before measurements may commence, make sure the test leads are connected to the appropriate measurement sockets.

- Do not operate a meter with an open or incorrectly closed battery (accumulator) compartment or power it from other sources than those specified in the present manual.

- The meter's inputs are electronically protected from power surge, as a result for example, of accidental connection to the power supply source:

- for all input combinations – up to 276 V for 30 seconds.

- Repairs may be realized solely by an authorized service point.

• The device complies with the following norms; EN 61010-1 and EN 61557-1, -4, -5.

Note:

The manufacturer reserves the right to modify the appearance, accessories and technical data of the meter.

2 Menu

The menu is available at any position of the knob.

①

Press MENU.

②

Using buttons ▲ and highlight the required position. Press ENTER to select the option.

2.1 Wireless transmission

See chapter 5.3.

2.2 GPS settings

①

②

Using buttons ▲ select GPS on or off. Press ENTER to select the option.

Note:

- Switching GPS on during the resistance (resistivity) measurement is signalling by the icon in the left upper corner of the display. Searching GPS signal is indicated by the blinking icon. The icon stops blinking and is displayed continuously, when the satellite signal is found.

2.3 Measurement settings

①

②

Using buttons and highlight the required position. Press ENTER to select the option.

2.3.1 Mains frequency

It is necessary to determine the frequency of the mains which is the source of potential interference in order to select the appropriate frequency of the measurement signal. Solely measurements based upon the correct frequency of the measurement signal will guarantee the optimum interference filtering. The meter is adapted for filtering of interference from 16 2/3 Hz, 50 Hz, 60 Hz and 400 Hz networks. It also has the function of automatic specification of the parameter in question (selection of the mains frequency = AUTO), which is based upon the result of measurements of the interference voltage realized before the earth resistance measurement. The function is active if the interference voltage U_N ≥ 1 V. Otherwise the meter adopts the last frequency value selected from the MENU.

①

②

Using buttons ▲ and select the frequency and press ENTER to select the option.

2.3.2 Calibration of measurement clamps

The clamp bought apart for a meter that was purchased before must be calibrated before it is used for the first time. It may be periodically calibrated in order to avoid the influence of the ageing elements upon the resolution of measurements. The procedure of calibration must be realized also after clamp has been replaced.

Calibration of hard clamps

①

Having read the preliminary information ENTER.

②

Follow the displayed instructions.

③
Once the calibration has been successfully concluded, the following will be displayed.

The meter has determined the correction factor for connected clamp. The factor is saved in the memory also when the power supply of the meter is off until the following successful calibration of the clamp has been performed.

Calibration of flexible clamps (using ERP-1 adapter)

①

After reading the introductory information press ENTER.

②
Follow on-screen prompts displayed by the meter and short H and E sockets with a wire.

③

Connect ERP-1 adapter to the terminal of the clamps.

④

Turn ERP-1 adapter ON.

⑤

Connect flexible clamps to ERP-1 adapter.

⑥

Wrap the clamps around the wire referred to in sec. (up to 4 times).

⑦
Use FLEX and TURNS buttons on ERP-1 adapter to select the clamps and number of wraps, according to the actual situation around the wire referred to in sec. ②

⑧

Press START button on MRU meter.

⑨
If the calibration is successful, you will see the following screen.

The meter has determined the correction factor for connected clamp. The factor is saved in the memory also when the power supply of the meter is off until the following successful calibration of the clamp has been performed.

Note:

• Make sure the test lead passes centrally through the clamp.
• If hard clamps and the ERP-1 adapter with flexible clamps are used interchangeably for measurements, the calibration must be performed each time the hard clamps are replaced with ERP-1. The meter does not store individual calibration coefficients for hard clamps and the ERP-1 adapter.

Additional information displayed by the meter

Message	Cause	Procedure
ERROR: CLAMP NOT CONNECTED OR NOT PUT ON WIRE CONNECTED TO H AND E SOCKET!	The clamp is not connected	Check whether the clamp is connected to the device or whether it is placed upon the test lead used by the meter to force the passage of current.
ERROR: WIRE NOT CONNECTED TO H AND E TERMINAL! CALIBRATION ABORTED. PRESS ENTER	No wire	Revise the connections
ERROR: CALIBRATION COEFFICIENT OUT OF RANGE. CALIBRATION ABORTED. PRESS ENTER	Incorrect calibration factor	Check the quality of the connections and/or replace the clamp.

2.3.3 Earth resistivity settings

①

②

Using buttons ▲, ▼ ◀ and ▶ select the result and the distance unit and press ENTER to confirm.

2.4 Meter settings

2.4.1 LCD contrast

Using the buttons and set the contrast value and press ENTER.

2.4.2 LCD Backlight

2.4.3 AUTO-OFF settings

The setting determines the time before the automatic turning-off of the device when it is not in use. Use buttons and to set the time or AUTO-OFF disable, press ENTER.

2.4.4 Display settings

The setting permits to turn on/off the setting bar display. Use buttons and to set the display of the setting bar (measurement parameters), press ENTER.

Visible bar

Hidden bar

2.4.5 Date and time

①

②

③

Use buttons ◀ and ▶ to select the value to be modified (Day, month, hour, minute).

Use buttons ▲ and ▼ to set the value. Once the date and time have been set, press ENTER.

2.4.6 Battery discharging

The procedure is fully described in chapter 6.5.

2.4.7 Programme update

NOTE!

Before you proceed to programming, charge the accumulators.

During programming do not turn the meter off or disconnect the transmission cable.

Before you proceed to updating the programme, download from the manufacturer's web page the meter programming software, install it in the computer and connect the meter to the computer.

Having chosen the Program update in the MENU, proceed in accordance with the instructions displayed by the programme.

2.5 Language choice

• Use buttons ▲ and ▼ to select **Language choice** in the main MENU and press ENTER.
• Use buttons and to select the language and press ENTER.

2.6 Information on the manufacturer

Use buttons ▲ and ▼ in order to select Product info and press ENTER.

3 Measurements

Note:

During measurements the status bar is displayed.

3.1 Measurement of resistance of earth connection and equipotential bonding (2P)

Note:

The measurement complies with the requirements specified in the norm EN 61557-4 (U<24 V, I>200 mA for R≤10 Ω).

①

Turn the meter on. Set the rotational function selector at 2P.

②

Connect the object being measured to the terminals S and E of the meter.

The meter is ready for measurement. The auxiliary display shows the value of the interference voltage and its frequency. The setting bat shows the mains frequency set in the MENU.

Press START In order for the test to commence.

Read out the result.

MBU-200-GPS The right side of the display shows the date, time and GPS coordinates.

The result is displayed for 20 s.

It may be displayed again when ENTER is pressed.

Additional information displayed by the meter

R>19,99kΩ	Measurement range exceeded.
UN>40V! and a continuous sonic signal ^1	The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 40 V, the measurement is blocked.
UN>24V!	The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 24 V but lower than 40 V, the measurement is blocked.
NOISE!	The value of the interfering signal is too high, the result may be distorted by additional uncertainty.

3.2 Calibration of the test leads

In order to eliminate the influence of the resistance of the test leads over the result of the measurement, it is possible to realize its compensation (auto-zeroing). In order to do so the measurement function 2P includes the AUTOZERO subfunction.

3.2.1 Auto-zeroing on

Turn the meter on. Set the rotational function selector at 2P.

Press F1.

③

Follow the displayed instructions.

④

Once the auto-reset function has concluded the following will be displayed:

Auto-zeroing is signalled by the legend AUTOZERO on the right-hand side of the display.

3.2.2 Auto-zeroing off

①

Turn the meter on. Set the rotational function selector at 2P.

②

Press F1.

③

Separate the test leads. Press START.

Once the auto-zeroing function has been turned off, the legend AUTOZERO will be no longer displayed.

Note:

- It is sufficient to realize compensation once for the given test leads. It is also remembered once the meter has been turned off, until the next successful auto-reset procedure.

3.3 Earth resistance measurement with 3-pole method (R3P)

The basic kind of the earth resistance measurement is 3-pole measurement.

① Disconnect the tested earth electrode for the object installation.

Technical line drawing of a mechanical assembly with bolts and a 3D box (no text or symbols)

Turn the meter on. Set the rotational function selector at 3P.

Connect the current electrode driver into ground to the H socket of the meter. Connect the voltage electrode driver into ground to the S socket of the meter. Connect the tested earth electrode to the E socket of the meter.

The tested earth electrode as well as the current electrode and voltage electrode should be aligned.

The meter is ready for measurement. The auxiliary display shows the value of the interference voltage and its frequency. The setting bar shows the mains frequency set in the MENU.

⑤

Press F1 to order to modify the measuring voltage.

⑥

Use buttons ▲ and to set the measuring voltage and press ENTER.

⑦

Press START In order for the test to commence measurement.

⑧

Read out the result.

Current electrode resistance Voltage electrode resistance Additional uncertainty caused by the resistance of the electrodes

Displayed, when δ>30%

MRU-200-GPS
By pressing the F4 button you can display GPS coordinates.

The result is displayed for 20 s. It may be displayed again when ENTER is pressed.

Repeat the measurements (see points 3, 7 and 8) moving the voltage electrode by a couple of meters: approaching it to and moving it away from the tested earth electrode.

If the R_E test results differ more than 3%, then it is necessary to increase significantly the distance between the current electrode from the earth electrode in question and repeat the measurement.

Note:

Earth resistance measurement may be realized if the interference voltage does not exceed 24 V. The interference voltage is measured up to 100 V. Do not connect the meter to a voltage exceeding 100 V.

- Pay particular attention to the quality of the connection of the tested object with the test leads – the contact area must be cleaned of paint, rust, etc. - If the resistance of the auxiliary electrodes is too high, then the measurement of the R_E earth electrode will be distorted by additional uncertainty. A particularly high measurement uncertainty is generated if we measure a low value of the earth resistance with electrodes of a weak contact with the ground (such a situation occurs often if the earth electrode is properly made and the upper layer of the ground is dry and characterised by a low conductivity). Then the relation between the electrode resistance and the resistance of the measured earthing is very high, and so is the case of the measurement uncertainty which depends on it. What may be done then is to perform, in accordance with the formulae specified in point 10.2, calculations, which will permit to evaluate the influence of the measurement conditions. It is also possible to improve the contact of the electrode with the ground, for example by means of moistening of the place when the electrode is driven, its driving into the ground in another place or using a 80-centimetre electrode. Check also the test leads and make sure the insulation is not damaged and the contacts: test lead – banana plug – electrode are not corroded or loosened. In most cases the achieved resolution of the measurement is sufficient, but it is necessary to be conscious of the uncertainty the measurement is burdened with.

- If the resistance of H and S electrodes or one of them exceeds 19.9 kΩ, an appropriate message is displayed: "R H and R S electrodes resistance are higher than 19.9 kΩ! Measurement impossible!".

- Manufacturer's calibration doesn't include the resistance of test leads. Displayed result is sum of measured object and test leads resistance.

Additional information displayed by the meter

RE>19,99kΩ	Measurement range exceeded.
UN>40V! and a continuous sonic signal<10	The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 40 V, the measurement is blocked.
UN>24V!	The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 24 V but lower than 40 V, the measurement is blocked.
LIMIT!	The uncertainty of the electrode resistance >30%. (Uncertainties calculated on the basis of the measured values)
NOISE!	The value of the interfering signal is too high, the result may be distorted by additional uncertainty.

3.4 Earth resistance measurement with 4-wire method (R4P)

The 4-wire method is recommended in the case of measurements of earth resistance of very low values. It permits to eliminate the influence of the test leads resistance over the result of the measurement. In order to evaluate the resistance of the ground it is recommended to use the dedicated measurement function (point 3.9).

① Disconnect the tested earth electrode for the object installation.

Technical line drawing of a mechanical assembly with bolts and a 3D box (no text or symbols)

Connect the current electrode driver into ground to the H socket of the meter.

Connect the voltage electrode driver into ground to the S socket of the meter.

Connect the tested earth electrode to the E socket of the meter.

Connect the ES socket to the earth electrode In question below the E cable.

The tested earth electrode as well as the current electrode and voltage electrode should be aligned.

The meter is ready for measurement. The auxiliary display shows the value of the interference voltage and its frequency. The setting bar shows the mains frequency set in the MENU.

⑤

Press F1 to order to modify the measuring voltage.

⑥

Use buttons and to set the measuring voltage and press ENTER.

⑦

Press START In order for the test to commence measurement.

⑧

Read out the result.

Current electrode resistance Voltage electrode resistance Additional uncertainty caused by the resistance of the electrodes

MRU-200-GPS By pressing the F4 button you can display GPS coordinates.

The result is displayed for 20 s. It may be displayed again when ENTER is pressed.

Repeat the measurements (see points 3, 7 and 8) moving the voltage electrode by a couple of meters: approaching it to and moving it away from the tested earth electrode. If the R_E test results differ more than 3%, then it is necessary to increase significantly the distance between the current electrode from the earth electrode in question and repeat the measurement.

Note:

Earth resistance measurement may be realized if the interference voltage does not exceed 24 V. The interference voltage is measured up to 100 V. Do not connect the meter to a voltage exceeding 100 V.

• Pay particular attention to the quality of the connection of the tested object with the test leads – the contact area must be cleaned of paint, rust, etc.
• If the resistance of the auxiliary electrodes is too high, then the measurement of the R – Earth electrode will be distorted by additional uncertainty. A particularly high measurement uncertainty is generated if we measure a low value of the earth resistance with electrodes of a weak contact with the ground (such a situation occurs often if the earth electrode is properly made and the upper layer of the ground is dry and characterised by a low conductivity). Then the relation between the electrode resistance and the resistance of the measured earthing is very high, and so is the case of the measurement uncertainty which depends on it. What may be done then is to perform, in accordance with the formulae specified in point 10.2, calculations, which will permit to evaluate the influence of the measurement conditions. It is also possible to improve the contact of the electrode with the ground, for example by means of moistening of the place when the electrode is driven, its driving into the ground in another place or using a 80-centimetre electrode. Check also the test leads and make sure the insulation is not damaged and the contacts: test lead – banana plug – electrode are not corroded or loosened. In most cases the achieved resolution of the measurement is sufficient, but it is necessary to be conscious of the uncertainty the measurement is burdened with.
• If the resistance of H and S electrodes or one of them exceeds 19.9 kΩ, an appropriate message is displayed: "RH and R s electrodes resistance are higher than 19.9 kΩ! Measurement impossible!".
• Manufacturer's calibration doesn't include the resistance of test leads. Displayed result is sum of measured object and test leads resistance.

Additional information displayed by the meter

RE>19,99kΩ	Measurement range exceeded.
UN>40V! and a continuous sonic signal	The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 40 V, the measurement is blocked.
UN>24V!	The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 24 V but lower than 40 V, the measurement is blocked.
LIMIT!	The uncertainty of the electrode resistance >30%. (Uncertainties calculated on the basis of the measured values)
NOISE!	The value of the interfering signal is too high, the result may be distorted by additional uncertainty.

3.5 Earth resistance measurement with 3-pole method with additional clamp ( R_E3P+C )

①

②

Connect the current electrode driver into ground to the H socket of the meter.

Connect the voltage electrode driver into ground to the S socket of the meter.

Connect the tested earth electrode to the E socket of the meter.

The tested earth electrode as well as the current electrode and voltage electrode should be aligned.

Snap the clamp on the tested earth electrode below the E cable connection.

The meter is ready for measurement. The auxiliary display shows the value of the interference voltage and its frequency. The setting bar shows the mains frequency set in the MENU.

③

Press button F2 to select measurement with C-3 clamp.

④

Use buttons ▲ and to select C-3 clamp and press ENTER.

⑤

Press F1 to ordered to modify the measuring voltage.

⑥

Use buttons and to set the measuring voltage and press ENTER.

⑦

Press START in order for the test to commence measurement.

⑧

Read out the result.

Current electrode resistance
◀ Voltage electrode resistance
Additional uncertainty caused by the resistance of the electrodes.

By pressing the F4 button you can display GPS coordinates.

The result is displayed for 20 s.

It may be displayed again when ENTER is pressed.

S

Repeat the measurements (see points 2 and 5) moving the voltage electrode by a couple of meters: approaching it to and moving it away from the tested earth electrode.

If the R_E test results differ more than 3%, then it is necessary to increase significantly the distance between the current electrode from the earth electrode in question and repeat the gauging.

Notes:

Flexible clamp must not be used for this measurement.

Earth resistance measurement may be realized if the interference voltage does not exceed 24 V. The interference voltage is measured up to 100 V. Do not connect the meter to a voltage exceeding 100 V.

• The clamps are not the part of meter basic accessories, you have to purchase them apart.
• The clamp must be calibrated before it is used for the first time. It may be periodically calibrated in order to avoid the influence of the ageing elements upon the resolution of measurements. The clamp calibration option is in the MENU.
• Pay particular attention to the quality of the connection of the tested object with the test leads – the contact area must be cleaned of paint, rust, etc.
• If the resistance of the auxiliary electrodes is too high, then the measurement of the R _E earth electrode will be distorted by additional uncertainty. A particularly high measurement uncertainty is generated if we measure a low value of the earth resistance with electrodes of a weak contact with the ground (such a situation occurs often if the earth electrode is properly made and the upper layer of the ground is dry and characterised by a low conductivity). Then the relation between the electrode resistance and the resistance of the measured earthing is very high, and so is the case of the measurement uncertainty which depends on it. What may be done then is to perform, in accordance with the formulae specified in point 10.2, calculations, which will permit to evaluate the influence of the measurement conditions. It is also possible to improve the contact of the electrode with the ground, for example by means of moistening of the place when the electrode is driven, its driving into the ground in another place or using a 80-centimetre electrode. Check also the test leads and make sure

the insulation is not damaged and the contacts: test lead – banana plug – electrode are not corroded or loosened. In most cases the achieved resolution of the measurement is sufficient, but it is necessary to be conscious of the uncertainty the measurement is burdened with.

- If the resistance of H and S electrodes or one of them exceeds 19.9 kΩ, an appropriate message is displayed: "RH and RS electrodes resistance are higher than 19.9 kΩ! Measurement impossible!".

- Manufacturer's calibration doesn't include the resistance of test leads. Displayed result is sum of measured object and test leads resistance.

Additional information displayed by the meter

RE>1999Ω	Measurement range exceeded.
UN>40V! and a continuous sonic signal	The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 40 V, the measurement is blocked.
UN>24V!	The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 24 V but lower than 40 V, the measurement is blocked.
NOISE!	The value of the interfering signal is too high, the result may be distorted by additional uncertainty.
LIMIT!	The uncertainty of the electrode resistance >30%. (Uncertainties calculated on the basis of the measured values)
IL>max	Excessive interfering current, the measurement error may exceed the basic error

3.6 Earth resistance measurement with 3-pole method with ERP-1 adapter ( R_E3P+ERP-1 )

The current electrode (driven into earth) should be connected to H socket of the meter.

The voltage electrode (driven into earth) should be connected to S socket of the meter.

The tested leg of the pole should be connected to E socket of the meter with the lead.

The tested leg of the pole, the current electrode and the voltage electrode should be arranged in one line.

Clamps should be attached to the tested leg of the pole below the connection point of E lead.

3 Select voltage measurement as described in par. 3.5.

⑤

Use ▲buttons to select the measurement with ERP-1, press ENTER.

⑥

Press F3 button to select the number of pole legs.

⑦

Use ▲buttons to select the number of pole legs, press ENTER.

⑧

Press START. Follow the command on the screen and fix the clamps to the first leg (if not already done).

⑨

To start the measurement, press START push-button again.

After the measurement of the first leg of the pole, the measured resistance value of the tested leg is shown on the main screen as R1 for 5 seconds. After this time, the meter transfer R1 result to the window on the right side and displays a message to the user to connect the clamps to another leg of the pole.

This result may be restored on the main screen for another 5 seconds by pressing ENTER.

After performing the measurement on the last leg of the pole and displaying for 5 seconds the resistance result "Rn", the device displays the resultant earth resistance R_E .

Use buttons and to change results displayed in the window on the right side of the screen. MRU-200-GPS By pressing the F4 button you can display GPS coordinates.

3.7 Earth resistance measurement with two-clamp method (2C)

Two-clamp measurements are applied where there is no possibility of using ground-driven electrodes.

NOTE!

The two-clamp method may be used solely in the case of multiple earthing measurements.

①

②

Connect the transmission clam to sockets H and E, while the measurements clamp should be connected to the clamp socket.

Snap the transmission clamp and measurement clamp on the tested earth electrode AT east 30 cm from each other.

The meter is ready for measurement. The auxiliary display shows the value of the leakage current passing through the clamp and its frequency.

③

Press START In order for the test to commence measurement.

Read out the result. MRU-200-GPS The right side of the display shows the date, time and GPS coordinates.

The result is displayed for 20 s.

It may be displayed again when ENTER is pressed.

Notes:

Measurements may be performed in the presence of interference current not exceeding 3 A RMS and whose frequency complies with the value set in the MENU.

Flexible clamp and flexible clamps connected to the ERP-1 adapter must not be used for this measurement.

• The clamps are not the part of meter basic accessories, you have to purchase them apart.
• The clamp must be calibrated before it is used for the first time. It may be periodically calibrated in order to avoid the influence of the ageing elements upon the resolution of measurements. The clamp calibration option is in the MENU.
• If the clamp current is insufficient, an appropriate message is displayed: "Measured current is too low. Measurement impossible!".

Additional information displayed by the meter

RE>149,9Ω	Measurement range exceeded.
UN>40V! and a continuous sonic signal	The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 40 V, the measurement is blocked.
UN>24V!	The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 24 V but lower than 40 V, the measurement is blocked.
NOISE!	The value of the interfering signal is too high, the result may be distorted by additional uncertainty.

3.8 Earth impedance measurement with impulse method (R4P)

The impulse method is applied in the case of measurement of the dynamic impedance of lightning arrester earthing systems. It must not be used for the purpose of measurements of protective and working earthing systems.

Due to the high steepness of the test pulse leading edge the inductivity of the earth electrode highly influences its impedance. Therefore the impedance of the earth electrode measured by means of the impulse method depends upon its length and the steepness of the test pulse leading edge.

The inductivity of the earth electrode causes a shift between the current spikes and the resultant voltage drop. Hence extensive earth electrodes of a low resistance measured by means of the low-frequency method may have a much higher value of the dynamic impedance.

The impulse impedance is calculated on the basis of the following formula:

$$ Z _ {\overline {{E}}} \frac {U _ {s}}{I _ {s}} $$

Where U_S , I_S – peak value of the current and voltage.

The impulse method is used to determine the resultant earth impedance. Therefore the control measurement points must not be undone.

It is recommended to place the test leads in such a manner that the angle between them is at least 60^ .

Note:

Measuring leads must be completely unrolled. Otherwise the result of the measure may be wrong.

The following illustration explains the numbers which determine the shape of the pulse (in accordance with EN 62305-1 Lightning protection – Section 1. General Requirements).

t = current amplitude
T_1 = pulse leading edge duration
T_2 = time to semi-spike

The pulse shape is determined by the relation T_1/T_2 eg: 4/10 s.

①

②

Connect the current electrode driver into ground to the H socket of the meter.

Connect the voltage electrode driver into ground to the S socket of the meter.

Connect the tested earth electrode to the E socket and the shield of the H cable.

Connect the ES socket to the earth electrode in question below the E cable.

The tested earth electrode and the current electrode and voltage electrode should be placed in such a manner than the angle between the gauging aligned amount to 60^ .

③

The meter is ready for measurement. The auxiliary display shows the value of the interference voltage and its frequency. The setting bar shows the pulse build up time.

④

Press F1 in order to modify the pulse shape.

5

Use buttons ▲ and to set the pulse shape and press ENTER.

⑥

Press START In order for the test to commence measurement.

⑦

Read out the result.

- Current electrode resistance - Voltage electrode resistance - Additional uncertainty caused by the resistance of the electrodes.

MRU-200-GPS
By pressing the F4 button you can display GPS coordinates.

The result is displayed for 20 s. It may be displayed again when ENTER is pressed.

Notes:

Earth impedance measurement may be realized if the interference voltage does not exceed 24 V. The interference voltage is measured up to 100 V. Do not connect the meter to a voltage exceeding 100 V.

- Impulse 8/20 μs is available from firmware version 2.04.

- R_H and R_S are measured by means of the low-frequency method.

- Pay particular attention to the quality of the connection of the tested object with the test leads – the contact area must be cleaned of paint, rust, etc.

- If the resistance of the auxiliary electrodes is too high, then the measurement of the Z_E earth electrode will be distorted by additional uncertainty. A particularly high measurement uncertainty is generated if we measure a low value of the earth resistance with electrodes of a weak contact with the ground (such a situation occurs often if the earth electrode is properly made and the upper layer of the ground is dry and characterised by a low conductivity). Then the relation between the electrode resistance and the resistance of the measured earthing is very high, and so is the case of the measurement uncertainty which depends on it. What may be done then is to perform, in accordance with the formulae specified in point 10.2, calculations, which will permit to evaluate the influence of the measurement conditions. It is also possible to improve the contact of the electrode with the ground, for example by means of moistening of the place when the electrode is driven, its driving into the ground in another place or using a 80-centimetre electrode. Check also the test leads and make sure the insulation is not damaged and the contacts: test lead – banana plug – electrode are not corroded or loosened. In most cases the achieved resolution of the measurement is sufficient, but it is necessary to be conscious of the uncertainty the measurement is burdened with.

- If the resistance of H and S electrodes or one of them exceeds 1 kΩ, an appropriate message is displayed: "R H and R S electrodes resistance are higher than 1 kΩ! Measurement impossible!".

Additional information displayed by the meter

Z_E ≥ 199^1 Z_E ≥ 300^2	Measurement range exceeded. ^1 - MRU-200 up to serial number E31440, MRU-200-GPS up to serial number E40434 ^2 - MRU-200 from serial number E31441, MRU-200-GPS from serial number E40435
U_N>40V! and a continuous sonic signal ^11	The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 40 V,the measurement is blocked.
U_N>24V!	The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 24 Vbut lower than 40 V, the measurement is blocked.
LIMIT!	The uncertainty of the electrode resistance >30%. (Uncertainties calculated on the basis of the measured values)
NOISE!	The value of the interfering signal is too high,the result may be distorted by additional uncertainty.

3.9 Current measurement (I)

The present function facilitates measurements of the current effective value using measurement clamp. It may be used for example for the purpose of measurements of the leakage current in the installation in question. It is possible to choose between several types of clamps, which differ in regard to diameter and measured current range (see Technical Data).

graph TD
    A["Initial Measurement"] --> B["I = 0.0 mA"]
    B --> C{Clamping Select}
    C --> D["C-3"]
    C --> E["F"]
    C --> F["FS"]
    C --> G["FSX"]
    D --> H["Choice"]
    E --> I["Enter"]
    F --> J["Esc Exit"]
    G --> K["Enter"]

Turn the meter on. Set the rotational function selector at I.

Press F1 to select type of clamp.
Use buttons and to select the type of clamp and press ENTER.

Notes:

• Measurements are continuous and there is no possibility of their being saved.
• Flexible clamp F series may be used solely for the purpose of measurements of currents > 1 A.

3.10 Earth resistivity measurement ( )

For the purpose of earth resistivity measurements – which are used as a preliminary measure for the project of earthing systems or in geology – there is a separate function, which is selected by means of the rotational function selector: earth resistivity measurements . The function is metrologically identical as the 4-wire earth resistance measurement, but it includes an additional procedure of storing of the distance between the electrodes. The result of the measurement is the resistance value which is calculated automatically in accordance with the following formula: = 2 L R_E , which is used in the Wenner's measurement method. The method in question assumes equal distances between electrodes.

①

Turn the meter on. Set the rotational function selector at p.

②

Connect the four aligned and equally spacer electrodes, which are driven into the ground, to the meter, and do so In accordance with the diagram above

The meter is ready for measurement. The auxiliary display shows the value of the interference voltage and its frequency. The setting bar shows the measurement voltage, mains frequency set in the MENU and the distance between the electrodes.

③

Press F1 to change the measurement voltage.

④

Use buttons and to set the measuring voltage and press ENTER.

⑤

Press START to commerce measurement. The meter will activate the mode of selection of the distance between electrodes.

⑥

Use buttons and to set the distance between electrodes and press ENTER In order to commerce measurement.

⑦

Read out the result.

Current electrode resistance Voltage electrode resistance Additional uncertainty caused by the resistance of the electrodes

MRU-200-GPS
By pressing the F4 button you can display GPS coordinates.

The result is displayed for 20 s. It may be displayed again when ENTER is pressed.

Notes:

Earth resistance measurement may be realized if the interference voltage does not exceed 24 V. The interference voltage is measured up to 100 V. Do not connect the meter to a voltage exceeding 100 V.

- Calculations are based upon the assumption that the distances between the specific measurement electrodes are equal (the Wenner's method). If this is not the case the earthing resistance measurement must be realized by means of the four-pole method and calculations must be performed individually.

- Pay particular attention to the quality of the connection of the tested object with the test leads – the contact area must be cleaned of paint, rust, etc.

- If the resistance of the auxiliary electrodes is too high, then the measurement of the R _E earth electrode will be distorted by additional uncertainty. A particularly high measurement uncertainty is generated if we measure a low value of the earth resistance with electrodes of a weak contact with the ground (such a situation occurs often if the earth electrode is properly made and the upper layer of the ground is dry and characterised by a low conductivity). Then the relation between the electrode resistance and the resistance of the measured earthing is very high, and so is the case of the measurement uncertainty which depends on it. What may be done then is to perform, in accordance with the formulae specified in point 10.2, calculations, which will permit to evaluate the influence of the measurement conditions. It is also possible to improve the contact of the electrode with the ground, for example by means of moistening of the place when the electrode is driven, its driving into the ground in another place or using a 80-centimetre electrode. Check also the test leads and make sure the insulation is not damaged and the contacts: test lead – banana plug – electrode are not corroded or loosened. In most cases the achieved resolution of the measurement is sufficient, but it is necessary to be conscious of the uncertainty the measurement is burdened with.

- If the resistance of H and S electrodes or one of them exceeds 19.9 kΩ, an appropriate message is displayed: "RH and RS electrodes resistance are higher than 19.9 kΩ! Measurement impossible!".

Additional information displayed by the meter

ρ >999kΩm	Measurement range exceeded.
UN>40V! and a continuous sonic signal	The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 40 V, the measurement is blocked.
UN>24V!	The voltage on the measurement points exceeds 24 V but lower than 40 V, the measurement is blocked.
LIMIT!	The uncertainty of the electrode resistance >30%. (Uncertainties calculated on the basis of the measured values)
NOISE!	The value of the interfering signal is too high, the result may be distorted by additional uncertainty.

4 Memory

The MRU-200 / MRU-200-GPS meters are equipped with a memory whose capacity is 990 results of resistance measurements. Individual measurements are saved in memory cells. The whole memory is divided into 10 banks with 99 cells each. Each result may be saved in a cell of a defined number and in the selected bank, so the user of the meter may, at their own discretion assign numbers of the cells to individual measurement points and the numbers of the banks to individual objects, realize measurements in any order and repeat them without loosing other data.

The memory of the results of the measurements is not deleted when the meter is turned on, so they may be read further on or transmitted to the computer. The number of the current cell and the bank is not modified either.

It is recommended to delete the memory once the data have been read or before a new series of measurements is realized. New measurements may be saved in the same cells as the previous ones.

4.1 Saving of the measurement results in the memory

①

Once the measurement has finished press ENTER.

Empty cell

Occupied cell
②

Selection of the measure (cell) is realized by means of the buttons and . Bank May be selected with the buttons and . To save press ENTER.

③
Should you intend to save data In an occupied cell, the following message will be displayed:

④

Once the option has been selected with the buttons ◀ and ▶ press ENTER.

4.2 Memory erasing

Note:

- During the process of memory erasing the progress bar is being displayed.

Turn the meter on.

Set the rotational

function selector at MEM.

Using the buttons ▲ and highlight "Memory erasing".

Press ENTER.

Use the buttons ▲ and to select complete "Memory erase", "Bank erase" or "Measurement erase"

⑤ Follow the displayed instructions.

4.3 Memory browsing

Use the buttons and to highlight "Memory browsing".

Press ENTER.

Use the buttons ◀ and ▶ to select bank and the buttons ▲ and ▼ to select a cell.

Note:

- During a memory search empty cells and banks are unavailable. „Meas. 1/20” means the first measurement in a group of 20; cells 21...99 are empty and unavailable. The same principle refers to banks. If the memory is not filled in a continuous manner, then empty measurements and banks are skipped during browsing.

5 Data transmission

Remarks:

- Data transmission is not possible during the charging of accumulators.

5.1 Computer connection accessories

What is necessary in order to operate the meter with a computer is additional accessories, namely a USB cable or Bluetooth module and appropriate software. If the required accessories have not been purchased along with the meter, then they are available from the manufacturer or an authorized distributor.

The accessories may be used in case of many devices manufactured by SONEL S.A. which are equipped with the USB interface and/or Bluetooth module.

Detailed information regarding software is available from the manufacturer or an authorized distributor.

5.2 Connection of the meter to a computer

1. Set the rotational function selector at MEM.
2. Connect the cable to the USB port of the computer and the USB socket of the meter.
3. Start the SONEL READER programme.

5.3 Data transmission with Bluetooth module

Starting from serial number E30001 the meters are equipped with BT module instead of OR-1. Starting from serial number E40001 the meters are equipped with BT module instead of OR-1.

1. Select Wireless transmission in the main MENU of the meter.

or set the function switch to MEM and press F1.

1. Connect Bluetooth module to the USB socket of the PC, unless it is integrated into the PC.
2. During the process of pairing the meter with a PC enter PIN code compatible with the PIN code of the meter defined in main settings.
3. On the computer start data storing programme.

If a PIN code change is necessary, select Modify PIN code.

Set the required code with the cursors.

Note:

Standard pin for Bluetooth is "123".

• The data transmission may be interrupted using the ESC button.
• With the USB cable active the wireless transmission is not possible.

6 Power supply

Note:

Instrument MRU-200 / MRU-200-GPS has been designed for use only with the supplied rechargeable batteries. Using disposable instead of rechargeable batteries can take place only in emergency cases (e.g. total discharge of batteries during field measurements of electric poles). However, a rapid discharge of disposable batteries (several measurements) and malfunction of the instrument at high instantaneous power consumption should be expected.

6.1 Monitoring of the power supply voltage

The level of the charge of the batteries or accumulators is currently indicated by the symbol in the right upper corner of the display:

Battery charged.

Battery low.

Battery fully discharged.

Battery fully discharged, Measuring blocked.

Note:

• The displayed BAT symbol means insufficient power supply voltage and the need to charge the accumulators,
• Measurements realized with an insufficient meter power supply voltage are distorted with additional errors which are impossible to ascertain by the user and thus they cannot constitute a basis for a conclusion of correctness of the tested earthing system.

6.2 Replacement of accumulators

The MRU-200 / MRU-200-GPS meter is equipped with a package of NiMH accumulators and charger. The package of accumulators is placed in a compartment. The charger is installed inside the meter casing and it may be used solely to charge the original accumulators. It is powered from an external power supply. It is also possible to use a car lighter socket.

WARNING:

If the test leads are left in the sockets during replacement of the batteries or the package of accumulators, there is a risk of electric shock with a dangerous voltage.

In order to replace the package of accumulators it is necessary to do the following:

• Remove all the test leads from the sockets and turn the meter off,
• Remove the four screws of the accumulators/batteries compartment (in the lower part of the casing),
• Remove the compartment,
• Insert the compartment in the meter,
• Replace the four screws of the accumulators/batteries compartment.

Technical line drawing of a mechanical device with internal components and mounting holes (no text or symbols)

NOTE!

Do not use the meter when the accumulator compartment is removed or open or power it from other sources than those mentioned in the present manual.

6.3 Fuse replacement

Remove the battery compartment to get access to two replaceable fuses:

• FST 250Vac 1A, 5x20mm and
• 2A 250Vac, time-delay fuse, 5x20mm.

If the instrument or battery charger does not work, before sending it for servicing, check the fuses and, if they are blown, replace them with identical ones. The fuses are placed in holders, near the centre of the cavity. To remove the fuses, use a narrow tool (e.g. a screwdriver).

6.4 Charging of accumulators

Charging commences once the power supply has been connected to the meter regardless of the fact whether the meter is on or off. During charging the screen looks as it is presented in the following illustration. The accumulators are charged in accordance with the algorithm of „quick charge” – this process permits to reduce the duration of charging to approximately four hours. The end of the process of charging is signalled by: Charging concluded. In order to turn the device off, remove the power supply plug of the charger.

Charging Progress, the changing interior symbolizes charging.

Note:

- As a result of interferences in the network it is possible that the process of charging of accumulators will finish too fast. In the case too short a time of charging is detected it is necessary to remove the plug of the charger and start charging anew.

Additional information displayed by the meter

Message	Cause	Proceeding
Battery connection error!	Excessive voltage at the accumulator package during charging.	Check the contacts of the accumulator package. Should the problem persist, replace the package.
No battery!	No communication with the accumulator controller or batteries compartment put in.	Check the contacts of the accumulator package. Should the problem persist, replace the package. Put the accumulators compartment instead of batteries.
Battery temperature too low!	The ambient temperature is lower than 10°C	It is not possible to charge the accumulators correctly in such a temperature. Place the meter in a warm place and commence the charging mode anew.The present message may be displayed also in the case of deep discharging of the accumulators. It is then recommended to try to turn the charger on and off repeatedly.
Precharge error	A damaged or deeply discharged accumulator package	The message is displayed for a while and then the precharge process begins again. If after several attempts the message: Battery temperature too high! is displayed, replace the package.

6.5 Discharging of accumulators

In order to guarantee proper functioning of the accumulators (charge indications) and prolong their durability, it is recommended to charge them from zero from time to time. Proceed as follows in order to discharge the accumulators:

①

Press MENU and highlight Meter settings. Press ENTER.

②

Use buttons and to select Battery discharging, and press ENTER.
Read the displayed text and accept.

Discharging, which may last up to 10 hours depending on the level of the charge of the package, is signalled with the following message: Discharging of accumulators in progress.

6.6 General principles regarding using Ni-MH accumulators

• If you do not use the device for a prolonged period of time, then it is recommended to remove the accumulators and store them separately.
• Store the accumulators in a dry, cool and well ventilated place and protect them from direct sunlight. The temperature of the environment in the case of prolonged storage should not exceed 30^ C. If the accumulators are stored for a long time in a high temperature, then the occurring chemical processes may reduce their lifetime.
• Accumulators Ni-MH resist normally 500-1000 charging cycles. The accumulators reach their maximum capacity after being formatted (2-3 charge and discharge cycles). The most important factor which influences the lifetime of an accumulator is the depth of discharge. The deeper the discharge of the accumulator, the shorter its lifetime.
• The memory effect is limited in the case of Ni-MH accumulator. These accumulators may be charged at any point with no serious consequences. However, it is recommended to discharge them completely every few cycles.
• During storage of Ni-MH accumulators they are discharged at the rate of approximately 30% per month. Keeping accumulators at high temperatures may accelerate this process even 100%. In order to prevent excessive discharge of accumulators, after which it would be necessary to format them, it is recommended to charge the accumulators from time to time (even if not in use).

- Modern fast chargers detect both too low and too high a temperature of accumulators and react to the situation adequately. Too low a temperature should prevent the start of the process of charging, which might damage the accumulator irreparably. An increase of the temperature of the accumulator is a signal to stop charging and is a typical phenomenon. However charging at a high temperature of the environment apart from reducing the lifetime causes an accelerated increase of the temperature of the accumulator, which will be not charged to its full capacity.

- Remember that in the case of quick charging accumulators are charged to approximately 80% of their capacity; better results may be obtained if the process of charging is continued: the charger goes then to the phase of charging with a low current and after next couple of hours the accumulators are charged to their full capacity.

- Do not charge or use accumulators in extreme temperatures. Extreme temperatures reduce the lifetime of batteries and accumulators. Avoid placing devices powered from accumulators in very hot environments. The nominal working temperature must be absolutely observed.

7 Cleaning and maintenance

NOTE!

Apply solely the maintenance methods specified by the manufacturer within the present manual.

The casing of the meter may be cleaned with a soft, damp cloth using all-purpose detergents. Do not use any solvents or cleaning agents which might scratch the casing (powders, pastes, etc.).

Clean the auxiliary electrode with water and dry it. Before the electrode is stored for a prolonged period of time it is recommended to grease it with any machine lubricant.

The reels and test leads should be cleaned with water and detergents, and then dried.

The electronic system of the meter does not require maintenance.

8 Storage

• In the case of storage of the device, the following recommendations must be observed:
• Disconnect all the test leads from the meter.
• Clean the meter and all its accessories thoroughly.
  • Wind the long test leads onto the reels.
• In the case the meter is to be stored for a prolonged period of time, the batteries must be removed from the device.
• In order to prevent a total discharge of the accumulators in the case of a prolonged storage, charge them from time to time.

9 Dismantling and disposal

Worn-out electric and electronic equipment should be gathered selectively, i.e. it must not be placed with waste of another kind.

Worn-out electronic equipment should be sent to a collection point in accordance with the law of worn-out electric and electronic equipment.

Before the equipment is sent to a collection point, do not dismantle any elements.

Observe the local regulations concerning disposal of packages, worn-out batteries and accumulators.

10 Technical data

• The specified accuracy applies to meter terminals.
• The abbreviation „m.v.“ in the accuracy definition means the measured value.

10.1 Basic data

Interference voltage measurement U_N (RMS)

Range	Resolution	Accuracy
0...100 V	1 V	±(2% m.v. + 3 digits)

• measurement for f _N 15...450 Hz
- frequency of measurements – minimum two measurements/s

Interference frequency measurement f_N

Range	Resolution	Accuracy
15...450 Hz	1 Hz	±(1% m.v. + 2 digits)

• measurement for interference voltage >1 V (for interference voltage <1 V the following is displayed: f=---)

Measurement of resistance of protective conductors and equipotential bonding (2P)

The measurement method: in accordance with IEC 61557-5
Range of measurement in accordance with IEC 61557-4: 0,045 Ω ... 19,99 kΩ

Range	Resolution	Accuracy
0,000...3,999 Ω *	0,001 Ω	±(2% m.v. + 4 digits)
4,00...39,99 Ω	0,01 Ω	±(2% m.v. + 2 digits)
40,0...399,9 Ω	0,1 Ω
400...399 9Ω	1 Ω
4,00...19,99 kΩ	0,01 kΩ	±(5% m.v. + 2 digits)

* In 0,000...0,045 Ω range uncertainty is unspecified.

Measurement of earth resistance - 3-pole method (RE3P), 4-wire method (RE4P)

The measurement method: 3-pole, in accordance with IEC 61557-5

Range of measurement in accordance with IEC 61557-5: 0,100 Ω ... 19,99 kΩ

Range	Resolution	Accuracy
0,000...3,999 Ω *	0,001 Ω	±(2% m.v. + 4 digits)
4,00...39,99 Ω	0,01 Ω	±(2% m.v. + 2 digits)
40,0...399,9 Ω	0,1 Ω
400...3999 Ω	1 Ω
4,00...19,99 kΩ	0,01 kΩ	±(5% m.v. + 2 digits)

* For 3-pole method in 0,000...0,045 Ω range uncertainty is unspecified.

Measurement of resistance of auxiliary electrodes R_H and R_S

Range	Resolution	Accuracy
0...999 Ω	1Ω	±(5% (RE+RH+RS) + 8 digits)
1,00...9,99 kΩ	0,01 kΩ
10,0...19,9 kΩ	0,1 kΩ

Measurement of earth resistance - 3-pole method with additional clamp (RE3P+C)

Range of measurement in accordance with IEC 61557-5: 0,120 Ω ... 1999 Ω

Range	Resolution	Accuracy
0,000...3,999 Ω *	0,001 Ω	±(8% m.v. + 4 digits)
4,00...39,99 Ω	0,01 Ω	±(8% m.v. + 3 digits)
40,0...399,9 Ω	0,1 Ω
400...1999 Ω	1 Ω

* In 0,000...0,045 Ω range uncertainty is unspecified.

Measurement of multiple earth resistance - two-clamp method (2C)

Range	Resolution	Accuracy
0,00...19,99 Ω	0,01 Ω	±(10% m.v. + 3 digits)
20,0...149,9 Ω	0,1 Ω	±(20% m.v. + 3 digits)

Earth resistivity measurement (ρ)

The measurement method: Wenner's, = 2 LR_E

Range	Resolution	Accuracy
0,0...199,9 Ωm	0,1 Ωm	Depends on the accuracy of the RE 4P measurement but not less than ±1 digit.
200...1999 Ωm	1 Ωm
2,00...19,99 kΩm	0,01 kΩm
20,0...99,9 kΩm	0,1 kΩm
100...999 kΩm	1 kΩm

• distance between measurement probes (L): 1...50 m

Earth impedance measurement - impulse method (Re4P)

Range	Resolution	Accuracy
0,0...99,9 Ω	0,1 Ω	±(2,5% m.v. + 3 digits)
100...199 Ω	1 Ω
200...300 Ω1	1 Ω1	±(5% m.v. + 3 digits)1

1 - MRU-200 from serial number E31441, MRU-200-GPS from serial number E40435
• impulse shape: 4/10 μs, 8/20 μs or 10/350 μs
- impulse measurement current: approximately 1 A
- spike voltage: approximately 1500 V

Measurement of leakage damage current (RMS)

Range	Resolution	Accuracy
0,1...99,9 mA^1	0,1 mA	±(8% m.v. + 5 digits)
100...999 mA^1	1 mA	±(8% m.v. + 3 digits)
1,00...4,99 A^1,2,3,4	0,01 A	±(5% m.v. + 5 digits) ^1,3,4 unspecified ^2 unspecified for 0...2 A^3 unspecified for 0...1 A^4
5,00...9,99 A^1,2,3,4	0,01 A	±(5% m.v. + 5 digits)
10,0...99,9 A^1,2,3,4	0,1 A
100 ... 300 A^1,2,3,4	1 A

^1 – clamp (diameter 52 mm) – C-3
^2 – flexible clamp – F series
^3 – flexible clamp – FS-2
^4 – flexible clamp – FSX-3
• frequency range: 45...400 Hz

10.2 Other technical data

a) type of insulation acc. to EN 61010-1 and IEC 61557..... double
b) measurement category acc. to EN 61010-1 (for 2000 m a.s.l.) IV 300 V
c) protection grade of the casing in accordance with EN 60529....IP54
d) maximum interference voltage AC + DC at which a measurement may be performed....24 V
e) maximum measured interference voltage....100 V
f) maximum interference current at which a measurement of the earth resistance by means of the clamp method is performed ....3 A RMS
g) frequency of the measurement current.... 125 Hz for 16 2/3 Hz, 50 Hz, 400 Hz networks .... 150 Hz for 60 Hz networks
h) measurement voltage and current for 2P....U < 24 V RMS, I ≥ 200 mA for R ≤ 60 Ω
i) measurement voltage for R E 3P, R E 4P 25 V or 50 V
j) measurement current (short-circuit current) for R E 3P, R E 4P....>200 mA
k) maximum resistance of auxiliary electrodes 20 kΩ
I) signalling of insufficient clamp current for ≤0.5 mA
m) power supply of the meter ...... accumulator package type SONEL NiMH 4,8 V 4,2 Ah
n) parameters of AC adapter for the battery charge.... 100 V...240 V, 50 Hz...60 Hz
o) number of measurements for 2P ....>1500 (1Ω, 2 measurement/min)
p) number of measurements for RE3P, RE4P ..... >1200 (R=10 Ω, RH=RS=100 Ω, 2 measurement/min)
q) duration of a resistance measurement by means of the two-pole method ....<6 s
r) duration of a resistance and resistivity measurement by means of other methods ....<8 s
s) MRU-200-GPS position Accuracy (in good weather conditions and visibility of satellites)....3 m (50%CEP)
t) dimensions....288 x 223 x 75 mm
u) mass of the meter with accumulators .... ca. 2 kg
v) working temperature....-10...+50°C
w) operating temperature range for battery charger....+10°C to +35°C
x) temperatures at which loading is interrupted....< 5°C and ≥50°C
y) reference temperature.... 23 ±2°C
z) storage temperature....-20...+80°C
aa) relative humidity 20..90%
bb) relative humidity nominal 40...60%
cc) altitude (above sea level)....≤2000 m*
dd) quality standard ...... design and production in accordance with ISO 9001
ee) the product meets EMC requirements according to the following standards.... EN 61326-1 and EN 61326-2-2

NOTE

\* Information about the use of meter at altitude from 2000 m to 5000 m

As for voltage inputs E, ES, S, H the instrument is to be considered downgraded to measurement category CAT III 300 V to ground (max 300 V between inputs) or CAT IV 150 V to ground (max 150 V between inputs). Markings and symbols indicated on the instrument are to be considered valid when using it at altitude lower than 2000 m.

EN 55022 Compliance statement

MRU-200 / MRU-200-GPS is a class A product. In a domestic environment this product may cause radio interference in which case the user may be required to take adequate measures.

10.3 Additional data

Data regarding additional uncertainties are useful mainly in the case the meter is used under non-standard conditions as well as for measurement laboratories for the purpose of calibration.

10.3.1 Influence of the serial interference voltage U_z upon earth resistance measurements for functions R_E3P , R_E4P , R_E3P+C

R	Additional uncertainty [Ω]
0,000...3,999Ω	^-4 R_E · + ·s ± ^-4 _zR_E)102_z
>3,999Ω	± (5 · 10^-4 · R_E + 2 · 10^-2) · U_z

10.3.2 Influence of the serial interference voltage U_z upon earth resistance measurements for earth resistivity function ( )

$$ \Delta_ {\mathrm{add}} [ \Omega ] = \pm 2, 5 \cdot (1 0 ^ {- 3} \cdot R _ {E} + 1 0 ^ {- 6} \cdot R _ {H} \cdot U _ {Z}) \cdot U _ {Z}, $$

$$ \text { where } R _ {E} = \frac {\rho}{2 \cdot \pi \cdot L} $$

10.3.3 Influence of the auxiliary electrodes upon earth resistance measurements for function R_E3P , R_E4P , R_E3P+C

R_E	R_H, R_S	Additional uncertainty [%]
0,000... ...3,999 Ω	R_H ≤ 500 and R_S ≤ 500	within the range of the accuracy
	R_H > 500 or R_S > 500 or R_H and R_S > 500	± (_SR_S + 10^6 · 200 + _H^2R_E · R_H + 200 · 5 · 10^-3 + (1 + 1R_E) · R_H · 4 · 10^-4)
>3,999 Ω	R_H ≤ 1 k and R_S ≤ 1 k	within the range of the accuracy
	R_H > 1 k or R_S > 1 k or R_H and R_S > 1 k	± (_SR_S + 10^6 · 200 + _H^2R_E · R_H + 200 · 5 · 10^-3 + R_H · 4 · 10^-4)

R_E[] , R_S[] and R_H[] are values which are displayed by the device.

For measurements with the use of ERP-1 adapter

RE	RH,RS	Additional uncertainty for U = 25 V [%]
0,000 Ω...3.999 Ω	RH≤ 500 Ω and RS ≤ 500 Ω	within the range of the accuracy
	RH> 500 Ω orRs > 500 Ω orRH and RS> 500 Ω	±(RS/Rs+106·200 + RH2/RE·RH+200·5·10-3+(1 + 1/RE)·RH·4·10-4)
>3.999 Ω	RH≤ 1 kΩ and RS≤ 1 kΩ	within the range of the accuracy
	RH> 1 kΩ orRs> 1 kΩ orRH and RS>1 kΩ	±(RS/Rs+106·200 + RH2/RE·RH+200·5·10-3+RH·20·10-4)
R_E	R_H, R_S	Additional uncertainty for U = 50 V [%]
0,000 Ω...3.999 Ω	R_H ≤ 500 and R_S ≤ 500	within the range of the accuracy
	R_H > 500 or R_S > 500 or R_H and R_S > 500	± (_SR_S + 10^6 · 200 + _H^2R · R + 200^-3 1(10^5 1E R_EH R_H ·s + ^-4 · )
>3.999 Ω	R_H ≤ 1 k and R_S ≤ 1 k	within the range of the accuracy
	R_H > 1 k or R_S > 1 k or R_H and R_S > 1 k	± (_SR_S + 10^6 · 200 + _H^2R_E · R_H + 200 · 10^5 + R_H · 15 · 10^-4)

R_E[], R_S[] and R_H[] are values which are displayed by the device.

10.3.4 Influence of the auxiliary electrodes upon earth resistance measurements for earth resistivity function ( )

Uncertainty [%]

±( _H · (R_S + 30000)R_E 3,2 1 · 10^-7 · 4 1^-4 · _H^2 + R_S^2 )

R_E[], R_S[] and R_H[] are values which are displayed by the device.

10.3.5 Influence of the auxiliary electrodes upon earth resistance measurements by means of the impulse method ( R_E4P )

R_H	Z_E	Uncertainty [%]
R_H ≤ 150	0.0...199	within the range of the accuracy
R_H > 150	0.0...4.9	± (_H - 100Z_E · 4 · 10^-2)
	5.0...199 ^1 5.0...300 ^2	± ((R_H - 100) · 7 · 10^-3)

^1 - MRU-200 up to serial number E31440, MRU-200-GPS up to serial number E40434
^2 - MRU-200 from serial number E31441, MRU-200-GPS from serial number E40435
Z_E[] and R_H[] are values which are displayed by the device.

10.3.6 Influence of the interference current I_z upon the result of the earth resistance measurement for method R_E3P+C

The MRU-200 / MRU-200-GPS meter may perform a measurement, if the value of the interference current does not exceed 3 A RMS and the frequency complies with the value set in the MENU.

RE	U wy	Uncertainty [Ω]
≤50 Ω	25 V	± (5 · 10^-3 · R · I_zaklE^2)
	50 V	± (2,5 · 10^-3 · R · I_zaklE^2)
>50 Ω	25 V	± 70(10^-6 · R_E^2 · I_zakl^2)
	50 V	± 50(10^-6 · R_E^2 · I_zakl^2)

If the interference current exceeds 3 A the possibility of measurement is blocked.

10.3.7 Influence of interference current on the result of the earth resistance measurement for two-clamp method (2C)

The MRU-200 / MRU-200-GPS meter may perform a measurement, if the value of the interference current does not exceed 3 A RMS and the frequency complies with the value set in the MENU.

RE	Uncertainty [Ω]
0.00...4.99 Ω	within the range of the accuracy
5.00...19.9 Ω	-3 ^2 IR _zakIE7^3+
20.0...149.9 Ω	-2 ^2 IR _zakIE7^3+

If the interference current exceeds 3 A the possibility of measurement is blocked.

10.3.8 Influence of the relation of the resistance measured with clamp for the multiple earthing branch to the resultant resistance ( R_E3P+C )

Rc	Uncertainty [Ω]
≤99.9 Ω	3(± 10^-3 · _CR_w^2)
>99.9 Ω	± · 1062· _CR_w^2

R_C[] is the value of the resistance measured with clamps for the branch displayed by the device, and R_W[] is the value of the resultant multiple earth resistance.

10.3.9 Additional uncertainties in accordance with IEC 61557-4 (2P)

Influencing factor	Symbol	Additional uncertainty
Location	E_1	0%
Power supply voltage	E_2	0% (BAT not displayed)
Temperature	E_3	R≤3,999Ω	±0,3digits/°C
		R>3,999Ω and <1kΩ	±0,2digits/°C
		R≥1kΩ	±0,07%/°C ±0,2 digits/°C

10.3.10 Additional uncertainties in accordance with IEC 61557-5 ( R_E3P , R_E4P , R_E3P+C )

Influencing factor	Symbol	Additional uncertainty
Location	E_1	0%
Power supply voltage	E_2	0% (BAT not displayed)
Temperature	E_3	R≤3,999 Ω	±0,3 digits/°C
		R>3,999 Ω and <1 kΩ	±0,2 digits/°C
		R≥1 kΩ	±0,07%/°C ±0,2 digits/°C
Serial interference voltage	E_4	In accordance with formula In 10.2.1 ( U_z=3 V 50/60/400/16 2/3 Hz )
Resistance of electrodes and auxiliary earth electrodes	E_5	In accordance with the formula in 10.2.3

11 Positions of the meter's cover

The movable cover enables using the meter in various positions.

1 – Cover as the bottom of the meter
2 – Cover used as a support
3 – Cover in the position that enables convenient use of the meter suspended on the neck by means of hanging straps

12 Manufacturer

The manufacturer of the device, which also provides guarantee and post-guarantee service is the following company:

SONEL S.A.

Wokulskiego 11

58-100 Świdnica

Poland

tel. [phone] (Customer Service)

e-mail: [e-mail]

web page: www.sonel.com

Attention:

Service repairs must be realized solely by the manufacturer.

NOTES

SONEL S.A.

Wokulskiego 11

58-100 Świdnica

Poland

Customer Service

tel. [phone]

e-mail: [e-mail]

www.sonel.com