NWA1123-AC V2 - Wireless Access Point ZYXEL - Free user manual and instructions

USER MANUAL NWA1123-AC V2 ZYXEL

Wireless LAN Ceiling Mountable PoE Access Point

Version 1.00

Edition 1, 08/2012

User's Guide

Default Login Details

LAN IP Address	http://192.168.1.2
User Name	admin
Password	1234

IMPORTANT!

READ CAREFULLY BEFORE USE.

KEEP THIS GUIDE FOR FUTURE REFERENCE.

This is a User's Guide for a series of products. Not all products support all firmware features. Screenshots and graphics in this book may differ slightly from your product due to differences in your product firmware or your computer operating system. Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this manual is accurate.

Related Documentation

- Quick Start Guide

The Quick Start Guide shows how to connect the NWA and access the Web Configurator.

Contents Overview

User's Guide 9

Introducing the NWA 11

Introducing the Web Configurator 19

Dashboard 25

Tutorial 29

Technical Reference 47

Monitor 49

Wireless LAN 55

LAN 91

VLAN 95

System 97

Log Settings 111

Maintenance 115

Troubleshooting 123

Table of Contents

Contents Overview ....3

Table of Contents 5

Part I: User's Guide 9

Chapter 1

Introducing the NWA 11

1.1 Introducing the NWA 11

1.1.1 Dual-Band 12

1.2 Wireless Modes 12

1.2.1 MBSSID 12

1.2.2 Wireless Client 13

1.2.3 Root AP 15

1.2.4 Repeater 15

1.3 Ways to Manage the NWA 16

1.4 Configuring Your NWA's Security Features ....17

1.4.1 Control Access to Your Device 17

1.4.2 Wireless Security 17

1.5 Good Habits for Managing the NWA ....17

1.6 Hardware Connections .... 18

1.7 LED 18

Chapter 2

Introducing the Web Configurator ....19

2.1 Accessing the Web Configurator .... 19

2.2 Resetting the NWA 20

2.2.1 Methods of Restoring Factory-Defaults ....21

2.3 Navigating the Web Configurator ....22

2.3.1 Title Bar 22

2.3.2 Navigation Panel 23

2.3.3 Main Window 24

Chapter 3

Dashboard 25

3.1 The Dashboard Screen ....25

Chapter 4

Tutorial 29

4.1 How to Configure the Wireless LAN ....29

4.1.1 Choosing the Wireless Mode ......29
4.1.2 Further Reading ...... 29

4.2 How to Configure Multiple Wireless Networks ....29

4.2.1 Configure the SSID Profiles ....31
4.2.2 Configure the Standard Network ....33
4.2.3 Configure the VoIP Network .... 34
4.2.4 Configure the Guest Network ....36
4.2.5 Testing the Wireless Networks ....38

4.3 NWA Setup in AP and Wireless Client Modes 38

4.3.1 Scenario .... 38
4.3.2 Configuring the NWA in MBSSID or Root AP Mode 39
4.3.3 Configuring the NWA in Wireless Client Mode 42
4.3.4 MAC Filter Setup 44
4.3.5 Testing the Connection and Troubleshooting .... 45

Part II: Technical Reference......47

Chapter 5

Monitor......49

5.1 Overview 49
5.2 What You Can Do ....49
5.3 View Logs 49
5.4 Statistics ....50
5.5 Association List ....51
5.6 Channel Usage 52

Chapter 6

Wireless LAN....55

6.1 Overview ....55
6.2 What You Can Do in this Chapter ....55
6.3 What You Need To Know ....56
6.4 Wireless Settings Screen 60

6.4.1 Root AP Mode 61
6.4.2 Repeater Mode 65
6.4.3 Wireless Client Mode 68
6.4.4 MBSSID Mode 71

6.5 SSID Screen 74

6.5.1 Configuring SSID 75

6.6 Wireless Security Screen ....76

6.6.1 Security: WEP 78
6.6.2 Security: WPA, WPA2, WPA2-MIX 79
6.6.3 Security: WPA-PSK, WPA2-PSK, WPA2-PSK-MIX 81

6.7 RADIUS Screen 82

6.8 Layer-2 Isolation ....84

6.8.1 Layer-2 Isolation Screen 85

6.9 MAC Filter Screen 86

6.10 Technical Reference 88

6.10.1 Additional Wireless Terms ......89
6.10.2 WMM QoS 89
6.10.3 Security Mode Guideline 90

Chapter 7

LAN 91

7.1 Overview 91
7.2 What You Can Do in this Chapter ......91
7.3 What You Need to Know ....91
7.4 LAN IP Screen 93

Chapter 8

VLAN 95

8.1 Overview 95
8.1.1 What You Can Do in This Chapter 95
8.2 What You Need to Know 95
8.3 VLAN Screen 96

Chapter 9

System 97

9.1 Overview 97
9.2 What You Can Do in this Chapter 97
9.3 What You Need To Know 98
9.4 WWW Screen 100
9.5 Certificates Screen 101
9.6 Telnet Screen 102
9.7 SNMP Screen 104
9.8 FTP Screen 106
9.9 Technical Reference 107

9.9.1 MIB 107
9.9.2 Supported MIBs 108
9.9.3 Private-Public Certificates 108
9.9.4 Certification Authorities ....108
9.9.5 Checking the Fingerprint of a Certificate on Your Computer 109

Chapter 10

Log Settings 111

10.1 Overview 111
10.2 What You Can Do in this Chapter 111
10.3 What You Need To Know 112
10.4 Log Settings Screen 112

Chapter 11

Maintenance 115

11.1 Overview 115
11.2 What You Can Do in this Chapter 115
11.3 What You Need To Know 116
11.4 General Screen 116
11.5 Password Screen 117
11.6 Time Screen 118
11.7 Firmware Upgrade Screen 119
11.8 Configuration File Screen 120
11.8.1 Backup Configuration 120
11.8.2 Restore Configuration 120
11.8.3 Back to Factory Defaults .... 121
11.9 Restart Screen 121

Chapter 12

Troubleshooting....123

12.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs 123
12.2 NWA Access and Login 124
12.3 Internet Access 125
12.4 Wireless LAN 126

Appendix A Setting Up Your Computer's IP Address 129
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScript and Java Permissions 157
Appendix C IP Addresses and Subnetting....169
Appendix D IPv6....177
Appendix E Wireless LANs....187
Appendix F Legal Information....201
Index 207

PART I

User's Guide

Introducing the NWA

This chapter introduces the main applications and features of the NWA. It also discusses the ways you can manage your NWA.

1.1 Introducing the NWA

This User's Guide covers the following models: NWA1121-NI, and NWA1123-NI. Your NWA is an IPv6 wireless AP (Access Point) that can function in several wireless modes. It extends the range of your existing wired network without additional wiring, providing easy network access to mobile users.

Table 1 NWA Series Comparison Table

FEATURES	NWA1121-NI	NWA1123-NI
Supported Wireless Standards	IEEE 802.11bIEEE 802.11gIEEE 802.11n	IEEE 802.11aIEEE 802.11bIEEE 802.11gIEEE 802.11n
Supported Frequency Bands	2.4 GHz	2.4 GHz5 GHz
Available Security Modes	NoneWEPWPAWPA2WPA2-MIXWPA-PSKWPA2-PSKWPA2-PSK-MIX	NoneWEPWPAWPA2WPA2-MIXWPA-PSKWPA2-PSKWPA2-PSK-MIX
Number of SSID Profiles	8	32
Layer-2 Isolation	Yes	Yes

The NWA controls network access with MAC address filtering and RADIUS server authentication. It also provides a high level of network traffic security, supporting IEEE 802.1x, Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), WPA2 and WEP data encryption. Its Quality of Service (QoS) features allow you to prioritize time-sensitive or highly important applications such as VoIP.

Your NWA is easy to install, configure and use. The embedded Web-based configurator enables simple, straightforward management and maintenance.

See the Quick Start Guide for instructions on how to make hardware connections.

1.1.1 Dual-Band

The NWA1123-NI is a dual-band AP and able to function both 2.4G and 5G networks at the same time. You could use the 2.4 GHz band for regular Internet surfing and downloading while using the 5 GHz band for time sensitive traffic like high-definition video, music, and gaming.

Figure 1 Dual-Band Application

graph TD
    A["Desktop"] --> B["Ethernet"]
    C["Desktop"] --> B
    D["Desktop"] --> B
    E["Desktop"] --> B
    B --> F["INTERNET"]
    G["2.4G Laptop"] --> H["5G Computer"]
    style G stroke-dasharray: 5 5

1.2 Wireless Modes

The NWA can be configured to use the following WLAN operating modes:

OPERATING MODE	NUMBER OF SUPPORTED SSID	UNIVERSAL REPEATER FUNCTION	AP FUNCTION
MBSSID	8	No	Yes
Client	1	No	No
Root AP	5	Yes	Yes
Repeater	1	Yes	Yes

Applications for each operating mode are shown below.

1.2.1 MBSSID

A Basic Service Set (BSS) is the set of devices forming a single wireless network (usually an access point and one or more wireless clients). The Service Set IDentifier (SSID) is the name of a BSS. In Multiple BSS (MBSSID) mode, the NWA provides multiple virtual APs, each forming its own BSS and using its own individual SSID profile.

You can configure multiple SSID profiles, and have all of them active at any one time.

You can assign different wireless and security settings to each SSID profile. This allows you to compartmentalize groups of users, set varying access privileges, and prioritize network traffic to and from certain BSSs.

To the wireless clients in the network, each SSID appears to be a different access point. As in any wireless network, clients can associate only with the SSIDs for which they have the correct security settings.

For example, you might want to set up a wireless network in your office where Internet telephony (VoIP) users have priority. You also want a regular wireless network for standard users, as well as a 'guest' wireless network for visitors. In the following figure, VoIP_SSID users have QoS priority, SSID01 is the wireless network for standard users, and Guest_SSID is the wireless network for guest users. In this example, the guest user is forbidden access to the wired Land Area Network (LAN) behind the AP and can access only the Internet.

Figure 2 Multiple BSSs

graph TD
    A["LAN"] --> B["Router"]
    B --> C["Internet"]
    B --> D["VoIP_SSID"]
    B --> E["SSID01"]
    B --> F["Guest_SSID"]
    style A fill:#f9f,stroke:#333
    style B fill:#ccf,stroke:#333
    style C fill:#cfc,stroke:#333
    style D fill:#fcc,stroke:#333
    style E fill:#cff,stroke:#333
    style F fill:#ffc,stroke:#333

1.2.2 Wireless Client

The NWA can be used as a wireless client to communicate with an existing network.

Note: The NWA1123-NI is a dual-band AP which contains two different types of wireless radios to transmit at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands separately and simultaneously. If one of the NWA1123-NI wireless radio is set to work in client mode, the other radio will be disabled automatically.

In the figure below, the printer can receive requests from the wired computer clients A and B via the NWA in Client mode (Z) using only the 2.4 GHz band.

Figure 3 Wireless Client Application

graph TD
    A[" Laptop "] --> Ethernet[" Ethernet "]
    B[" Server "] --> Ethernet
    B --> Router[" Router "]
    Router --> Ethernet
    Ethernet --> 2.4G[" 2.4G "]
    2.4G --> 5G[" 5G "]
    5G --> Z[" Router "]
    Z --> Printer[" Printer "]
    Printer --> Router
    style Ethernet fill:#f9f,stroke:#333
    style 2.4G fill:#ccf,stroke:#333
    style 5G fill:#cfc,stroke:#333
    style Printer fill:#fcc,stroke:#333

1.2.3 Root AP

In Root AP mode, the NWA (Z) can act as the root AP in a wireless network and also allow repeaters (X and Y) to extend the range of its wireless network at the same time. In the figure below, both clients A, B and C can access the wired network through the root AP.

Figure 4 Root AP Application

graph TD
    A["Printer"] --> B["Ethernet"]
    C["Computer"] --> B
    D["Server"] --> B
    E["Router"] --> B
    F["Internet Cloud"] --> B
    G["Y"] --> H["Z"]
    I["X"] --> J["B"]
    K["C"] --> J
    H --> L["A"]
    H --> M["B"]
    H --> N["X"]
    style H stroke:#000,stroke-width:2px
    style I stroke:#000,stroke-width:2px
    style J stroke:#000,stroke-width:2px
    style K stroke:#000,stroke-width:2px

On the NWA in Root AP mode, you can have multiple SSIDs active for regular wireless connections and one SSID for the connection with a repeater (universal repeater SSID). Wireless clients can use either SSID to associate with the NWA in Root AP mode. A repeater must use the universal repeater SSID to connect to the NWA in Root AP mode.

When the NWA is in Root AP mode, universal repeater security between the NWA and other repeater is independent of the security between the wireless clients and the AP or repeater. If you do not enable universal repeater security, traffic between APs is not encrypted. When universal repeater security is enabled, both APs and repeaters must use the same pre-shared key. See Section 6.6 on page 76 for more details.

Unless specified, the term "security settings" refers to the traffic between the wireless clients and the AP. At the time of writing, universal repeater security is compatible with the NWA only.

1.2.4 Repeater

The NWA can act as a wireless network repeater to extend a root AP's wireless network range, and also establish wireless connections with wireless clients.

Using Repeater mode, your NWA can extend the range of the WLAN. In the figure below, the NWA in Repeater mode (Z) has a wireless connection to the NWA in Root AP mode (X) which is connected to a wired network and also has a wireless connection to another NWA in Repeater mode (Y) at the same time. Z and Y act as repeaters that forward traffic between associated wireless

clients and the wired LAN. Clients A and B access the AP and the wired network behind the AP through repeaters Z and Y.

Figure 5 Repeater Application

graph TD
    A["Printer"] --> B["Ethernet"]
    C["Computer"] --> B
    D["Server"] --> B
    B --> E["X"]
    E --> F["Z"]
    F --> G["A"]
    H["Internet"] --> I["Y"]
    I --> J["B"]
    style B fill:#f9f,stroke:#333
    style E fill:#ccf,stroke:#333
    style F fill:#cfc,stroke:#333
    style G fill:#fcc,stroke:#333
    style H fill:#ffc,stroke:#333
    style I fill:#cff,stroke:#333

When the NWA is in Repeater mode, universal repeater security between the NWA and other repeater is independent of the security between the wireless clients and the AP or repeater. If you do not enable universal repeater security, traffic between APs is not encrypted. When universal repeater security is enabled, both APs and repeaters must use the same pre-shared key. See Section 6.6 on page 76 for more details.

Once the security settings of peer sides match one another, the connection between devices is made.

At the time of writing, universal repeater security is compatible with the NWA only.

1.3 Ways to Manage the NWA

Use any of the following methods to manage the NWA.

• Web Configurator. This is recommended for everyday management of the NWA using a (supported) web browser.
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol) for firmware upgrades and configuration backup and restore.
• SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol). The device can be monitored by an SNMP manager.

1.4 Configuring Your NWA's Security Features

Your NWA comes with a variety of security features. This section summarizes these features and provides links to sections in the User's Guide to configure security settings on your NWA. Follow the suggestions below to improve security on your NWA and network.

1.4.1 Control Access to Your Device

Ensure only people with permission can access your NWA.

• Control physical access by locating devices in secure areas, such as locked rooms. Most NWAs have a reset button. If an unauthorized person has access to the reset button, they can then reset the device's password to its default password, log in and reconfigure its settings.
• Change any default passwords on the NWA, such as the password used for accessing the NWA's web configurator (if it has a web configurator). Use a password with a combination of letters and numbers and change your password regularly. Write down the password and put it in a safe place.
  • See Section 11.5 on page 117 for instructions on changing your password.
• Configure remote management to control who can manage your NWA. See Chapter 9 on page 97 for more information. If you enable remote management, ensure you have enabled remote management only on the IP addresses, services or interfaces you intended and that other remote management settings are disabled.

1.4.2 Wireless Security

Wireless devices are especially vulnerable to attack. Take the following measures to improve wireless security.

• Enable wireless security on your NWA. Choose the most secure encryption method that all devices on your network support. See Section 6.6 on page 76 for directions on configuring encryption. If you have a RADIUS server, enable IEEE 802.1x or WPA(2) user identification on your network so users must log in. This method is more common in business environments.
• Hide your wireless network name (SSID). The SSID can be regularly broadcast and unauthorized users may use this information to access your network. See Section 6.5 on page 74 for directions on using the web configurator to hide the SSID.
• Enable the MAC filter to allow only trusted users to access your wireless network or deny unwanted users access based on their MAC address. See Section 6.9 on page 86 for directions on configuring the MAC filter.

1.5 Good Habits for Managing the NWA

Do the following things regularly to make the NWA more secure and to manage it more effectively.

• Change the password. Use a password that's not easy to guess and that consists of different types of characters, such as numbers and letters.
• Write down the password and put it in a safe place.

- Back up the configuration (and make sure you know how to restore it). Restoring an earlier working configuration may be useful if the device becomes unstable or even crashes. If you forget your password, you will have to reset the NWA to its factory default settings. If you backed up an earlier configuration file, you would not have to totally re-configure the NWA. You could simply restore your last configuration.

1.6 Hardware Connections

See your Quick Start Guide for information on making hardware connections.

1.7 LED

Figure 6 LED

ZyXEL O

Table 2 LED

COLOR	STATUS	DESCRIPTION
Amber	On	There is system error and the NWA cannot boot up, or the NWA doesn’t have an Ethernet connection with the LAN.
	Flashing	The NWA is starting up.
	Off	The NWA is receiving power and ready for use.
Green	On	The WLAN is active.
	Blinking	The WLAN is active, and transmitting or receiving data.
	Off	The WLAN is not active.

Introducing the Web Configurator

This chapter describes how to access the NWA's web configurator and provides an overview of its screens.

2.1 Accessing the Web Configurator

1 Make sure your hardware is properly connected and prepare your computer or computer network to connect to the NWA (refer to the Quick Start Guide).
2 Launch your web browser.
3 Type "192.168.1.2" as the URL (default). The login screen appears.

Figure 7 The Login Screen

Enter User Name/Password and click to login. User Name: admin Password: ••••• ( max. 19 alphanumeric, printable characters and no spaces ) Login Reset

4 Type "admin" as the (default) username and "1234" as the (default) password. Click Login.
5 You should see a screen asking you to change your password (highly recommended) as shown next. Type a new password (and retype it to confirm) then click Apply. Alternatively, click Ignore.

Note: If you do not change the password, the following screen appears every time you login.

Figure 8 Change Password Screen

Update Admin Info As a security precaution, it is highly recommended that you change the admin password. New Password: Retype to Confirm: ( max. 19 alphanumeric, printable characters and no spaces ) Apply Ignore

You should now see the Dashboard screen. See Chapter 2 on page 19 for details about the Dashboard screen.

2.2 Resetting the NWA

If you forget your password or cannot access the web configurator, you will need to use the RESET button at the rear panel of the NWA. This replaces the current configuration file with the factory-

default configuration file. This means that you will lose all the settings you previously configured. The password will be reset to "1234".

Figure 9 The RESET Button

Circular mechanical component diagram with no visible text, numbers, or symbols

2.2.1 Methods of Restoring Factory-Defaults

You can erase the current configuration and restore factory defaults in two ways:

Use the RESET button to upload the default configuration file. Hold this button in for about 3 seconds (the light will begin to blink). Use this method for cases when the password or IP address of the NWA is not known.

Use the web configurator to restore defaults (refer to Section 11.8 on page 120).

2.3 Navigating the Web Configurator

The following summarizes how to navigate the web configurator from the Dashboard screen. This guide uses the NWA1121-NI screens as an example. The screens may vary slightly for different models.

Figure 10 Status Screen of the Web Configurator

ZyXEL NWA1121-NI Welcome: Admin | Logout | ZAbout DASHBOARD Refresh Interval: None Refresh Now System Information System Name: NWA1121-NI WLAN Operating Mode: Root AP Firmware Version: 1.00(AABJ.0) Serial Number: Ethernet Information: - LAN MAC Address: 00:03:7F:42:82:68 - IPv4 Address: 192.168.1.2 - Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 - Gateway IP Address: - IPv6 Address: - Link Local: fe80::203.7fff.feff.fff/64 - Global: WLAN Information: - Channel: 6 System Status System Up Time: 23:57:34 Up 23:57 Current Date/Time: 1970 01 01 23:57:36 System Resource: - CPU Usage: 10 - Memory Usage: 25 Interface Status Interface Status Channel Rate LAN DOWN Auto WLAN UP 6 144.4Mbps SSID Status Interface SSID BSSID Security VLAN ath0 ZyXEL 00:03:7F:42:82:68 Disabled Disabled ath1 ZyXEL 02:03:7F:42:82:68 Disabled Disabled ath2 ZyXEL_NWA 12:03:7F:42:82:68 Disabled Disabled Summary Statistics (Details...) Association List (Details...) View Log (Details...)

As illustrated above, the Web Configurator screen is divided into these parts:

• A - title bar
• B - navigation panel
• C - main window

2.3.1 Title Bar

Click Logout at any time to exit the Web Configurator.

Click ZAbout to open the about window, which provides information of the boot module and driver versions.

2.3.2 Navigation Panel

Use the menu items on the navigation panel to open screens to configure NWA features. The following tables describe each menu item.

Table 3 Navigation Panel Summary

LINK	TAB	FUNCTION
Dashboard		This screen shows the NWA's general device and network status information. Use this screen to access the statistics and client list.
Monitor
Logs	View Log	Use this screen to view the logs for the categories that you selected.
Statistics		Use this screen to view port status, packet specific statistics, the "system up time" and so on.
Association List		Use this screen to view the wireless stations that are currently associated to the NWA.
Channel Usage		Use this screen to know whether a channel is used by another wireless network or not.
Configuration
Network
Wireless LAN	Wireless SettingsWireless Settings - 2.4GWireless Settings - 5G	Use this screen to configure the wireless LAN settings and NWA's operation mode.
	SSID	Use this screen to configure up to eight SSID profiles for your NWA.
	Security	Use this screen to configure wireless security profiles on the NWA.
	RADIUS	Use this screen to configure up to four RADIUS profiles.
	Layer-2 Isolation	Use this screen to configure the MAC addresses of the devices that you want to allow the associated wireless clients to have access to when layer-2 isolation is enabled
	MAC Filter	Use this screen to configure MAC filtering profiles.
LAN		Use this screen to configure the NWA's LAN IP address.
VLAN		Use this screen to configure the NWA's VLAN settings.
System	WWW	Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use HTTP to manage the NWA.
	Certificates	Use this screen to import or remove a certificate from the NWA.
	Telent	Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use Telnet to manage the NWA.
	SNMP	Use this screen to configure the NWA for SNMP management.
	FTP	Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use FTP to access the NWA.
Log Settings		Use this screen to change your log settings.
Maintenance
General		Use this screen to configure your device's name.
Password		Use this screen to configure your device's password.
Time		Use this screen to change your NWA's time and date.
Firmware Upgrade		Use this screen to upload firmware to your device.

Table 3 Navigation Panel Summary

LINK	TAB	FUNCTION
Configuration File		Use this screen to backup and restore your device's configuration (settings) or reset the factory default settings.
Restart		Use this screen to reboot the NWA without turning the power off.

2.3.3 Main Window

The main window displays information and configuration fields. It is discussed in the rest of this document.

Dashboard

The Dashboard screens display when you log into the NWA, or click Dashboard in the navigation menu.

Use the Dashboard screen to look at the current status of the device, system resources, and interfaces. The Dashboard screens also provide detailed information about system statistics, associated wireless clients, and logs.

3.1 The Dashboard Screen

Use this screen to get a quick view of system, Ethernet, WLAN and other information regarding your NWA.

Click Dashboard. The following screen displays.

Figure 11 The Dashboard Screen (NWA1121-NI)

DASHBOARD Refresh Interval: None Refresh Now System Information System Name: NWA1121-NI WLAN Operating Mode: Root AP Firmware Version: 1.00(AABJ.0) Serial Number: Ethernet Information: - LAN MAC Address: 00:03:7F:42:82:68 - IPv4 Address: 192.168.1.2 - Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 - Gateway IP Address: - IPv6 Address: - Link Local: fe80::203.7fff.feff.ffff/64 - Global: WLAN Information: - Channel: 6 Summary Statistics (Details...) Association List (Details...) View Log (Details... System Up Time: 23:57:34 Up 23:57 Current Date/Time: 1970 01 01 23:57:36 System Resource: - CPU Usage: 10% - Memory Usage: 25% Interface Status Interface Status Channel Rate LAN DOWN Auto WLAN UP 6 144.4Mbps SSID Status Interface SSID BSSID Security VLAN ath0 ZyXEL 00:03:7F:42:82:68 Disabled Disabled ath1 ZyXEL 02:03:7F:42:82:68 Disabled Disabled ath2 ZyXEL_NWA 12:03:7F:42:82:68 Disabled Disabled

Figure 12 The Dashboard Screen (NWA1123-NI)

DASHBOARD Refresh Interval: None Refresh Now System Information System Name: NWA1123-NI WLAN Operating Mode: - 2.4G: MBSSID - 5G: MBSSID Firmware Version: V100AAE00B0 Serial Number: S110D9000001 Ethernet Information: - LAN MAC Address: 00:37:FF:00:00:01 - IPv4 Address: 192.168.1.2 - Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 - Gateway IP Address: - IPv6 Address: - Link Local: fe80::237:fffffe00:1/64 - Global: WLAN Information: - 2.4G: - Channel: 6 - 5G: - Channel: 40 Summary Statistics (Details...) Association List (Details...) View Log (Details... System Up Time: 00:02:38 Up 2 min Current Date/Time: 1970 01 01 00:02:38 System Resource: - CPU Usage: 9% - Memory Usage: 26° Interface Status Interface Status Channel Rate LAN DOWN N/A WLAN-2.4G UP 6 300Mbps WLAN-5G UP 40 144.4Mbps SSID Status Interface SSID BSSID Security VLAN WLAN-2.4G ZyXEL_2.4G 00:37:FF:00:00:02 Disabled Disabled ZyXEL 02:37:FF:00:00:02 Disabled Disabled WLAN-5G ZyXEL_5G 00:37:FF:00:00:03 Disabled Disabled test 02:37:FF:00:00:03 Disabled Disabled

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 4 The Dashboard Screen

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Refresh Interval	Select how often you want the NWA to update this screen.
Refresh Now	Click this to update this screen immediately.
System Information
System Name	This field displays the NWA system name. It is used for identification. You can change this in the Maintenance > General screen's System Name field.
WLAN Operating Mode	This field displays the current operating mode of the wireless module (Root AP, Repeater, Client, or MBSSID). You can change the operating mode in the Configuration > Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings screen.
2.4G	This field displays the current operating mode of the 2.4G wireless module (Root AP, Repeater, Client, or MBSSID). You can change the operating mode in the Configuration > Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings - 2.4G screen.
5G	This field displays the current operating mode of the 5G wireless module (Root AP, Repeater, Client, or MBSSID). You can change the operating mode in the Configuration > Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings - 5G screen.
Firmware Version	This field displays the current version of the firmware inside the device. It also shows the date the firmware version was created. You can change the firmware version by uploading new firmware in Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade.
Serial Number	This field displays the serial number of the NWA.
Ethernet Information
LAN MAC Address	This displays the MAC (Media Access Control) address of the NWA on the LAN. Every network device has a unique MAC address which identifies it across the network.
IPv4 Address	This field displays the current IPv4 address of the NWA on the network.
Subnet Mask	Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.
Gateway IP Address	This is the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same network segment as the device's LAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to their destinations.
IPv6 Address	This field displays the current IPv6 address(es) of the NWA on the network.
Link Local	This is the IPv6 link-local address that the NWA generates automatically.
Global	This is the NWA's IPv6 global address that you specify manually in the Configuration > LAN screen.
WLAN Information
SSID	This field displays the SSID (Service Set Identifier). This is available only when the WLAN operation mode is Client.
Channel	The channel or frequency used by the NWA to send and receive information (in the 2.4G or 5G wireless network).
Status	This shows the current status of the wireless LAN. This is available only when the WLAN operation mode is Client.
Security Mode	This displays the security mode the NWA is using. This is available only when the WLAN operation mode is Client.
Summary
Statistics	Click this link to view port status and packet specific statistics. See Section 5.4 on page 50.
Association List	Click this to see a list of wireless clients currently associated to each of the NWA's wireless modules. See Section 5.5 on page 51.
View Log	Click this to see a list of logs produced by the NWA. See Section 5.3 on page 49.
System Status
System Up Time	This field displays the elapsed time since the NWA was turned on.
Current Date/Time	This field displays the date and time configured on the NWA. You can change this in the Maintenance > Time screen.
System Resource
CPU Usage	This field displays what percentage of the NWA's processing ability is currently being used. The higher the CPU usage, the more likely the NWA is to slow down.
Memory Usage	This field displays what percentage of the NWA's volatile memory is currently in use. The higher the memory usage, the more likely the NWA is to slow down. Some memory is required just to start the NWA and to run the web configurator.
Interface Status
Interface	This column displays each interface of the NWA.
Status	This field indicates whether or not the NWA is using the interface.For each interface, this field displays Up when the NWA is using the interface and Down when the NWA is not using the interface.
Channel	This shows the channel number which the NWA is currently using over the wireless LAN.
Rate	For the LAN port this displays the port speed and duplex setting.For the WLAN interface, it displays the downstream and upstream transmission rate or N/A if the interface is not in use.
SSID Status	This section is not available when the WLAN operation mode is Client.
Interface	This column displays each of the NWA's wireless interfaces.
SSID	This field displays the SSID(s) currently used by each wireless module.
BSSID	This field displays the MAC address of the wireless module.
Security	This field displays the type of wireless security used by each SSID.
VLAN	This field displays the VLAN ID of each SSID in use, or Disabled if the SSID does not use VLAN.

Tutorial

This chapter first provides an overview of how to configure the wireless LAN on your NWA, and then gives step-by-step guidelines showing how to configure your NWA for some example scenarios.

4.1 How to Configure the Wireless LAN

This section illustrates how to choose which wireless operating mode to use on the NWA and how to set up the wireless LAN in each wireless mode. See Section 4.1.2 on page 29 for links to more information on each step.

4.1.1 Choosing the Wireless Mode

• Use MBSSID (Multiple Basic Service Set Identifier) operating mode if you want to use the NWA as an access point with some groups of users having different security or QoS settings from other groups of users. See Section 1.2.1 on page 12 for details.
• Use Client operating mode if you want to use the NWA to access a wireless network. See Section 1.2.2 on page 13 for details.
• Use Root AP operating mode if you want to allow wireless clients to access your wired network through the NWA and also have repeaters communicate with the NWA to expand wireless coverage. See Section 1.2.3 on page 15 for details.
• Use Repeater operating mode if you want to use the NWA to communicate with the root AP or other repeaters. See Section 1.2.4 on page 15 for details.

4.1.2 Further Reading

Use these links to find more information on the steps:

• Choosing 802.11 Mode: see Section 6.4 on page 60.
• Choosing a wireless Channel ID: see Section 6.4 on page 60.
• Choosing a Security mode: see Section 6.6 on page 76.
• Configuring an external RADIUS server: see Section 6.7 on page 82.
• Configuring MAC Filtering: see Section 6.9 on page 86.

4.2 How to Configure Multiple Wireless Networks

In this example, you have been using your NWA as an access point for your office network. Now your network is expanding and you want to make use of the MBSSID feature (see Section 6.4.4 on

page 71) to provide multiple wireless networks. Each wireless network will cater to a different type of user.

You want to make three wireless networks: one standard office wireless network with all the same settings you already have, another wireless network with high priority QoS settings for Voice over IP (VoIP) users, and a guest network that allows visitors to access only the Internet and the network printer.

To do this, you will take the following steps:

1 Edit the SSID profiles.
2 Change the operating mode from Root AP to MBSSID and reactivate the standard network.
3 Configure different security modes for the networks.
4 Configure a wireless network for standard office use.
5 Configure a wireless network for VoIP users.
6 Configure a wireless network for guests to your office.

The following figure shows the multiple networks you want to set up. Your NWA is marked Z, the main network router is marked A, and your network printer is marked B.

graph TD
    A["LAN"] --> B["Network Z"]
    B --> C["Client Device VoIP_SSID"]
    B --> D["Client Device SSID01"]
    B --> E["Client Device Guest_SSID"]
    F["MAC: 00:AA:00:AA:00:AA"] --> G["Internet"]
    style A fill:#f9f,stroke:#333
    style B fill:#ccf,stroke:#333
    style C fill:#cfc,stroke:#333
    style D fill:#fcc,stroke:#333
    style E fill:#cff,stroke:#333

The standard network (SSID01) has access to all resources. The VoIP network (VoIP_SSID) has access to all resources and a high QoS priority. The guest network (Guest_SSID) has access to the Internet and the network printer only, and a low QoS priority.

To configure these settings, you need to know the Media Access Control (MAC) addresses of the devices you want to allow users of the guest network to access. The following table shows the addresses used in this example.

Table 5 Tutorial: Example Information

Network router (A) MAC address	00:AA:00:AA:00:AA
Network printer (B) MAC address	AA:00:AA:00:AA:00

4.2.1 Configure the SSID Profiles

1 Log in to the NWA (see Section 2.1 on page 19). Click Wireless LAN > SSID. The SSID screen appears.
2 Click the Edit icon next to the Profile1.

Profile Settings
#	Profile Name	SSID	Security	RADIUS	QoS	MAC Filter	Modify
1	Profile1	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
2	Profile2	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
3	Profile3	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
4	Profile4	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
5	Profile5	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
6	Profile6	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
7	Profile7	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
8	Profile8	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled

3 Rename the Profile Name and SSID as SSID01. Click Apply.

Profile Settings Profile Name : SSID01 SSID : SSID01 Security : Disabled RADIUS : RadProfile1 MAC Filtering : Disabled QoS : WMM BSSID VLAN ID: 1 (1-4094) Number of Wireless Stations Allowed to 64 (1-64) Associate: Hidden SSID Enabled Intra-BSS Traffic Blocking Enabled Back Apply Cancel

4 Repeat Step 2 and 3 to change Profile2 and Profile3 to VoIP_SSID and Guest_SSID.

4.2.1.1 MBSSID

1 Go to Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings. Select MBSSID from the Operation Mode drop-down list box.
2 SSID01 is the standard network, so select SSID01 as the first profile. It is always active.
3 Select VoIP_SSID as the second profile, and Guest_SSID as the third profile. Select the corresponding Active check-boxes.
4 Click Apply to save your settings. Now the three SSIDs are activated.

Wireless Settings SSID Security RADIUS MAC Filter Basic Settings Wireless LAN Interface : Enabled Operation Mode : MBSSID Wireless Mode : 802.11b/g/n Channel : 6 Channel Width : 20MHZ Select SSID Profile :

Active Profile # Active Profile

1 ✓ SSID01 2 □ SSID01 3 ✓ VoIP_SSID 4 □ SSID01 5 ✓ Guest_SSID 6 □ SSID01 7 □ SSID01 8 □ SSID01 Advanced Settings Beacon Interval : 100 (25-1000 ms) DTIM Interval : 1 (1-15) Output Power : Full Preamble Type : Dynamic RTS/CTS Threshold : 2346 (1-2346) Extension Channel Protection Mode : None A-MPDU Aggregation : Enabled Short GI : Enabled MCS Rate Auto 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Enabled ✓ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ ✓ □ □ Apply Cancel

4.2.2 Configure the Standard Network

1 Click Wireless LAN > SSID. Click the Edit icon next to SSID01.

Profile Settings

#	Profile Name	SSID	Security	RADIUS	QoS	MAC Filter	Modify
1	SSID01	SSID01	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
2	VoIP_SSID	VoIP_SSID	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
3	Guest_SSID	Guest_SSID	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
4	Profile4	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
5	Profile5	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
6	Profile6	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
7	Profile7	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
8	Profile8	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled

2 Select SecProfile1 as SSID01's security profile. Select the Hidden SSID checkbox as you want only authorized company employees to use this network, so there is no need to broadcast the SSID to wireless clients scanning the area.

Also, the clients on SSID01 might need to access other clients on the same wireless network. Do not select the Intra-BSS Traffic blocking check-box.

Click Apply.

Profile Settings Profile Name : SSID01 SSID : SSID01 Security : SecProfile1 RADIUS : RadProfile1 MAC Filtering : Disabled QoS : WMM BSSID VLAN ID: 1 (1-4094) Number of Wireless Stations Allowed to 64 (1-64) Associate: Hidden SSID ✓ Enabled Intra-BSS Traffic Blocking □ Enabled Back Apply Cancel

3 Next, click Wireless LAN > Security. Click the Edit icon next to SecProfile1.

#	Profile Name	Security Mode	Modify
1	SecProfile1	None	✓
2	SecProfile2	None	✓
3	SecProfile3	None	✓
4	SecProfile4	None	✓
5	SecProfile5	None	✓
6	SecProfile6	None	✓
7	SecProfile7	None	✓
8	SecProfile8	None	✓

4 Since SSID01 is the standard network that has access to all resources, assign a more secure security mode. Select WPA2-PSK-MIX as the Security Mode, and enter the Pre-Shared Key. In this example, use ThisisSSID01PreSharedKey. Click Apply.

Security Settings Profile Name: SecProfile1 Security Mode: WPA2-PSK-MIX Pre-Shared Key ThisisSSID01PreShare (8-63 ASCII Characters) Back Apply Cancel

5 You have finished configuring the standard network, SSID01.

4.2.3 Configure the VoIP Network

1 Go to Wireless LAN > SSID. Click the Edit icon next to VoIP_SSID.

#	Profile Name	SSID	Security	RADIUS	QoS	MAC Filter	Modify
1	SSID01	SSID01	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
2	VoIP_SSID	VoIP_SSID	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
3	Guest_SSID	Guest_SSID	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
4	Profile4	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
5	Profile5	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
6	Profile6	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
7	Profile7	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
8	Profile8	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled

2 Select SecProfile2 as the Security Profile for the VoIP network. Select the Hidden SSID checkbox.

3 Select WMM_VOICE in the QoS field to give VoIP the highest priority in the wireless network. Click Apply.

Profile Settings Profile Name : VoIP_SSID SSID : VoIP_SSID Security : SecProfile2 RADIUS : RadProfile1 MAC Filtering : Disabled QoS : WMM_VOICE BSSID VLAN ID: 1 (1-4094) Number of Wireless Stations Allowed to 64 (1-64) Associate: Hidden SSID Enabled Intra-BSS Traffic Blocking Enabled Back Apply Cancel

4 Next, click Wireless LAN > Security. Click the Edit icon next to SecProfile2.

#	Profile Name	Security Mode	Modify
1	SecProfile1	WPA2-PSK-MIX
2	SecProfile2	None
3	SecProfile3	None
4	SecProfile4	None
5	SecProfile5	None
6	SecProfile6	None
7	SecProfile7	None
8	SecProfile8	None

5 Select WPA2-PSK as the Security Mode, and enter the Pre-Shared Key. In this example, use ThisVoIPPreSharedKey. Click Apply.

Security Settings Profile Name: SecProfile2 Security Mode: WPA2-PSK Pre-Shared Key nisisVolPPreSharedKey (8-63 ASCII Characters) Back Apply Cancel

6 Your VoIP wireless network is now ready to use. Any traffic using the VoIP_SSID profile will be given the highest priority across the wireless network.

4.2.4 Configure the Guest Network

When you are setting up the wireless network for guests to your office, your primary concern is to keep your network secure while allowing access to certain resources (such as a network printer, or the Internet). For this reason, the pre-configured Guest_SSID profile has intra-BSS traffic blocking enabled by default. "Intra-BSS traffic blocking" means that the client cannot access other clients on the same wireless network.

1 Click Wireless LAN > SSID. Click the Edit icon next to Guest_SSID.

#	Profile Name	SSID	Security	RADIUS	QoS	MAC Filter	Modify
1	SSID01	SSID01	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
2	VoIP_SSID	VoIP_SSID	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
3	Guest_SSID	Guest_SSID	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
4	Profile4	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
5	Profile5	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
6	Profile6	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
7	Profile7	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
8	Profile8	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled

2 Select SecProfile3 in the Security field. Do not select the Hidden SSID check-box so the guests can easily find the wireless network.
3 Select WMM_BESTEFFORT in the QoS field to give the guest a lower QoS priority.

4 Select the check-box of Intra-BSS Traffic blocking Enabled. Click Apply.

Profile Settings Profile Name : Guest_SSID SSID : Guest_SSID Security : SecProfile3 RADIUS : RadProfile1 MAC Filtering : Disabled QoS : WMM_BESTEFFC BSSID VLAN ID: 1 (1-4094) Number of Wireless Stations Allowed to 64 (1-64) Associate: Hidden SSID Enabled Intra-BSS Traffic Blocking Enabled Back Apply Cancel

5 Next, click Wireless LAN > Security. Click the Edit icon next to SecProfile3.

Security Profiles

Profile Name Security Mode Modify

1 SecProfile1 WPA2-PSK-MIX 2 SecProfile2 WPA2-PSK 3 SecProfile3 None 4 SecProfile4 None 5 SecProfile5 None 6 SecProfile6 None 7 SecProfile7 None 8 SecProfile8 None

6 Select WPA-PSK in the Security Mode field. WPA-PSK provides strong security that is supported by most wireless clients. Even though your Guest_SSID clients do not have access to sensitive information on the network, you should not leave the network without security. An attacker could still cause damage to the network or intercept unsecured communications or use your Internet access for illegal activities.

7 Enter the PSK you want to use in your network in the Pre Shared Key field. In this example, the PSK is ThisismyGuestWPApre-sharedkey. Click Apply.

Security Settings Profile Name: SecProfile3 Security Mode: WPA-PSK Pre-Shared Key ThisismyGuestWPApre (8-63 ASCII Characters) Back Apply Cancel

8 Your guest wireless network is now ready to use.

4.2.5 Testing the Wireless Networks

To make sure that the three networks are correctly configured, do the following.

• On a computer with a wireless client, scan for access points. You should see the Guest_SSID network, but not the SSID01 and VoIP_SSID networks. If you can see the SSID01 and VoIP_SSID networks, go to its SSID Edit screen and make sure to select the Hidden SSID check-box and click Apply.
• Try to access each network using the correct security settings, and then using incorrect security settings, such as the WPA-PSK for another active network. If the behavior is different from expected (for example, if you can access the SSID01 or VoIP_SSID wireless network using the security settings for the Guest_SSID wireless network) check that the SSID profile is set to use the correct security profile, and that the settings of the security profile are correct.

4.3 NWA Setup in AP and Wireless Client Modes

This example shows you how to restrict wireless access to your NWA.

4.3.1 Scenario

In the figure below, there are two NWAs (A and B) in the network. A is in MBSSID or root AP mode while station B is in wireless client mode. Station B is connected to a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server. You want only specified wireless clients to be able to access station B. You also want to allow

wireless traffic between B and wireless clients connected to A (W, Y and Z). Other wireless devices (X) must not be able to connect to the FTP server.

Figure 13 FTP Server Connected to a Wireless Client

graph TD
    subgraph "NWA in AP Mode"
        A["Router"] -->|Wireless| B["Router"]
        B -->|Wireless| X["Computer"]
        A -->|Wireless| Y["Computer"]
        Y -->|Wireless| Z["Computer"]
    end
    subgraph "NWA in Wireless Client Mode"
        B -->|Wireless| W["Computer"]
        W -->|Wireless| Y
        B -->|Wireless| Z
    end
    A -.->|Red Signal| B

4.3.2 Configuring the NWA in MBSSID or Root AP Mode

Before setting up the NWA as a wireless client (B), you need to make sure there is an access point to connect to. Use the Ethernet port on NWA (A) to configure it via a wired connection.

Log into the Web Configurator on NWA (A) and go to the Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings screen.

Basic Settings Wireless LAN Interface : ✓ Enabled Operation Mode : Root AP ✓ Wireless Mode : 802.11b/g/n ✓ Channel : 6 ✓ Channel Width : 20MHZ ✓ Select SSID Profile :

Active Profile # Active Profile

1 ✓ Profile1 2 □ Profile1 ✓ 3 □ Profile1 4 □ Profile1 ✓ Universal Repeater Settings Local MAC Address : 00:03:7F:42:82:68 Universal Repeater SSID Profile : Profile1 ✓ Advanced Settings Beacon Interval : 100 (25-1000 ms) DTIM Interval : 1 (1-15) Output Power : Full ✓ Preamble Type : Dynamic ✓ RTS/CTS Threshold : 2346 (1-2346) Extension Channel Protection Mode : None ✓ A-MPDU Aggregation : ✓ Enabled Short GI : ✓ Enabled MCS Rate Auto 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Enabled ✓ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ Apply Cancel

1 Set the Operation Mode to Root AP.
2 Select the Wireless Mode. In this example, select 802.11b/g/n.
3 Select Profile1 as the SSID Profile.
4 Choose the Channel you want NWA (A) to use.
5 Click Apply.

6 Go to Wireless LAN > SSID. Click the Edit icon next to Profile1.

Profile Settings

#	Profile Name	SSID	Security	RADIUS	QoS	MAC Filter	Modify
1	Profile1	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
2	Profile2	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
3	Profile3	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
4	Profile4	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
5	Profile5	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
6	Profile6	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
7	Profile7	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled
8	Profile8	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	WMM	Disabled

7 Change the SSID to AP-A.
8 Select SecProfile1 in the Security field.
9 Select the check-box for Intra-BSS Traffic blocking Enabled so the client cannot access other clients on the same wireless network.
10 Click Apply.

Profile Settings Profile Name : Profile1 SSID : AP-A Security : SecProfile1 RADIUS : RadProfile1 MAC Filtering : Disabled QoS : WMM BSSID VLAN ID: 1 (1-4094) Number of Wireless Stations Allowed to 64 (1-64) Associate: Hidden SSID Enabled Intra-BSS Traffic Blocking Enabled Back Apply Cancel

11 Go to Wireless LAN > Security. Click the Edit icon next to SecProfile1.

#	Profile Name	Security Mode	Modify
1	SecProfile1	None
2	SecProfile2	None
3	SecProfile3	None
4	SecProfile4	None
5	SecProfile5	None
6	SecProfile6	None
7	SecProfile7	None
8	SecProfile8	None

12 Configure WPA-PSK as the Security Mode and enter ThisisMyPreSharedKey in the Pre-Shared Key field.
13 Click Apply to finish configuration for NWA (A).

Security Settings Profile Name: SecProfile1 Security Mode: WPA-PSK Pre-Shared Key ThisisMyPreSharedKey (8-63 ASCII Characters) Back Apply Cancel

4.3.3 Configuring the NWA in Wireless Client Mode

The NWA (B) should have a wired connection before it can be set to wireless client operating mode. Connect your NWA to the FTP server. Login to NWA (B)'s Web Configurator and go to the Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings screen. Follow these steps to configure station B.

1 Select Client as Operation Mode. Click Apply.

Basic Settings Wireless LAN Interface : ✓ Enabled Operation Mode : Client ✓ Site Survey SSID Profile : Profile1 Channel : 6 Channel Width : 20MHZ Advanced Settings Output Power : Full Preamble Type : Dynamic RTS/CTS Threshold : 2346 (1-2346) Extension Channel Protection Mode : None A-MPDU Aggregation : ✓ Enabled Short GI : ✓ Enabled Apply Cancel

2 Click on the Site Survey button. A window should pop up which contains a list of all available wireless devices within your NWA's range.
3 Find and select NWA (A)'s SSID: AP-A.

4 Go to Wireless LAN > Security to configure the NWA to use the same security mode and Pre-Shared Key as NWA (A): WPA-PSK/ThisisMyPreSharedKey. Click Apply.

Figure 14

Security Settings Profile Name: SecProfile1 Security Mode: WPA-PSK Pre-Shared Key ThisisMyPreSharedKey (8-63 ASCII Characters) Back Apply Cancel

4.3.4 MAC Filter Setup

One way to ensure that only specified wireless clients can access the FTP server is by enabling MAC filtering on NWA (B) (See Section 6.9 on page 86 for more information on MAC Filter).

1 Go to Wireless LAN > MAC Filter. Click the Edit icon next to MacProfile1.

MAC Filter Profiles

Profile Name Filter Action Modify

1 MacProfile1 Disabled 2 MacProfile2 Disabled 3 MacProfile3 Disabled 4 MacProfile4 Disabled 5 MacProfile5 Disabled 6 MacProfile6 Disabled 7 MacProfile7 Disabled 8 MacProfile8 Disabled/

2 Select Allow in the Access Control Mode field. Enter the MAC addresses of the wireless clients (W, Y and Z) you want to associate with the NWA. Click Apply.

MAC Filter MAC Filter Settings Profile Name : MacProfile1 Access Control Mode: Allow

MAC Address # MAC Address

1 2 3 4

Now, only the authorized wireless clients (W, Y and Z) can access the FTP server.

4.3.5 Testing the Connection and Troubleshooting

This section discusses how you can check if you have correctly configured your network setup as described in this tutorial.

- Try accessing the FTP server from wireless clients W, Y or Z. Test if you can send or retrieve a file. If you cannot establish a connection with the FTP server, do the following steps.

1 Make sure W, Y and Z use the same wireless security settings as A and can access A.
2 Make sure B uses the same wireless and wireless security settings as A and can access A.
3 Make sure intra-BSS traffic is enabled on A.
- Try accessing the FTP server from X. If you are able to access the FTP server, do the following.
1 Make sure MAC filtering is enabled.
2 Make sure X's MAC address is not entered in the list of allowed devices.

PART II

Technical Reference

The appendices provide general information. Some details may not apply to your NWA.

5.1 Overview

This chapter discusses read-only information related to the device state of the NWA.

Note: To access the Monitor screens, you can also click the links in the Summary table of the Dashboard screen to view the wireless packets sent/received as well as the status of clients connected to the NWA.

5.2 What You Can Do

• Use the Logs screen to see the logs for the categories that you selected in the Configuration > Log Settings screen (see Section 5.3 on page 49). You can view logs in this page. Once the log entries are all used, the log will wrap around and the old logs will be deleted.
• use the Statistics screen to view 802.11 mode, channel number, wireless packet specific statistics and so on (see Section 5.4 on page 50).
• Use the Association List screen to view the wireless devices that are currently associated to the NWA (see Section 5.5 on page 51).
• Use the Channel Usage screen to view whether a channel is used by another wireless network or not. If a channel is being used, you should select a channel removed from it by five channels to completely avoid overlap (see Section 5.6 on page 52).

5.3 View Logs

Use the Logs screen to see the logged messages for the NWA.

Log entries in red indicate system error logs. The log wraps around and deletes the old entries after it fills.

Click Monitor > Logs.

Figure 15 Logs

View Log Log List Display: All Logs E-Mail Log Now Refresh Clear Log

Time ▼ Message Source

1 00:50:48 hostapd:Stationhasassociated.Interface:ath0,MAC:00:19:cb:32:be:ac 2 01:00:24 hostapd:Stationhasdisassociated.Interface:ath0,MAC:cc:08:e0:86:5f:17 3 01:00:24 hostapd:Stationhasassociated.Interface:ath0,MAC:cc:08:e0:86:5f:17 4 01:01:24 hostapd:Stationhasdisassociated.Interface:ath0,MAC:cc:08:e0:86:5f:17 5 01:03:22 hostapd:Stationhasdisassociated.Interface:ath0,MAC:cc:08:e0:86:5f:17 6 01:07:38 hostapd:Stationhasassociated.Interface:ath0,MAC:40:a6:d9:cc:03:28 7 01:12:37 hostapd:Stationhasdisassociated.Interface:ath0,MAC:40:a6:d9:cc:03:28 8 01:15:56 hostapd:Stationhasassociated.Interface:ath0,MAC:40:a6:d9:cc:03:28 9 01:16:21 hostapd:Stationhasdisassociated.Interface:ath0,MAC:40:a6:d9:cc:03:28 10 01:16:34 hostapd:Stationhasassociated.Interface:ath0,MAC:40:a6:d9:cc:03:28 11 01:17:34 hostapd:Stationhasdisassociated.Interface:ath0,MAC:40:a6:d9:cc:03:28 12 01:17:36 hostapd:Stationhasassociated.Interface:ath0,MAC:40:a6:d9:cc:03:28 13 01:18:36 hostapd:Stationhasdisassociated.Interface:ath0,MAC:40:a6:d9:cc:03:28 14 01:18:38 hostapd:Stationhasassociated.Interface:ath0,MAC:40:a6:d9:cc:03:28 15 01:19:38 hostapd:Stationhasdisassociated.Interface:ath0,MAC:40:a6:d9:cc:03:28 16 01:34:21 hostapd:Stationhasassociated.Interface:ath0,MAC:40:a6:d9:cc:03:28

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 6 Logs

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Display	Select a category of logs to view. Select All Log to view logs from all of the log categories that you selected in the Configuration > Log Settings screen.
E-Mail Log Now	Click E-Mail Log Now to send the log screen to the e-mail address specified in the Log Settings page (make sure that you have first filled in the E-mail Log Settings fields in Configuration > Log Settings).
Refresh	Click Refresh to renew the log screen.
Clear Log	Click Clear Log to delete all the logs.
#	This field is a sequential value and is not associated with a specific entry.
Time	This field displays the time the log was recorded.
Message	This field states the reason for the log.
Source	This field lists the source IP address and the port number of the incoming packet.

5.4 Statistics

Use this screen to view read-only information, including 802.11 Mode, Channel ID, Retry Count and FCS Error Count. Also provided is the "poll interval". The Poll Interval field is configurable and is used for refreshing the screen.

Click Monitor > Statistics. The following screen pops up.

Figure 16 Statistics

Statistics View Status Description 802.11 Mode Channel ID RX Pkts TX Pkts Retry Count FCS Error Count WLAN1 802.11ng 6 7288510 936751 0 0 Poll Interval(s) : 5 (1-65534) sec Set Interval Stop

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 7 Statistics

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Description	This is the wireless interface on the NWA.
802.11 Mode	This field shows which 802.11 mode the NWA is using.
Channel ID	This shows the channel number which the NWA is currently using over the wireless LAN.
RX Pkts	This is the number of received packets on this port.
TX Pkts	This is the number of transmitted packets on this port.
Retry Count	This is the total number of retries for transmitted packets (TX).
FCS Error Count	This is the total number of checksum error of received packets (RX).
Poll Interval	Enter the time interval for refreshing statistics.
Set Interval	Click this button to apply the new poll interval you entered above.
Stop	Click this button to stop refreshing statistics.

5.5 Association List

View the wireless devices that are currently associated with the NWA in the Association List screen. Association means that a wireless client (for example, your network or computer with a wireless network card) has connected successfully to the AP (or wireless router) using the same SSID, channel and security settings.

Click Monitor > Association List to display the screen as shown next.

Figure 17 Association List

Association List View Association List

MAC Address SSID Association Time Signal Strength

1 00:19:cb:32:be:ac ZyXEL 1970-01-01,00:17:51 100% Refresh

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 8 Association List

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
#	This is the index number of an associated wireless device.
MAC Address	This field displays the MAC address of an associated wireless device.
SSID	This field displays the SSID to which the wireless device is associated.
Association Time	This field displays the time a wireless device first associated with the NWA's wireless network.
Signal Strength	This field displays the RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) of the wireless connection.
Refresh	Click Refresh to reload the list.

5.6 Channel Usage

Use this screen to know whether a channel is used by another wireless network or not. If a channel is being used, you should select a channel removed from it by five channels to completely avoid overlap.

Click Monitor > Channel Usage to display the screen shown next.

Wait a moment while the NWA compiles the information.

Figure 18 Channel Usage

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 9 Channel Usage

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
SSID	This is the Service Set IDentification (SSID) name of the AP in an Infrastructure wireless network or wireless station in an Ad-Hoc wireless network. For our purposes, we define an Infrastructure network as a wireless network that uses an AP and an Ad-Hoc network (also known as Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)) as one that doesn’t. See the chapter on wireless configuration for more information on basic service sets (BSS) and extended service sets (ESS).
Channel	This is the index number of the channel currently used by the associated AP in an Infrastructure wireless network or wireless station in an Ad-Hoc wireless network.
MAC Address	This field displays the MAC address of the AP in an Infrastructure wireless network. It is randomly generated (so ignore it) in an Ad-Hoc wireless network.
Wireless Mode	This is the IEEE 802.1x standard used by the wireless network.
Signal Strength	This field displays the strength of the AP’s signal. If you must choose a channel that is currently in use, choose one with low signal strength for minimum interference.
Security	This is the wireless security method used by the wireless network to protect wireless communication between wireless stations, access points and the wired network.
Refresh	Click Refresh to reload the screen.

6.1 Overview

This chapter discusses the steps to configure the Wireless Settings screen on the NWA. It also introduces the wireless LAN (WLAN) and some basic scenarios.

Figure 19 Wireless Mode

graph TD
    NWA["Router"] -->|Wireless Signal| A["A"]
    A -->|Wireless Signal| D["D"]
    D -->|Wireless Signal| C["Computer"]
    C -->|Wireless Signal| B["Laptop"]
    B -->|Wireless Signal| NWA
    style NWA fill:#f9f,stroke:#333
    style A fill:#ccf,stroke:#333
    style D fill:#cfc,stroke:#333
    style C fill:#fcc,stroke:#333
    style B fill:#cff,stroke:#333

In the figure above, the NWA allows access to another bridge device (A) and a notebook computer (B) upon verifying their settings and credentials. It denies access to other devices (C and D) with configurations that do not match those specified in your NWA.

6.2 What You Can Do in this Chapter

• Use the Wireless Settings screen to configure the NWA's operation mode (see Section 6.4 on page 60).
• Uee the SSID screen to configure up to eight SSID profiles for your NWA (see Section 6.5 on page 74).
• Use the Security screen to choose the wireless security mode for your NWA (see Section 6.6 on page 76).
• Use the RADIUS screen if you want to authenticate wireless users using a RADIUS Server and/or accounting server (see Section 6.7 on page 82).
• Use the Layer-2 Isolation screen to configure the MAC addresses of the devices that you want to allow the associated wireless clients to have access to when layer-2 isolation is enabled. (see Section 6.8 on page 84).

- Use the MAC Filter screen to specify which wireless station is allowed or denied access to the NWA (see Section 6.9 on page 86).

6.3 What You Need To Know

BSS

A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or between a wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP). Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS.

ESS

An Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each containing an access point, with each access point connected together by a wired network. This wired connection between APs is called a Distribution System (DS).

Operating Mode

The NWA can run in four operating modes as follows:

• Root AP. The NWA is a wireless access point that allows wireless communication to other devices in the network.
• Repeater. The NWA acts as a wireless repeater and increase a root AP's wireless coverage area.
• Client. The NWA acts as a wireless client to access a wireless network.
• MBSSID. The Multiple Basic Service Set Identifier (MBSSID) mode allows you to use one access point to provide several BSSs simultaneously.

Refer to Chapter 1 on page 11 for illustrations of these wireless applications.

SSID

The SSID (Service Set IDentifier) is the name that identifies the Service Set with which a wireless station is associated. Wireless stations associating to the access point (AP) must have the same SSID. In other words, it is the name of the wireless network that clients use to connect to it.

Normally, the NWA acts like a beacon and regularly broadcasts the SSID in the area. You can hide the SSID instead, in which case the NWA does not broadcast the SSID. In addition, you should change the default SSID to something that is difficult to guess.

This type of security is fairly weak, however, because there are ways for unauthorized wireless devices to get the SSID. In addition, unauthorized wireless devices can still see the information that is sent in the wireless network.

Channel

A channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by wireless devices. Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of channels (for your region) so you should use a different channel than an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce interference.

Wireless Mode

The IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of IEEE 802.11 to support extended authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control features.

MBSSID

Traditionally, you needed to use different APs to configure different Basic Service Sets (BSSs). As well as the cost of buying extra APs, there was also the possibility of channel interference. The NWA's MBSSID (Multiple Basic Service Set IDentifier) function allows you to use one access point to provide several BSSs simultaneously. You can then assign varying levels of privilege to different SSIDs.

Wireless stations can use different BSSIDs to associate with the same AP.

The following are some notes on multiple BSS.

• A maximum of four BSSs are allowed on one AP simultaneously.
• You must use different WEP keys for different BSSs. If two stations have different BSSIDs (they are in different BSSs), but have the same WEP keys, they may hear each other's communications (but not communicate with each other).
• MBSSID should not replace but rather be used in conjunction with 802.1x security.

Wireless Security

Wireless security is vital to your network. It protects communications between wireless stations, access points and the wired network.

Figure 20 Securing the Wireless Network

graph LR
    A["INTERNET"] --> B["NWA"]
    B --> C["Laptop A"]
    B --> D["Laptop B"]
    style A fill:#fff,stroke:#000
    style B fill:#fff,stroke:#000
    style C fill:#fff,stroke:#000
    style D fill:#fff,stroke:#000

In the figure above, the NWA checks the identity of devices before giving them access to the network. In this scenario, Computer A is denied access to the network, while Computer B is granted connectivity.

The NWA secure communications via data encryption, wireless client authentication and MAC address filtering. It can also hide its identity in the network.

User Authentication

Authentication is the process of verifying whether a wireless device is allowed to use the wireless network. You can make every user log in to the wireless network before they can use it. However, every device in the wireless network has to support IEEE 802.1x to do this.

For wireless networks, you can store the user names and passwords for each user in a RADIUS server. This is a server used in businesses more than in homes. If you do not have a RADIUS server, you cannot set up user names and passwords for your users.

Unauthorized wireless devices can still see the information that is sent in the wireless network, even if they cannot use the wireless network. Furthermore, there are ways for unauthorized wireless users to get a valid user name and password. Then, they can use that user name and password to use the wireless network.

The following table shows the relative effectiveness of wireless security methods:.

Table 10 Wireless Security Levels

SECURITY LEVEL	SECURITY TYPE
Least SecureMost Secure	Unique SSID (Default)
	Unique SSID with Hide SSID Enabled
	MAC Address Filtering
	WEP Encryption
	IEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server Authentication
	Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
	WPA2

The available security modes in your NWA are as follows:

• None. No data encryption.
• WEP. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption scrambles the data transmitted between the wireless stations and the access points to keep network communications private.
• WPA. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard.
• WPA2. WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management than WPA.
• WPA2-MIX. This commands the NWA to use either WPA2 or WPA depending on which security mode the wireless client uses.
• WPA-PSK. This adds a pre-shared key on top of WPA standard.
• WPA2-PSK. This adds a pre-shared key on top of WPA2 standard.
• WPA2-PSK-MIX. This commands the NWA to use either WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK depending on which security mode the wireless client uses.

Note: To guarantee 802.11n wireless speed, please only use WPA2 or WPA2-PSK security mode. Other security modes may degrade the wireless speed performance to 802.11g.

Passphrase

A passphrase functions like a password. In WEP security mode, it is further converted by the NWA into a complicated string that is referred to as the "key". This key is requested from all devices wishing to connect to a wireless network.

PSK

The Pre-Shared Key (PSK) is a password shared by a wireless access point and a client during a previous secure connection. The key can then be used to establish a connection between the two parties.

Encryption

Wireless networks can use encryption to protect the information that is sent in the wireless network. Encryption is like a secret code. If you do not know the secret code, you cannot understand the message. Encryption is the process of converting data into unreadable text. This secures information in network communications. The intended recipient of the data can “unlock” it with a pre-assigned key, making the information readable only to him. The NWA when used as a wireless client employs Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) data encryption.

EAP

Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is a protocol used by a wireless client, an access point and an authentication server to negotiate a connection.

The EAP methods employed by the NWA when in Wireless Client operating mode are Transport Layer Security (TLS), Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol (PEAP), Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol (LEAP) and Tunneled Transport Layer Security (TTLS). The authentication protocol may either be Microsoft Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol Version 2 (MSCHAPv2) or Generic Token Card (GTC).

Further information on these terms can be found in Appendix E on page 187.

RADIUS

Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) is a protocol that can be used to manage user access to large networks. It is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the RADIUS server.

Figure 21 RADIUS Server Setup

graph LR
    A["INTERNET"] --> B["NWA"]
    B --> C["RADIUS"]
    D["Laptop A"] -->|A| B
    E["Laptop U"] -->|U| B
    B -.->|Authentication| C

In the figure above, wireless clients A and B are trying to access the Internet via the NWA. The NWA in turn queries the RADIUS server if the identity of clients A and U are allowed access to the Internet. In this scenario, only client U's identity is verified by the RADIUS server and allowed access to the Internet.

The RADIUS server handles the following tasks:

• Authentication which determines the identity of the users.
• Authorization which determines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the network.
• Accounting which keeps track of the client's network activity.

RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the wireless client and the network RADIUS server.

You should know the IP addresses, ports and share secrets of the external RADIUS server and/or the external RADIUS accounting server you want to use with your NWA. You can configure a primary and backup RADIUS and RADIUS accounting server for your NWA.

6.4 Wireless Settings Screen

Use this screen to choose the operating mode for your NWA. Click Network > Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings, Network > Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings - 2.4G or Network > Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings - 5G. The screen varies depending upon the operating mode you select.

6.4.1 Root AP Mode

Use this screen to use your NWA as an access point. Select Root AP as the Operation Mode. The following screen displays.

Figure 22 Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings: Root AP

Wireless Settings SSID Security RADIUS MAC Filter Basic Settings Wireless LAN Interface : Enabled Operation Mode : Root AP Wireless Mode : 802.11b/g/n Channel : 6 Channel Width : 20MHZ Select SSID Profile :

Active Profile # Active Profile

1 ✓ Profile1 2 □ Profile1 3 ✓ Profile2 4 □ Profile1 Universal Repeater Settings Local MAC Address : 00:03:7F:42:82:68 Universal Repeater SSID Profile : Profile2 Advanced Settings Beacon Interval : 100 (25-1000 ms) DTIM Interval : 1 (1-15) Output Power : Full Preamble Type : Dynamic RTS/CTS Threshold : 2346 (1-2346) Extension Channel Protection Mode : None A-MPDU Aggregation : Enabled Short GI : Enabled MCS Rate Auto 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Enabled ✓ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ ✓ □ □ Apply Cancel

The following table describes the general wireless LAN labels in this screen.

Table 11 Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings: Root AP

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Basic Settings
Wireless LAN Interface	Select the check box to turn on the wireless LAN on the NWA.
Operation Mode	Select Root AP from the drop-down list.
Wireless Mode	If you are in the Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings or Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings- 2.4G screen, you can select from the following:802.11b/g to allow both IEEE802.11b and IEEE802.11g compliant WLAN devices to associate with the NWA. The transmission rate of your NWA might be reduced.802.11b/g/n to allow IEEE802.11b, IEEE802.11g and IEEE802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the NWA. The transmission rate of the NWA might be reduced.802.11n to allow only IEEE802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the NWA.If you are in the Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings- 5G screen, you can select from the following:802.11a/n to allow IEEE802.11a and IEEE802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the NWA.802.11a to allow only IEEE802.11a compliant WLAN devices to associate with the NWA.802.11n to allow only IEEE802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the NWA.
Channel	Select the operating frequency/channel depending on your particular region from the drop-down list box.
Channel Width	This field displays only when you select 802.11n, 802.11a/n or 802.11b/g/n in the Wireless Mode field.A standard 20MHz channel offers transfer speeds of up to 150Mbps whereas a 40MHz channel uses two standard channels and offers speeds of up to 300Mbps. However, not all devices support 40MHz channels.Select the channel bandwidth you want to use for your wireless network.It is recommended that you select 20/40MHz. This allows the NWA to adjust the channel bandwidth depending on network conditions.Select 20MHz if you want to lessen radio interference with other wireless devices in your neighborhood or the wireless clients do not support channel bonding.
Select SSID Profile	The SSID (Service Set IDentifier) identifies the Service Set with which a wireless station is associated. Wireless stations associating to the access point (AP) must have the same SSID. You can have up to four SSIDs active at the same time.Note: If you are configuring the NWA from a computer connected to the wireless LAN and you change the NWA's SSID or security settings, you will lose your wireless connection when you press Apply to confirm. You must then change the wireless settings of your computer to match the NWA's new settings.
#	This is the index number of each SSID profile.
Activeve	Select the check box to enable an SSID profile. Otherwise, clear the check box.
Profile	Select an SSID Profile from the drop-down list box.
Universal Repeater SettingsThe Universal repeater function allows the NWA in root AP or repeater mode to set up a wireless connection between it and another NWA in root AP or repeater mode.Note: Universal repeater security is independent of the security settings between the NWA and any wireless clients.
Local MAC Address	Local MAC Address is the MAC address of your NWA.
Universal Repeater SSID Profile	Select the SSID profile you want to use for universal repeater connections.Note: You can only configure None, WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK security mode for the SSID used by a universal repeater connection.
Advanced Settings
Beacon Interval	When a wirelessly network device sends a beacon, it includes with it a beacon interval. This specifies the time period before the device sends the beacon again. The interval tells receiving devices on the network how long they can wait in lowpower mode before waking up to handle the beacon. A high value helps save current consumption of the access point.
DTIM Interval	Delivery Traffic Indication Message (DTIM) is the time period after which broadcast and multicast packets are transmitted to mobile clients in the Active Power Management mode. A high DTIM value can cause clients to lose connectivity with the network.
Output Power	Set the output power of the NWA in this field. If there is a high density of APs in an area, decrease the output power of the NWA to reduce interference with other APs. Select one of the following Full (Full Power), 50%, 25%, or 12.5%. See the product specifications for more information on your NWA's output power.
Preamble Type	Select Dynamic to have the AP automatically use short preamble when wireless adapters support it, otherwise the AP uses long preamble.Select Long if you are unsure what preamble mode the wireless adapters support, and to provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks.
RTS/CTS Threshold	(Request To Send) The threshold (number of bytes) for enabling RTS/CTS handshake. Data with its frame size larger than this value will perform the RTS/CTS handshake. Setting this attribute to be larger than the maximum MSDU (MAC service data unit) size turns off the RTS/CTS handshake. Setting this attribute to its smallest value (1) turns on the RTS/CTS handshake.
Fragmentation	The threshold (number of bytes) for the fragmentation boundary for directed messages. It is the maximum data fragment size that can be sent.
Extension Channel Protection Mode	You can use CTS to self or RTS-CTS protection mechanism to reduce conflicts with other wireless networks or hidden wireless clients. The throughput of RTS-CTS is much lower than CTS to self. Using this mode may decrease your wireless performance.
A-MPDU Aggregation	This field is available only when 802.11n, 802.11b/g/n or 802.11a/n is selected as the Wireless Mode.Select to enable A-MPDU aggregation.Message Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) aggregation collects Ethernet frames along with their 802.11n headers and wraps them in a 802.11n MAC header. This method is useful for increasing bandwidth throughput in environments that are prone to high error rates.
Short GI	This field is available only when 802.11n, 802.11b/g/n or 802.11a/n is selected as the Wireless Mode.Select Enabled to use Short GI (Guard Interval). The guard interval is the gap introduced between data transmission from users in order to reduce interference. Reducing the GI increases data transfer rates but also increases interference. Increasing the GI reduces data transfer rates but also reduces interference.
MCS Rate	The MCS Rate table is available only when 802.11n, 802.11b/g/n or 802.11a/n is selected in the Wireless Mode field.IEEE 802.11n supports many different data rates which are called MCS rates. MCS stands for Modulation and Coding Scheme. This is an 802.11n feature that increases the wireless network performance in terms of throughput.For each MCS Rate (0-15), select either Enabled to have the NWA use the data rate.Clear the Enabled check box if you do not want the NWA to use the data rate.Turn on the Auto option to have the NWA set the data rates automatically to optimize the throughput.Note: You can set the NWA to use up to four MCS rates at a time.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

6.4.2 Repeater Mode

Use this screen to have the NWA act as a wireless repeater. You need to know the MAC address of the peer device, which also must be in Repeater or Root AP mode.

Figure 23 Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings: Repeater

Wireless Settings SSID Security RADIUS MAC Filter Basic Settings Wireless LAN Interface : Enabled Operation Mode : Repeater Wireless Mode : 802.11b/g/n Channel : 6 Channel Width : 20MHZ Universal Repeater Settings Local MAC Address : 00:03:7F:42:82:68 Universal Repeater SSID Profile : Profile2 Root MAC Address : 00:A0:c5:01:23:45 Advanced Settings Beacon Interval : 100 (25-1000 ms) DTIM Interval : 1 (1-15) Output Power : Full Preamble Type : Dynamic RTS/CTS Threshold : 2346 (1-2346) Extension Channel Protection Mode : None A-MPDU Aggregation : Enabled Short GI : Enabled MCS Rate Auto 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Enabled ✓ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☑ Apply Cancel

The following table describes the bridge labels in this screen.

Table 12 Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings: Repeater

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Basic Settings
Wireless LAN Interface	Select the check box to turn on the wireless LAN on the NWA.
Operation Mode	Select Repeater from the drop-down list.
Wireless Mode	If you are in the Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings or Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings- 2.4G screen, you can select from the following:802.11b/g to allow both IEEE802.11b and IEEE802.11g compliant WLAN devices to associate with the NWA. The transmission rate of your NWA might be reduced.802.11b/g/n to allow IEEE802.11b, IEEE802.11g and IEEE802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the NWA. The transmission rate of the NWA might be reduced.802.11n to allow only IEEE802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the NWA.If you are in the Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings- 5G screen, you can select from the following:802.11a/n to allow IEEE802.11a and IEEE802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the NWA.802.11a to allow only IEEE802.11a compliant WLAN devices to associate with the NWA.802.11n to allow only IEEE802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the NWA.
Channel	Select the operating frequency/channel depending on your particular region from the drop-down list box.
Channel Width	This field displays only when you select 802.11n, 802.11a/n or 802.11b/g/n in the Wireless Mode field.A standard 20MHz channel offers transfer speeds of up to 150Mbps whereas a 40MHz channel uses two standard channels and offers speeds of up to 300Mbps. However, not all devices support 40MHz channels.Select the channel bandwidth you want to use for your wireless network.It is recommended that you select 20/40MHz. This allows the NWA to adjust the channel bandwidth depending on network conditions.Select 20MHz if you want to lessen radio interference with other wireless devices in your neighborhood or the wireless clients do not support channel bonding.
Universal Repeater SettingsThe Universal repeater function allows the NWA in root AP or repeater mode to set up a wireless connection between it and another NWA in root AP or repeater mode.Note: Universal repeater security is independent of the security settings between the NWA and any wireless clients.
Local MAC Address	Local MAC Address is the MAC address of your NWA.
Universal Repeater SSID Profile	Select the SSID profile you want to use for universal repeater connections with an AP or repeater or regular wireless connections with wireless clients.Note: You can only configure None, WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK security mode for the SSID used by a universal repeater connection.
Root MAC Address	Specify the peer device's MAC address. The peer device can be a NWA in either root AP mode or repeater mode.
Advanced Settings
Beacon Interval	When a wirelessly network device sends a beacon, it includes with it a beacon interval. This specifies the time period before the device sends the beacon again. The interval tells receiving devices on the network how long they can wait in lowpower mode before waking up to handle the beacon. A high value helps save current consumption of the access point.
DTIM Interval	Delivery Traffic Indication Message (DTIM) is the time period after which broadcast and multicast packets are transmitted to mobile clients in the Active Power Management mode. A high DTIM value can cause clients to lose connectivity with the network.
Output Power	Set the output power of the NWA in this field. If there is a high density of APs in an area, decrease the output power of the NWA to reduce interference with other APs. Select one of the following Full (Full Power), 50%, 25% or 12.5%. See the product specifications for more information on your NWA's output power.
Preamble Type	Select Dynamic to have the AP automatically use short preamble when wireless adapters support it, otherwise the AP uses long preamble.Select Long if you are unsure what preamble mode the wireless adapters support, and to provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks.
RTS/CTS Threshold	(Request To Send) The threshold (number of bytes) for enabling RTS/CTS handshake. Data with its frame size larger than this value will perform the RTS/CTS handshake. Setting this attribute to be larger than the maximum MSDU (MAC service data unit) size turns off the RTS/CTS handshake. Setting this attribute to its smallest value (1) turns on the RTS/CTS handshake.
Fragmentation	The threshold (number of bytes) for the fragmentation boundary for directed messages. It is the maximum data fragment size that can be sent.
Extension Channel Protection Mode	You can use CTS to self or RTS-CTS protection mechanism to reduce conflicts with other wireless networks or hidden wireless clients. The throughput of RTS-CTS is much lower than CTS to self. Using this mode may decrease your wireless performance.
A-MPDU Aggregation	This field is available only when 802.11n, 802.11b/g/n or 802.11a/n is selected as the Wireless Mode.Select to enable A-MPDU aggregation.Message Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) aggregation collects Ethernet frames along with their 802.11n headers and wraps them in a 802.11n MAC header. This method is useful for increasing bandwidth throughput in environments that are prone to high error rates.
Short GI	This field is available only when 802.11n, 802.11b/g/n or 802.11a/n is selected as the Wireless Mode.Select Enabled to use Short GI (Guard Interval). The guard interval is the gap introduced between data transmission from users in order to reduce interference. Reducing the GI increases data transfer rates but also increases interference. Increasing the GI reduces data transfer rates but also reduces interference.
MCS Rate	The MCS Rate table is available only when 802.11n, 802.11b/g/n or 802.11a/n is selected in the Wireless Mode field.IEEE 802.11n supports many different data rates which are called MCS rates. MCS stands for Modulation and Coding Scheme. This is an 802.11n feature that increases the wireless network performance in terms of throughput.For each MCS Rate (0-15), select either Enabled to have the NWA use the data rate.Clear the Enabled check box if you do not want the NWA to use the data rate.Turn on the Auto option to have the NWA set the data rates automatically to optimize the throughput.Note: You can set the NWA to use up to four MCS rates at a time.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

6.4.3 Wireless Client Mode

Use this screen to turn your NWA into a wireless client. Select Client as the Operation Mode. The following screen displays.

Figure 24 Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings: Wireless Client

Wireless Settings SSID Security RADIUS MAC Filter Basic Settings Wireless LAN Interface : ✓ Enabled Operation Mode : Client ✓ Site Survey SSID Profile : Profile1 ✓ Channel : 6 ✓ Channel Width : 20MHZ ✓ Advanced Settings Output Power : Full ✓ Preamble Type : Dynamic ✓ RTS/CTS Threshold : 2346 (1-2346) Extension Channel Protection Mode : None ✓ A-MPDU Aggregation : ✓ Enabled Short GI : ✓ Enabled Apply Cancel

The following table describes the general wireless LAN labels in this screen.

Table 13 Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings: Wireless Client

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Basic Settings
Wireless LAN Interface	Select the check box to turn on the wireless LAN on the NWA.
Operation Mode	Select Client in this field.
Site Survey	Click this to view a list of available wireless access points within the range. Select the AP you want to use.Note: After selecting Client as the Operation Mode in the Basic Settings section, you must click Apply to be able to select from the AP list.
SSID Profile	The SSID (Service Set IDentifier) identifies the Service Set with which a wireless station is associated. Wireless stations associating to the access point (AP) must have the same SSID.In this field, select the SSID profile of the AP you want to use. ClickApply.The SSID used in the selected SSID profile automatically changes to be the one you select in theSite Surveyscreen.Set the security configuration for this operating mode in theWireless LAN > Security screen. Check theDashboardscreen to check if the settings you set show in the WLAN information.Note: If you are configuring the NWA from a computer connected to the wireless LAN and you change the NWA’s SSID or security settings, you will lose your wireless connection when you pressApplyto confirm. You must then change the wireless settings of your computer to match the NWA’s new settings.
Channel	This shows the operating frequency/channel in use. This field is read-only when you selectClientas your operation mode.
Channel Width	This field is not available in the NWA1123-NI.A standard 20MHz channel offers transfer speeds of up to 150Mbps whereas a 40MHz channel uses two standard channels and offers speeds of up to 300Mbps. However, not all devices support 40MHz channels.Select the channel bandwidth you want to use for your wireless network.It is recommended that you select20/40MHz. This allows the NWA to adjust the channel bandwidth depending on network conditions.Select20MHzif you want to lessen radio interference with other wireless devices in your neighborhood or the AP do not support channel bonding.
Advanced Settings
Output Power	Set the output power of the NWA in this field. If there is a high density of APs in an area, decrease the output power of the NWA to reduce interference with other APs. Select one of the followingFull(Full Power),50%,25%or12.5%. See the product specifications for more information on your NWA’s output power.
Preamble Type	SelectDynamicto have the NWA automatically use short preamble when the wireless network your NWA is connected to supports it, otherwise the NWA uses long preamble.SelectLongpreamble if you are unsure what preamble mode the wireless device your NWA is connected to supports, and to provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks.
RTS/CTSThreshold	(Request To Send) The threshold (number of bytes) for enabling RTS/CTS handshake. Data with its frame size larger than this value will perform the RTS/CTS handshake. Setting this attribute to be larger than the maximum MSDU (MAC service data unit) size turns off the RTS/CTS handshake. Setting this attribute to its smallest value (1) turns on the RTS/CTS handshake.
Fragmentation	This field is not available in the NWA1123-NI.The threshold (number of bytes) for the fragmentation boundary for directed messages. It is the maximum data fragment size that can be sent.
Extension channel protection mode	You can useCTS to selforRTS-CTSprotection mechanism to reduce conflicts with other wireless networks or hidden wireless clients. The throughput ofRTS-CTSis much lower thanCTS to self. Using this mode may decrease your wireless performance.
A-MPDU Aggregation	This field is not available in the NWA1123-NI.Select to enable A-MPDU aggregation.Message Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) aggregation collects Ethernet frames along with their 802.11n headers and wraps them in a 802.11n MAC header. This method is useful for increasing bandwidth throughput in environments that are prone to high error rates.
Short GI	This field is not available in the NWA1123-NI.Select Enabled to use Short GI (Guard Interval). The guard interval is the gap introduced between data transmission from users in order to reduce interference. Reducing the GI increases data transfer rates but also increases interference. Increasing the GI reduces data transfer rates but also reduces interference.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

6.4.4 MBSSID Mode

Use this screen to have the NWA function in MBSSID mode. Select MBSSID as the Operation Mode. The following screen displays.

Figure 25 Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings: MBSSID

Wireless Settings SSID Security RADIUS MAC Filter Basic Settings Wireless LAN Interface : Enabled Operation Mode : MBSSID Wireless Mode : 802.11b/g/n Channel : 6 Channel Width : 20MHZ Select SSID Profile :

Active Profile # Active Profile

1 ✓ Profile1 ✓ 2 ☐ Profile1 ✓ 3 ✓ Profile2 ✓ 4 ☐ Profile1 ✓ 5 ☐ Profile1 ✓ 6 ☐ Profile1 ✓ 7 ☐ Profile1 ✓ 8 ☐ Profile1 ✓ Advanced Settings Beacon Interval : 100 (25-1000 ms) DTIM Interval : 1 (1-15) Output Power : Full ✓ Preamble Type : Dynamic ✓ RTS/CTS Threshold : 2346 (1-2346) Extension Channel Protection Mode : None ✓ A-MPDU Aggregation : Enabled Short GI : Enabled MCS Rate Auto 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Enabled ✓ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☑ Apply Cancel

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 14 Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings: MBSSID

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Basic Settings
Wireless LAN Interface	Select the check box to turn on the wireless LAN on the NWA.
Operation Mode	Select MBSSID from the drop-down list.
Wireless Mode	If you are in the Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings or Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings- 2.4G screen, you can select from the following:802.11b/g to allow both IEEE802.11b and IEEE802.11g compliant WLAN devices to associate with the NWA. The transmission rate of your NWA might be reduced.802.11b/g/n to allow IEEE802.11b, IEEE802.11g and IEEE802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the NWA. The transmission rate of the NWA might be reduced.802.11n to allow only IEEE802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the NWA.If you are in the Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings- 5G screen, you can select from the following:802.11a/n to allow IEEE802.11a and IEEE802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the NWA.802.11a to allow only IEEE802.11a compliant WLAN devices to associate with the NWA.802.11n to allow only IEEE802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the NWA.
Channel	Select the operating frequency/channel depending on your particular region from the drop-down list box.
Channel Width	This field displays only when you select 802.11n, 802.11a/n or 802.11b/g/n in the Wireless Mode field.A standard 20MHz channel offers transfer speeds of up to 150Mbps whereas a 40MHz channel uses two standard channels and offers speeds of up to 300Mbps. However, not all devices support 40MHz channels.Select the channel bandwidth you want to use for your wireless network.Select 20MHz if you want to lessen radio interference with other wireless devices in your neighborhood or the wireless clients do not support channel bonding.
Select SSID Profile	The SSID (Service Set IDentifier) identifies the Service Set with which a wireless station is associated. Wireless stations associating to the access point (AP) must have the same SSID. You can have up to eight SSIDs active at the same time.Note: If you are configuring the NWA from a computer connected to the wireless LAN and you change the NWA's SSID or security settings, you will lose your wireless connection when you press Apply to confirm. You must then change the wireless settings of your computer to match the NWA's new settings.
#	This is the index number of each SSID profile.
Activeve	Select the check box to enable an SSID profile. Otherwise, clear the check box.
Profile	Select an SSID Profile from the drop-down list box.
Advanced Settings
Beacon Interval	When a wirelessly network device sends a beacon, it includes with it a beacon interval. This specifies the time period before the device sends the beacon again. The interval tells receiving devices on the network how long they can wait in lowpower mode before waking up to handle the beacon. A high value helps save current consumption of the access point.
DTIM Interval	Delivery Traffic Indication Message (DTIM) is the time period after which broadcast and multicast packets are transmitted to mobile clients in the Active Power Management mode. A high DTIM value can cause clients to lose connectivity with the network.
Output Power	Set the output power of the NWA in this field. If there is a high density of APs in an area, decrease the output power of the NWA to reduce interference with other APs. Select one of the following Full (Full Power), 50%, 25% or 12.5%. See the product specifications for more information on your NWA's output power.
Preamble Type	Select Dynamic to have the AP automatically use short preamble when wireless adapters support it, otherwise the AP uses long preamble.Select Long if you are unsure what preamble mode the wireless adapters support, and to provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks.
RTS/CTS Threshold	(Request To Send) The threshold (number of bytes) for enabling RTS/CTS handshake. Data with its frame size larger than this value will perform the RTS/CTS handshake. Setting this attribute to be larger than the maximum MSDU (MAC service data unit) size turns off the RTS/CTS handshake. Setting this attribute to its smallest value (1) turns on the RTS/CTS handshake.
Extension Channel Protection Mode	You can use CTS to self or RTS-CTS protection mechanism to reduce conflicts with other wireless networks or hidden wireless clients. The throughput of RTS-CTS is much lower than CTS to self. Using this mode may decrease your wireless performance.
A-MPDU Aggregation	This field is available only when 802.11n, 802.11b/g/n or 802.11a/n is selected as the Wireless Mode.Select to enable A-MPDU aggregation.Message Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) aggregation collects Ethernet frames along with their 802.11n headers and wraps them in a 802.11n MAC header. This method is useful for increasing bandwidth throughput in environments that are prone to high error rates.
Short GI	This field is available only when 802.11n, 802.11b/g/n or 802.11a/n is selected as the Wireless Mode.Select Enabled to use Short GI (Guard Interval). The guard interval is the gap introduced between data transmission from users in order to reduce interference. Reducing the GI increases data transfer rates but also increases interference. Increasing the GI reduces data transfer rates but also reduces interference.
MCS Rate	The MCS Rate table is available only when 802.11n, 802.11b/g/n or 802.11a/n is selected in the Wireless Mode field.IEEE 802.11n supports many different data rates which are called MCS rates. MCS stands for Modulation and Coding Scheme. This is an 802.11n feature that increases the wireless network performance in terms of throughput.For each MCS Rate (0-15), select either Enabled to have the NWA use the data rate.Clear the Enabled check box if you do not want the NWA to use the data rate.Turn on the Auto option to have the NWA set the data rates automatically to optimize the throughput.Note: You can set the NWA to use up to four MCS rates at a time.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

6.5 SSID Screen

Use this screen to view and modify the settings of the SSID profiles on the NWA. Click Wireless LAN > SSID to display the screen as shown.

Figure 26 Wireless LAN > SSID

Wireless Settings	SSID	Security	RADIUS	MAC Filter
Profile Settings
#	Profile Name	SSID	Security	RADIUS	QoS	MAC Filter	Modify
1	Profile1	ZyXEL_NWA	Disabled	RadProfile1	None	Disabled
2	Profile2	ZyXEL	SecProfile2	RadProfile1	None	Disabled
3	Profile3	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	None	Disabled
4	Profile4	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	None	Disabled
5	Profile5	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	None	Disabled
6	Profile6	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	None	Disabled
7	Profile7	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	None	Disabled
8	Profile8	ZyXEL	Disabled	RadProfile1	None	Disabled

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 15 Wireless LAN > SSID

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Profile Settings
#	This field displays the index number of each SSID profile.
Profile Name	This field displays the identification name of each SSID profile on the NWA.
SSID	This field displays the SSID (Service Set IDentifier), that is, the name of the wireless network to which a wireless client can connect. When a wireless client scans for an AP to associate with, this is the name that is broadcast and seen in the wireless client utility.
Security	This field indicates which security profile is currently associated with each SSID profile. See Section 6.6 on page 76 for more information.
RADIUS	This field displays which RADIUS profile is currently associated with each SSID profile, if you have a RADIUS server configured.
QoS	This field displays the Quality of Service setting for this profile or NONE if QoS is not configured on a profile.
MAC Filter	This field displays which MAC filter profile is currently associated with each SSID profile, or Disable if MAC filtering is not configured on an SSID profile.
Modify	Click Edit to go to the SSID configuration screen where you can modify settings in an SSID profile.

6.5.1 Configuring SSID

Use this screen to configure an SSID profile. In the Wireless LAN > SSID screen, click Edit next to the SSID profile you want to configure to display the following screen.

Figure 27 SSID: Edit

SSID Profile Settings Profile Name : Profile1 SSID : ZyXEL Security : Disabled RADIUS : RadProfile1 MAC Filtering : Disabled QoS : WMM BSSID VLAN ID: 1 (1-4094) Number of Wireless Stations Allowed to 64 (1-64) Associate: Hidden SSID Enabled Intra-BSS Traffic Blocking Enabled Enable Layer-2 Isolation Enabled Back Apply Cancel

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 16 SSID: Edit

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Profile Name	This is the name that identifying this profile.
SSID	When a wireless client scans for an AP to associate with, this is the name that is broadcast and seen in the wireless client utility.
Security	Select a security profile to use with this SSID profile. See Section 6.6 on page 76 for more information. If you do not want this profile to use wireless security, select Disabled.
RADIUS	Select a RADIUS profile from the drop-down list box, if you have a RADIUS server configured. If you do not need to use RADIUS authentication, ignore this field. See Section 6.7 on page 82 for more information.
MAC Filtering	Select a MAC filter profile from the drop-down list box. If you do not want to use MAC filtering on this profile, select Disabled.
QoS	Select the Quality of Service priority for this BSS's traffic.If you select WMM from the QoS list, the priority of a data packet depends on the packet's IEEE 802.1q or DSCP header. If a packet has no WMM value assigned to it, it is assigned the default priority.If you select WMM_VOICE, WMM_VIDEO, WMM_BESTEFFORT or WMM_BACKGROUND, the NWA applies that QoS setting to all of that SSID's traffic.If you select None, the NWA applies no priority to traffic on this SSID.Note: When you configure an SSID profile's QoS settings, the NWA applies the same QoS setting to all of the profile's traffic.
BSSID VLAN ID	Enter a VLAN ID for the SSID profile.Packets coming from the WLAN using this SSID profile are tagged with the VLAN ID number by the NWA.
Number of Wireless Stations Allowed to Associate	Use this field to set a maximum number of wireless stations that may connect to the device.
Hidden SSID	If you do not select the checkbox, the NWA broadcasts this SSID (a wireless client scanning for an AP will find this SSID). Alternatively, if you select the checkbox, the NWA hides this SSID (a wireless client scanning for an AP will not find this SSID).
Intra-BSS Traffic Blocking	Select this to prevent wireless clients in this profile's BSS from communicating with one another.
Enable Layer-2 Isolation	Select this to enable layer-2 isolation for this profile. Wireless clients that connect to the WLAN using this SSID can access only certain pre-defined devices. See Section 6.8 on page 84.Intra-BSS traffic blocking is enabled automatically when you enable layer-2 isolation.
Back	Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

6.6 Wireless Security Screen

Use this screen to choose the security mode for your NWA.

Click Wireless LAN > Security. Select the profile that you want to configure and click Edit.

Figure 28 Wireless > Security

Wireless Settings SSID Security RADIUS MAC Filter Security Profiles

Profile Name Security Mode Modify

1 SecProfile1 None ✓ 2 SecProfile2 WPA-PSK ✓ 3 SecProfile3 None ✓ 4 SecProfile4 None ✓ 5 SecProfile5 None ✓ 6 SecProfile6 None ✓ 7 SecProfile7 None ✓ 8 SecProfile8 None ✓

The Security Settings screen varies depending upon the security mode you select.

Figure 29 Security: None

Security Security Settings Profile Name: SecProfile1 Security Mode: None Back Apply Cancel

Note that some screens display differently depending on the operating mode selected in the Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings, Network > Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings - 2.4G or Network > Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings - 5G screen.

Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the NWA and on all wireless clients that you want to associate with it.

6.6.1 Security: WEP

Use this screen to use WEP as the security mode for your NWA. Select WEP in the Security Mode field to display the following screen.

Figure 30 Security: WEP

Security Security Settings Profile Name: SecProfile1 Security Mode: WEP Authentication Type: Open Data Encryption: 128-bit WEP Passphrase: Generate (max. 16 alphanumeric, printable characters) Note: Enter a passphrase to automatically generate a WEP key or leave it blank if you want to manually enter the WEP key. Key 1: Key 2: Key 3: Key 4: Note: 64-bit WEP: Enter 5 ASCII characters or 10 hexadecimal characters (0-9, A-F) 128-bit WEP: Enter 13 ASCII characters or 26 hexadecimal characters (0-9, A-F) Back Apply Cancel

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 17 Security: WEP

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Profile Name	This is the name that identifying this profile.
Security Mode	Choose WEP in this field.
Authentication Type	Select Open or Shared from the drop-down list box.
Data Encryption	Select 64-bit WEP or 128-bit WEP to enable data encryption.
Passphrase	Enter the passphrase or string of text used for automatic WEP key generation on wireless client adapters.
Generate	Click this to get the keys from the Passphrase you entered.
Key 1 to Key 4	The WEP keys are used to encrypt data. Both the NWA and the wireless stations must use the same WEP key for data transmission.If you chose64-bit WEP, then enter any 5 ASCII characters or 10 hexadecimal characters ("0-9", "A-F").If you chose128-bit WEP, then enter 13 ASCII characters or 26 hexadecimal characters ("0-9", "A-F").You can configure up to four keys, but only one key can be activated at any one time.
Back	ClickBackto return to the previous screen.
Apply	ClickApplyto save your changes.
Cancel	ClickCancelto begin configuring this screen afresh.

6.6.2 Security: WPA, WPA2, WPA2-MIX

This screen varies depending on the operating mode you select in the Wireless LAN > Wireless Settings screen.

6.6.2.1 Access Point

Use this screen to employ WPA or WPA2 as the security mode for your NWA that is in root AP, MBSSID or repeater operating mode. Select WPA, WPA2 or WPA2-MIX in the Security Mode field to display the following screen.

Figure 31 Security: WPA/WPA2 for Access Point

Security Security Settings Profile Name: SecProfile1 Security Mode: WPA2-MIX Rekey Options Reauthentication Time 300 Seconds (max. 100-3600) Enable Group-Key Update Every 100 Seconds (max. 100-3600) Back Apply Cancel

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 18 Security: WPA/WPA2 for Access Point

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Security Settings
Profile Name	This is the name that identifying this profile.
Security Mode	Choose WPA, WPA2 or WPA-MIX in this field.
Rekey Options
Reauthentication Time	Specify how often wireless stations have to resend user names and passwords in order to stay connected.Enter a time interval between 100 and 3600 seconds. Alternatively, enter “0” to turn reauthentication off.Note: If wireless station authentication is done using a RADIUS server, the reauthentication timer on the RADIUS server has priority.
Enable Group-Key Update	Select this option to have the NWA automatically disconnect a wireless station from the wired network after a period of inactivity. The wireless station needs to enter the user name and password again before access to the wired network is allowed.Enter a time interval between 100 and 3600 seconds.
Back	Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

6.6.2.2 Wireless Client

Use this screen to employ WPA or WPA2 as the security mode for your NWA that is in wireless client operating mode. Select WPA or WPA2 in the Security Mode field to display the following screen.

Figure 32 Security: WPA for Wireless Client

Security Security Settings Profile Name: SecProfile1 Security Mode: WPA2 Data Encryption: AES IEEE802.1X Authentication Eap Type : TLS User Information Login Name: Certificate User Certificate: Password : Back Apply Cancel

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 19 Security: WPA/WPA2 for Wireless Client

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Security Settings
Profile Name	This is the name that identifying this profile.
Security Mode	Choose the same security mode used by the AP.
Data Encryption	This shows the encryption method used by the NWA.
IEEE802.1x Authentication
Eap Type	The options on the left refer to EAP methods. You can choose either TLS, LEAP, PEAP or TTLS.If you select TTLS or PEAP, the options on the right refer to authentication protocols. You can choose between PAP, CHAP, MSCHAP, MSCHAPv2 and/or GTC.
User Information
UsernameLogin Name	Supply the user name of the account created in the RADIUS server.
Password	Supply the password of the account created in the RADIUS server.
Certificate
User Certificate	If you select TLS, enter the name of the certificate used to to verify the identity of clients.
Back	Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

6.6.3 Security: WPA-PSK, WPA2-PSK, WPA2-PSK-MIX

Use this screen to employ WPA-PSK, WPA2-PSK or WPA2-PSK-MIX as the security mode of your NWA. Select WPA-PSK, WPA2-PSK or WPA2-PSK-MIX in the Security Mode field to display the following screen.

Figure 33 Security: WPA-PSK, WPA2-PSK or WPA2-PSK-MIX

Security Security Settings Profile Name: SecProfile1 Security Mode: WPA2-PSK-MIX Pre-Shared Key (8-63 ASCII Characters) Back Apply Cancel

The following table describes the labels not previously discussed

Table 20 Security: WPA-PSK, WPA2-PSK or WPA2-PSK-MIX

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Profile Name	This is the name that identifying this profile.
Security Mode	Choose WPA-PSK, WPA2-PSK or WPA2-PSK-MIX in this field.
Pre-Shared Key	The encryption mechanisms used for WPA and WPA-PSK are the same. The only difference between the two is that WPA-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific credentials.Type a pre-shared key from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII characters (including spaces and symbols).
Back	Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

6.7 RADIUS Screen

Use this screen to set up your NWA's RADIUS server settings. Click Wireless LAN > RADIUS. The screen appears as shown.

Figure 34 Wireless LAN > RADIUS

Wireless Settings SSID Security RADIUS MAC Filter RADIUS Profiles

Profile Primary Server Primary Server Backup Server Backup Server Modify

Name Status Accounting Status Accounting 1 RadProfile1 Active Inactive Inactive Inactive 2 RadProfile2 Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive 3 RadProfile3 Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive 4 RadProfile4 Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive

Select a profile you want to configure and click Edit.

Figure 35 Wireless LAN > RADIUS

RADIUS RADIUS Profile Profile Name : RadProfile1 RADIUS Server Settings Primary RADIUS Server : ✓ Enabled Primary Server IP Address : 0.0.0.0 Primary Server Port : 1812 Primary Share Secret: password Backup RADIUS Server : □ Enabled Backup Server IP Address : Backup Server Port : Backup Share Secret: Accounting Server Settings Primary Accounting Server : □ Enabled Primary Server IP Address : Primary Server Port : Primary Share Secret: Backup Accounting Server : □ Enabled Backup Server IP Address : Backup Server Port : Backup Share Secret: Back Apply Cancel

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 21 Wireless LAN > RADIUS

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Profile Name	This is the name that identifying this RADIUS profile.
Primary RADIUS Server	Select the check box to enable user authentication through an external authentication server.
Primary Server IP Address	Enter the IP address of the RADIUS server to be used for authentication.
Primary Server Port	Enter the port number of the RADIUS server to be used for authentication.
Primary Share Secret	Enter a password (up to 64 alphanumeric characters) as the key to be shared between the external authentication server and the NWA. The key must be the same on the external authentication server and your NWA. The key is not sent over the network.
Backup RADIUS Server	If the NWA cannot communicate with the primary RADIUS server, you can have the NWA use a backup RADIUS server. Make sure the check boxe is selected if you want to use the backup server.The NWA will attempt to communicate three times before using the backup server. Requests can be issued from the client interface to use the backup server. The length of time for each authentication is decided by the wireless client or based on the configuration of theReauthentication Timefield in the Wireless LAN > Security screen.
Backup Server IP Address	Enter the IP address of the RADIUS server to be used for authentication.
Backup Server Port	Enter the port number of the RADIUS server to be used for authentication.
Backup Share Secret	Enter a password (up to 64 alphanumeric characters) as the key to be shared between the external authentication server and the NWA. The key must be the same on the external authentication server and your NWA. The key is not sent over the network.
Primary Accounting Server	Select the check box to enable user accounting through an external authentication server.
Primary Server IP Address	Enter the IP address of the external accounting server in dotted decimal notation.
Primary Server Port	Enter the port number of the external accounting server.
Primary Share Secret	Enter a password (up to 64 alphanumeric characters) as the key to be shared between the external accounting server and the NWA. The key must be the same on the external accounting server and your NWA. The key is not sent over the network.
Backup Accounting Server	If the NWA cannot communicate with the primary accounting server, you can have the NWA use a backup accounting server. Make sure the check boxe is selected if you want to use the backup server.The NWA will attempt to communicate three times before using the backup server.
Backup Server IP Address	Enter the IP address of the external accounting server in dotted decimal notation.
Backup Server Port	Enter the port number of the external accounting server.
Backup Share Secret	Enter a password (up to 64 alphanumeric characters) as the key to be shared between the external accounting server and the NWA. The key must be the same on the external accounting and your NWA. The key is not sent over the network.
Back	Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

6.8 Layer-2 Isolation

Layer-2 isolation is used to prevent wireless clients associated with your NWA from communicating with other wireless clients, APs, computers or routers in a network.

In the following example, layer-2 isolation is enabled on the NWA to allow a guest wireless client (A) to access the main network router (B). The router provides access to the Internet and the network printer (C) while preventing the client from accessing other computers and servers on the

network. The client can communicate with other wireless clients only if Intra-BSS Traffic blocking is disabled.

Note: Intra-BSS Traffic Blocking is activated when you enable layer-2 isolation.

Figure 36 Layer-2 Isolation Application

graph LR
    A["Laptop"] -->|Signal| NWA["NWA"]
    NWA -->|Wireless Signal| B["Router B"]
    B -->|Green Checkmark| C["Server C"]
    B -->|Red Checkmark| D["Server D"]
    B -->|Green Checkmark| E["Internet"]

MAC addresses that are not listed in the layer-2 isolation table are blocked from communicating with the NWA's wireless clients except for broadcast packets. Layer-2 isolation does not check the traffic between wireless clients that are associated with the same AP. Intra-BSS Traffic allows wireless clients associated with the same AP to communicate with each other.

6.8.1 Layer-2 Isolation Screen

Use this screen to specify devices you want the users on your wireless networks to access. Click Wireless LAN > Layer-2 Isolation. The screen displays as shown.

Note: You need to know the MAC address of each wireless client, AP, computer or router that you want to allow to communicate with the NWA's wireless clients.

Figure 37 Wireless LAN > Layer-2 Isolation

Wireless Settings - 2.4G	Wireless Settings - 5G	SSID	Security	RADIUS	Layer-2 Isolation	MAC Filter
Layer-2 Isolation Configuration
Index	MAC Address	Description		Index	MAC Address	Description
1	00:00:00:00:00:00			17	00:00:00:00:00:00
2	00:00:00:00:00:00			18	00:00:00:00:00:00
3	00:00:00:00:00:00			19	00:00:00:00:00:00
4	00:00:00:00:00:00			20	00:00:00:00:00:00
5	00:00:00:00:00:00			21	00:00:00:00:00:00
6	00:00:00:00:00:00			22	00:00:00:00:00:00
7	00:00:00:00:00:00			23	00:00:00:00:00:00
8	00:00:00:00:00:00			24	00:00:00:00:00:00
9	99 : 99 : 99 : 99 : 99 : 99 : 99			25	99 : 99 : 99 : 99 : 99 : 99
11	11 : 11 : 11 : 11 : 11 : 11 : 11			26	11 : 11 : 11 : 11 : 11 : 11
12	12 : 12 : 12 : 12 : 12 : 12 : 12			27	12 : 12 : 12 : 12 : 12 : 12
13	13 : 13 : 13 : 13 : 13 : 13			28	13 : 13 : 13 : 13 : 13 : 13
14	14 : 14 : 14 : 14 : 14 : 14			29	14 : 14 : 14 : 14 : 14
15	15 : 15 : 15 : 15 : 15 : 15			30	15 : 15 : 15 : 15 : 15
16	16 : 16 : 16 : 16 : 16			31	16 : 16 : 16 : 16
				32	16 : 16 : 16 : 16

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 22 Wireless LAN > Layer-2 Isolation

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Index	This is the index number of the MAC address listed.
MAC Address	Enter the MAC addresses of the wireless client, AP, computer or router that you want to allow the associated wireless clients to have access to in these address fields. Enter the MAC address in a valid MAC address format (six hexadecimal character pairs, for example 12:34:56:78:9a:bc).
Description	Enter a name to identify this device.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

6.9 MAC Filter Screen

Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address is assigned at the factory and consists of six pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example,

00:A0:C5:00:00:02. You need to know the MAC address of each device to configure MAC filtering on the NWA.

The MAC filter function allows you to configure the NWA to grant access to the NWA from other wireless devices (Allow Association) or exclude devices from accessing the NWA (Deny Association).

Figure 38 MAC Filtering

graph TD
    A["Router"] -->|Data Flow| B["Laptop A"]
    B -->|Data Flow| C["Internet"]
    C -->|Data Flow| A
    D["User"] -->|Data Flow| E["Router"]
    E -->|Data Flow| C
    style A fill:#f9f,stroke:#333
    style B fill:#ccf,stroke:#333
    style C fill:#cfc,stroke:#333
    style D fill:#fcc,stroke:#333
    note1["ZZ:YY:XX:33:22:11"] -.-> A
    note2["AA:BB:CC:11:22:33"] -.-> E

In the figure above, wireless client U is able to connect to the Internet because its MAC address is in the allowed association list specified in the NWA. The MAC address of client A is either denied association or is not in the list of allowed wireless clients specified in the NWA.

Use this screen to enable MAC address filtering in your NWA. You can specify MAC addresses to either allow or deny association with your NWA. Click Wireless LAN > MAC Filter. The screen displays as shown.

Figure 39 Wireless LAN > MAC Filter

Wireless Settings SSID Security RADIUS MAC Filter MAC Filter Profiles

Profile Name Filter Action Modify

1 MacProfile1 Disabled ✓ 2 MacProfile2 Disabled ✓ 3 MacProfile3 Disabled ✓ 4 MacProfile4 Disabled ✓ 5 MacProfile5 Disabled ✓ 6 MacProfile6 Disabled ✓ 7 MacProfile7 Disabled ✓ 8 MacProfile8 Disabled ✓

Select a profile you want to configure and click Edit.

Figure 40 MAC Filter: Edit

MAC Filter MAC Filter Settings Profile Name: MacProfile1 Access Control Mode: Disabled

MAC Address # MAC Address

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 127 128 Back Apply Cancel

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 23 Wireless LAN > MAC Filter

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Profile Name	This is the name that identifying this profile.
Access Control Mode	SelectDisabledif you do not want to use this feature.SelectAllowto permit access to the NWA. MAC addresses not listed will be denied access to the NWA.SelectDenyto block access to theNWA. MAC addresses not listed will be allowed to access the NWA.
#	This is the index number of the MAC address listed.
MAC Address	Enter the MAC addresses (in XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX format) of the wireless station to be allowed or denied access to the NWA.
Back	ClickBackto return to the previous screen.
Apply	ClickApplyto save your changes.
Cancel	ClickCancelto begin configuring this screen afresh.

6.10 Technical Reference

This section provides technical background information about the topics covered in this chapter. Refer to Appendix E on page 187 for further readings on Wireless LAN.

6.10.1 Additional Wireless Terms

Table 24 Additional Wireless Terms

TERM	DESCRIPTION
Intra-BSS Traffic	This describes direct communication (not through the NWA) between two wireless devices within a wireless network. You might disable this kind of communication to enhance security within your wireless network.
RTS/CTS Threshold	In a wireless network which covers a large area, wireless devices are sometimes not aware of each other's presence. This may cause them to send information to the AP at the same time and result in information colliding and not getting through.By setting this value lower than the default value, the wireless devices must sometimes get permission to send information to the NWA. The lower the value, the more often the devices must get permission.If this value is greater than the fragmentation threshold value (see below), then wireless devices never have to get permission to send information to the NWA.
Preamble	A preamble affects the timing in your wireless network. There are two preamble modes: long and short. If a device uses a different preamble mode than the NWA does, it cannot communicate with the NWA.
Fragmentation Threshold	A small fragmentation threshold is recommended for busy networks, while a larger threshold provides faster performance if the network is not very busy.
Roaming	If you have two or more NWAs (or other wireless access points) on your wireless network, you can enable this option so that wireless devices can change locations without having to log in again. This is useful for devices, such as notebooks, that move around a lot.
Antenna	An antenna couples Radio Frequency (RF) signals onto air. A transmitter within a wireless device sends an RF signal to the antenna, which propagates the signal through the air. The antenna also operates in reverse by capturing RF signals from the air.Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a wireless LAN.

6.10.2 WMM QoS

WMM (Wi-Fi MultiMedia) QoS (Quality of Service) ensures quality of service in wireless networks. It controls WLAN transmission priority on packets to be transmitted over the wireless network.

WMM QoS prioritizes wireless traffic according to the delivery requirements of the individual and applications. WMM QoS is a part of the IEEE 802.11e QoS enhancement to certified Wi-Fi wireless networks.

On APs without WMM QoS, all traffic streams are given the same access priority to the wireless network. If the introduction of another traffic stream creates a data transmission demand that exceeds the current network capacity, then the new traffic stream reduces the throughput of the other traffic streams.

The NWA uses WMM QoS to prioritize traffic streams according to the IEEE 802.1q or DSCP information in each packet's header. The NWA automatically determines the priority to use for an individual traffic stream. This prevents reductions in data transmission for applications that are sensitive to latency and jitter (variations in delay).

6.10.2.1 WMM QoS Priorities

The following table describes the WMM QoS priority levels that the NWA uses.

Table 25 WMM QoS Priorities

Priority Level	description
voice(WMM_VOICE)	Typically used for traffic that is especially sensitive to jitter. Use this priority to reduce latency for improved voice quality.
video(WMM_VIDEO)	Typically used for traffic which has some tolerance for jitter but needs to be prioritized over other data traffic.
best effort(WMM_BESTEFFORT)	Typically used for traffic from applications or devices that lack QoS capabilities. Use best effort priority for traffic that is less sensitive to latency, but is affected by long delays, such as Internet surfing.
background(WMM_BACKGROUND)	This is typically used for non-critical traffic such as bulk transfers and print jobs that are allowed but that should not affect other applications and users. Use background priority for applications that do not have strict latency and throughput requirements.

6.10.3 Security Mode Guideline

The following is a general guideline in choosing the security mode for your NWA.

• Use WPA(2)-PSK if you have WPA(2)-aware wireless clients but no RADIUS server.
• Use WPA(2) security if you have WPA(2)-aware wireless clients and a RADIUS server. WPA has user authentication and improved data encryption over WEP.
• Use WPA(2)-PSK if you have WPA(2)-aware wireless clients but no RADIUS server.
• If you don't have WPA(2)-aware wireless clients, then use WEP key encrypting. A higher bit key offers better security. You can manually enter 64-bit or 128-bit WEP keys.

More information on Wireless Security can be found in Appendix E on page 187.

7.1 Overview

This chapter describes how you can configure the IP address of your NWA.

The Internet Protocol (IP) address identifies a device on a network. Every networking device (including computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the network. These networking devices are also known as hosts.

Figure 41 IPv4 Setup

graph LR
    A["Router"] -->|192.168.1.2| B["Internet"]
    C["Router"] -->|192.168.1.1| B["Internet"]
    D["Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0"]

The figure above illustrates one possible setup of your NWA. The gateway IPv4 address is 192.168.1.1 and the IPv4 address of the NWA is 192.168.1.2 (default). The gateway and the device must belong in the same subnet mask to be able to communicate with each other.

7.2 What You Can Do in this Chapter

Use the LAN IP screen to configure the IP address of your NWA (see Section 7.4 on page 93).

7.3 What You Need to Know

The Ethernet parameters of the NWA are preset in the factory with the following values:

1 IP address of 192.168.1.2
2 Subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 (24 bits)

IPv6

IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), is designed to enhance IP address size and features. The increase in IPv6 address size to 128 bits (from the 32-bit IPv4 address) allows up to 3.4 × 10^38 IP addresses.

IPv6 Addressing

The 128-bit IPv6 address is written as eight 16-bit hexadecimal blocks separated by colons (:). This is an example IPv6 address 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000.

IPv6 addresses can be abbreviated in two ways:

• Leading zeros in a block can be omitted. So 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000 can be written as 2001:db8:1a2b:15:0:0:1a2f:0.
• Any number of consecutive blocks of zeros can be replaced by a double colon. A double colon can only appear once in an IPv6 address. So 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f:0000:0000:0015 can be written as 2001:0db8::1a2f:0000:0000:0015, 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f::0015, 2001:db8::1a2f:0:0:15 or 2001:db8:0:0:1a2f::15.

Prefix and Prefix Length

Similar to an IPv4 subnet mask, IPv6 uses an address prefix to represent the network address. An IPv6 prefix length specifies how many most significant bits (start from the left) in the address compose the network address. The prefix length is written as "/x" where x is a number. For example,

2001:db8:1a2b:15::1a2f:0/32 

means that the first 32 bits (2001:db8) is the subnet prefix.

Link-local Address

A link-local address uniquely identifies a device on the local network (the LAN). It is similar to a "private IP address" in IPv4. You can have the same link-local address on multiple interfaces on a device. A link-local unicast address has a predefined prefix of fe80::/10. The link-local unicast address format is as follows.

Table 26 Link-local Unicast Address Format

1111 1110 10	0	Interface ID
10 bits	54 bits	64 bits

Global Address

A global address uniquely identifies a device on the Internet. It is similar to a "public IP address" in IPv4. A global unicast address starts with a 2 or 3.

7.4 LAN IP Screen

Use this screen to configure the IP address for your NWA. Click Network > LAN to display the following screen.

Figure 42 LAN IP

IPv4 Address Assignment Obtain IP Address Automatically Use Fixed IP Address IP Address : 192.168.1.2 Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0 Gateway IP Address : IPv6 Address Assignment Enable Stateful Address Auto-configuration IPv6 Address/Prefix Length: System DNS Servers Primary DNS Server : Secondary DNS Server : Apply Cancel

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 27 LAN IP

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
IPv4 Address Assignment
Obtain IP Address Automatically	Select this option if your NWA is using a dynamically assigned IPv4 address from a DHCP server each time.Note: You must know the IP address assigned to the NWA (by the DHCP server) to access the NWA again.
Use Fixed IP Address	Select this option if your NWA is using a static IPv4 address. When you select this option, fill in the fields below.
IP Address	Enter the IP address of your NWA in dotted decimal notation.Note: If you change the NWA's IP address, you must use the new IP address if you want to access the web configurator again.
Subnet Mask	Type the subnet mask.
Gateway IP Address	Type the IPv4 address of the gateway. The gateway is an immediate neighbor of your NWA that will forward the packet to the destination. On the LAN, the gateway must be a router on the same segment as your NWA; over the WAN, the gateway must be the IP address of one of the remote nodes.
IPv6 Address Assignment
Enable Stateful Address Auto-configuration	Select this to turn on IPv6 stateful autoconfiguration to have the NWA obtain an IPv6 global address from a DHCPv6 server in your network.
IPv6 Address/Prefix Length	Enter your IPv6 address and prefix manually.
System DNS Servers
Primary DNS Server	Enter the IPv4 address of the first DNS (Domain Name Service) server, if provided.
Secondary DNS Server	Enter the IPv4 address of the second DNS (Domain Name Service) server address, if provided.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

8.1 Overview

This chapter discusses how to configure the NWA's VLAN settings.

Figure 43 Management VLAN Setup

graph TD
    A["Router A"] --> B["Router B"]
    B --> C["Router C"]
    C --> D["INTERNET"]
    style A fill:#f9f,stroke:#333
    style B fill:#ccf,stroke:#333
    style C fill:#cfc,stroke:#333
    style D fill:#fcc,stroke:#333

In the figure above, to access and manage the NWA from computer A, the NWA and switch B's ports to which computer A and the NWA are connected should be in the same VLAN.

8.1.1 What You Can Do in This Chapter

The VLAN screens let you set up the NWA's management VLAN (Section 8.3 on page 96).

8.2 What You Need to Know

Introduction to VLANs

A Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) allows a physical network to be partitioned into multiple logical networks. Devices on a logical network belong to one group. A device can belong to more than one group. With VLAN, a device cannot directly talk to or hear from devices that are not in the same group(s); the traffic must first go through a router.

In Multi-Tenant Unit (MTU) applications, VLAN is vital in providing isolation and security among the subscribers. When properly configured, VLAN prevents one subscriber from accessing the network resources of another on the same LAN, thus a user will not see the printers and hard disks of another user in the same building.

VLAN also increases network performance by limiting broadcasts to a smaller and more manageable logical broadcast domain. In traditional switched environments, all broadcast packets go to each and every individual port. With VLAN, all broadcasts are confined to a specific broadcast domain.

IEEE 802.1Q Tag

The IEEE 802.1Q standard defines an explicit VLAN tag in the MAC header to identify the VLAN membership of a frame across bridges. A VLAN tag includes the 12-bit VLAN ID and 3-bit user priority. The VLAN ID associates a frame with a specific VLAN and provides the information that devices need to process the frame across the network.

8.3 VLAN Screen

Use this screen to set up the VLAN for managing the NWA. Click Network > VLAN to display the screen as shown.

Figure 44 Network > VLAN

VLAN VLAN Settings 802.1Q VLAN: Enabled Management VLAN: Enabled Management VLAN ID : 1 (1-4094) Apply Cancel

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Figure 45 Network > VLAN

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
802.1Q VLAN	Select this to enable VLAN tagging on the NWA.
Management VLAN	Select this to enable VLAN management. Only traffic tagged with the management VLAN ID can access the NWA. At least one device in your network must belong to the VLAN specified below in order to manage the NWA.
Management VLAN ID	Enter a number from 1 to 4094 to define the NWA’s management VLAN group.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

9.1 Overview

This chapter shows you how to enable remote management of your NWA. It provides information on determining which services or protocols can access which of the NWA's interfaces.

Remote Management allows a user to administrate the device over the network. You can manage your NWA from a remote location via the following interfaces:

• WLAN
  • LAN
• Both WLAN and LAN
• Neither (Disable)

Figure 46 Remote Management Example

graph TD
    A["Network A"] -->|Wireless Signal| LAN["LAN"]
    LAN -->|Wireless Signal| Server["Server"]
    Server -->|Wireless Signal| Laptop["Computer"]
    LAN -->|Wireless Signal| Router["Router"]
    Router -->|Wireless Signal| Server
    Server -->|Wireless Signal| Laptop

In the figure above, the NWA (A) is being managed by a desktop computer (B) connected via LAN (Land Area Network). It is also being accessed by a notebook (C) connected via WLAN (Wireless LAN).

9.2 What You Can Do in this Chapter

• Use the WWW screen to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) you can use the Web Browser to manage the NWA (see Section 9.4 on page 100).
• Use the Certificates screen to delete and import certificates (seen Section 9.5 on page 101).

• Use the Telnet screen to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) you can use Telnet to manage the NWA. A Telnet connection is prioritized by the NWA over other remote management sessions (see Section 9.6 on page 102).

• Use the SNMP screen to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) a network systems manager can access the NWA (see Section 9.7 on page 104).

• Use the FTP screen to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) you can use File Transfer Protocol (FTP) to manage the NWA. You can use FTP to upload the latest firmware for example (see Section 9.8 on page 106).

9.3 What You Need To Know

WWW

The World Wide Web allows you to access files hosted in a remote server. For example, you can view text files (usually referred to as 'pages') using your web browser via HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

Telnet

Telnet is short for Telecommunications Network, which is a client-side protocol that enables you to access a device over the network.

FTP

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) allows you to upload or download a file or several files to and from a remote location using a client or the command console.

SNMP

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a member of the TCP/IP protocol suite used for exchanging management information between network devices.

Your NWA supports SNMP agent functionality, which allows a manager station to manage and monitor the NWA through the network. The NWA supports SNMP version one (SNMPv1), version two (SNMPv2c) and version three (SNMPv3).

The next figure illustrates an SNMP management operation.

Figure 47 SNMP Management Mode

graph TD
    A["MANAGER"] --> B["AGENT MB"]
    A --> C["AGENT MB"]
    A --> D["AGENT MB"]
    B <--> C
    C <--> D
    style A fill:#f9f9f9,stroke:#333
    style B fill:#e6f7ff,stroke:#333
    style C fill:#e6f7ff,stroke:#333
    style D fill:#e6f7ff,stroke:#333

An SNMP managed network consists of two main types of component: agents and a manager.

An agent is a management software module that resides in a managed device (the NWA). An agent translates the local management information from the managed device into a form compatible with SNMP. The manager is the console through which network administrators perform network management functions. It executes applications that control and monitor managed devices.

SNMP allows a manager and agents to communicate for the purpose of accessing information such as packets received, node port status, etc.

SNMP v3 and Security

SNMP v3 enhances security for SNMP management. SNMP managers can be required to authenticate with agents before conducting SNMP management sessions.

Security can be further enhanced by encrypting the SNMP messages sent from the managers. Encryption protects the contents of the SNMP messages. When the contents of the SNMP messages are encrypted, only the intended recipients can read them.

Remote Management Limitations

Remote management over LAN or WLAN will not work when:

• You have disabled that service in one of the remote management screens.
• The IP address in the Secured Client IP Address field does not match the client IP address. If it does not match, the NWA will disconnect the session immediately.
• You may only have one remote management session running at one time. The NWA automatically disconnects a remote management session of lower priority when another remote management session of higher priority starts. The priorities for the different types of remote management sessions are as follows:

1 Telnet
2 HTTP

Certificate

A certificate contains the certificate owner's identity and public key. Certificates provide a way to exchange public keys for use in authentication.

Figure 48 Certificates Example

graph TD
    A["Laptop"] -->|Authentication| B["Device"]
    B -->|Data Flow| A
    style A fill:#f9f,stroke:#333
    style B fill:#ccf,stroke:#333

In the figure above, the NWA (Z) checks the identity of the notebook (A) using a certificate before granting access to the network.

The certification authority certificate that you can import to your NWA should be in PFX PKCS#12 file format. This format referred to as the Personal Information Exchange Syntax Standard is comprised of a private key-public certificate pair that is further encrypted with a password. Before you import a certificate into the NWA, you should verify that you have the correct certificate.

Key distribution is simple and very secure since you can freely distribute public keys and you never need to transmit private keys.

9.4 WWW Screen

Use this screen to configure your NWA via the World Wide Web (WWW) using a Web browser. This lets you specify which IP addresses or computers are able to communicate with and access the NWA.

To change your NWA's WWW settings, click System > WWW. The following screen shows.

Figure 49 System > WWW

WWW Certificates Telnet SNMP FTP www HTTP Port : 80 HTTPS Port : 443 Server Access : Disable Secured Client IP Address : All Selected 0.0.0.0 Secured Client MAC Address : All Selected 00:00:00:00:00:00 Apply Cancel

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 28 System > WWW

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
WWW
HTTP Port	You may change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must use the same port number in order to use that service for remote management.
HTTPS Port	The HTTPS proxy server listens on port 443 by default. If you change the HTTPS proxy server port to a different number on the NWA, for example 8443, then you must notify people who need to access the NWA web configurator to use “https://NWA IP Address:8443” as the URL.
Server Access	Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the NWA using WWW and to which the IP and MAC filtering rules you specified below are applied. Otherwise, select Disable to allow any computer to access the NWA through any interface using WWW.
Secured Client IP Address	A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the NWA using this service.Select All to allow any computer to access the NWA using this service.Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to access the NWA using this service.
Secured Client MAC Address	Select All to allow any computer to access the NWA using this service.Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the MAC address that you specify to access the NWA using this service.
Apply	Click Apply to save your customized settings.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

9.5 Certificates Screen

Use this screen to delete or import certificates.

Click System > Certificates. The following screen shows.

Figure 50 System > Certificates

WWW Certificates Telnet SNMP FTP Import Certificate Import Certificate: Browse... Import Delete Certificates You can delete a certificate: ZyXEL-RootCA Delete

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 29 System > Certificates

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Import Certificate
Import Certificate	Enter the location of a previously-saved certificate to upload to the NWA. Alternatively, click theBrowsebutton to locate a list.
Browse	Click this button to locate a previously-saved certificate to upload to the NWA.
Import	Click this button to upload the previously-saved certificate displayed in theImport Certificatefield to the NWA.
Delete Certificate
You can delete a certificate	Select the certificate from the list that you want to delete.
Delete	Click this to delete the selected certificate.

9.6 Telnet Screen

Use this screen to configure your NWA for remote Telnet access. You can use Telnet to access the NWA's Command Line Interface (CLI).

Click System > Telnet. The following screen displays.

Figure 51 System > Telnet

WWW Certificates Telnet SNMP FTP Telnet Port: 23 Server Access : Disable Secured Client IP Address: All Selected 0.0.0.0 Secured Client MAC Address: All Selected 00:00:00:00:00:00 Apply Cancel

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 30 System > Telnet

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
TELNET
Port	You can change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must use the same port number in order to use that service for remote management.
Server Access	Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the NWA using Telnet and to which the IP and MAC filtering rules you specified below are applied. Otherwise, select Disable to allow any computer to access the NWA through any interface using Telnet.
Secured Client IP Address	A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the NWA using this service.Select All to allow any computer to access the NWA using this service.Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to access the NWA using this service.
Secured Client MAC Address	Select All to allow any computer to access the NWA using this service.Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the MAC address that you specify to access the NWA using this service.
Apply	Click Apply to save your customized settings.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

9.7 SNMP Screen

Use this screen to have a manager station administrate your NWA over the network and configure SNMP accounts on the SNMP v3 manager. An SNMP administrator/user is an SNMP manager. To change your NWA's SNMP settings, click System > SNMP. The following screen displays.

Figure 52 System > SNMP

WWW Certificates Telnet SNMP FTP SNMP Port: 161 Server Access: Disable Secured Client IP Address: All Selected 0.0.0.0 Secured Client MAC Address: All Selected 00:00:00:00:00:00 SNMP Configuration Protocol Version: V3 Get Community: public Set Community: private Trap Community: private Trap Destination: 192.168.1.10 SNMPv3 Admin Settings SNMPv3 Admin: Enabled User Name: SNMPv3Admin Password: (8 - 32 alphanumeric, printable characters and no spaces) Confirm Password: •••••••• Access Type: Read/Write Authentication Protocol: SHA Privacy Protocol: DES SNMPv3 User Settings SNMPv3 User: Enabled User Name: SNMPv3User Password: (8 - 32 alphanumeric, printable characters and no spaces) Confirm Password: •••••••• Access Type: Read Only Authentication Protocol: MD5 Privacy Protocol: None Apply Cancel

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 31 System > SNMP

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
SNMP
Port	You can change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must use the same port number in order to use that service for remote management.
Server Access	Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the NWA using SNMP and to which the IP and MAC filtering rules you specified below are applied. Otherwise, select Disable to allow any computer to access the NWA through any interface using SNMP.
Secured Client IP Address	A secured client is a "trusted" computer that is allowed to communicate with the NWA using this service.Select All to allow any computer to access the NWA using this service.Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to access the NWA using this service.
Secured Client MAC Address	Select All to allow any computer to access the NWA using this service.Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the MAC address that you specify to access the NWA using this service.
SNMP Configuration
Protocol Version	Select the SNMP version for the NWA, which you allow the SNMP manager to use to access the NWA.The SNMP version on the NWA must match the version on the SNMP manager.
Get Community	Enter the Get Community, which is the password for the incoming Get and GetNext requests from the management station.
Set Community	Enter the Set community, which is the password for incoming Set requests from the management station.
Trap Community	Type the trap community, which is the password sent with each trap to the SNMP manager.
Trap Destination	Type the IP address of the station to send your SNMP traps to.
SNMPv3 Admin Settings
SNMPv3 Admin	Select the check box to enable the SNMP administrator account for authentication with SNMP managers using SNMP v3.
User Name	Specify the user name of the SNMP administrator account.
Password	Enter the password for SNMP administrator authentication.
Confirm Password	Retype the password for confirmation.
Access Type	Specify the SNMP administrator's access rights to MIBs.Read/Write - The SNMP administrator has read and write rights, meaning that the user can create and edit the MIBs on the NWA.Read Only - The SNMP administrator has read rights only, meaning the user can collect information from the NWA.
Authentication Protocol	Select an authentication algorithm used for SNMP communication with the SNMP administrator.MD5 (Message Digest 5) and SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm) are hash algorithms used to authenticate SNMP data. SHA authentication is generally considered stronger than MD5, but is slower.
Privacy Protocol	Specify the encryption method used for SNMP communication with the SNMP administrator.DES - Data Encryption Standard is a widely used (but breakable) method of data encryption. It applies a 56-bit key to each 64-bit block of data.AES - Advanced Encryption Standard is another method for data encryption that also uses a secret key. AES applies a 128-bit key to 128-bit blocks of data.
SNMPv3 User Settings
SNMPv3 User	Select the check box to enable the SNMP user account for authentication with SNMP managers using SNMP v3.
User Name	Specify the user name of the SNMP user account.
Password	Enter the password for SNMP user authentication.
Confirm Password	Retype the password for confirmation.
Access Type	Specify the SNMP user's access rights to MIBs.Read Only - The SNMP user has read rights only, meaning the user can collect information from the NWA.Read/Write - The SNMP user has read and write rights, meaning that the user can create and edit the MIBs on the NWA.
Authentication Protocol	Select an authentication algorithm used for SNMP communication with the SNMP user.MD5 (Message Digest 5) and SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm) are hash algorithms used to authenticate SNMP data. SHA authentication is generally considered stronger than MD5, but is slower.
Privacy Protocol	Specify the encryption method used for SNMP communication with the SNMP user.DES - Data Encryption Standard is a widely used (but breakable) method of data encryption. It applies a 56-bit key to each 64-bit block of data.AES - Advanced Encryption Standard is another method for data encryption that also uses a secret key. AES applies a 128-bit key to 128-bit blocks of data.
Apply	Click Apply to save your customized settings.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

9.8 FTP Screen

Use this screen to upload and download the NWA's firmware using FTP. To use this feature, your computer must have an FTP client.

To change your NWA's FTP settings, click System > FTP. The following screen displays.

Figure 53 System > FTP

WWW Certificates Telnet SNMP FTP FTP Port: 21 Server Access: Disable Secured Client IP Address: All Selected 0.0.0.0 Secured Client MAC Address: All Selected 00:00:00:00:00:00 Apply Cancel

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 32 System > FTP

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
FTP
Port	You may change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must use the same port number in order to use that service for remote management.
Server Access	Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the NWA using this service and to which the IP and MAC filtering rules you specified below are applied. Otherwise, select Disable to allow any computer to access the NWA through any interface using this service.
Secured Client IP Address	A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the NWA using this service.Select All to allow any computer to access the NWA using this service.Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to access the NWA using this service.
Secured Client MAC Address	Select All to allow any computer to access the NWA using this service.Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the MAC address that you specify to access the NWAe using this service.
Apply	Click Apply to save your customized settings.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

9.9 Technical Reference

This section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this chapter.

9.9.1 MIB

Managed devices in an SMNP managed network contain object variables or managed objects that define each piece of information to be collected about a device. Examples of variables include such

as number of packets received, node port status etc. A Management Information Base (MIB) is a collection of managed objects.SNMP itself is a simple request/response protocol based on the manager/agent model. The manager issues a request and the agent returns responses using the following protocol operations:

• Get - Allows the manager to retrieve an object variable from the agent.
• GetNext - Allows the manager to retrieve the next object variable from a table or list within an agent. In SNMPv1, when a manager wants to retrieve all elements of a table from an agent, it initiates a Get operation, followed by a series of GetNext operations.
• Set - Allows the manager to set values for object variables within an agent.
• Trap - Used by the agent to inform the manager of some events.

9.9.2 Supported MIBs

The NWA supports MIB II that is defined in RFC-1213 and RFC-1215 as well as the proprietary ZyXEL private MIB. The purpose of the MIBs is to let administrators collect statistical data and monitor status and performance.

9.9.3 Private-Public Certificates

When using public-key cryptology for authentication, each host has two keys. One key is public and can be made openly available. The other key is private and must be kept secure.

These keys work like a handwritten signature (in fact, certificates are often referred to as "digital signatures"). Only you can write your signature exactly as it should look. When people know what your signature looks like, they can verify whether something was signed by you, or by someone else. In the same way, your private key "writes" your digital signature and your public key allows people to verify whether data was signed by you, or by someone else. This process works as follows.

1 Tim wants to send a message to Jenny. He needs her to be sure that it comes from him, and that the message content has not been altered by anyone else along the way. Tim generates a public key pair (one public key and one private key).
2 Tim keeps the private key and makes the public key openly available. This means that anyone who receives a message seeming to come from Tim can read it and verify whether it is really from him or not.
3 Tim uses his private key to sign the message and sends it to Jenny.
4 Jenny receives the message and uses Tim's public key to verify it. Jenny knows that the message is from Tim, and that although other people may have been able to read the message, no-one can have altered it (because they cannot re-sign the message with Tim's private key).
5 Additionally, Jenny uses her own private key to sign a message and Tim uses Jenny's public key to verify the message.

9.9.4 Certification Authorities

A Certification Authority (CA) issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner. There are commercial certification authorities like CyberTrust or VeriSign and government

certification authorities. You can use the NWA to generate certification requests that contain identifying information and public keys and then send the certification requests to a certification authority.

9.9.5 Checking the Fingerprint of a Certificate on Your Computer

A certificate's fingerprints are message digests calculated using the MD5 or SHA1 algorithms. The following procedure describes how to check a certificate's fingerprint to verify that you have the actual certificate.

1 Browse to where you have the certificate saved on your computer.
2 Make sure that the certificate has a ".cer" or ".crt" file name extension.

Figure 54 Certificates on Your Computer

CA Certificates VeriSign.cer

3 Double-click the certificate's icon to open the Certificate window. Click the Details tab and scroll down to the Thumbprint Algorithm and Thumbprint fields.

Figure 55 Certificate Details

Certificate General Details Certification Path Show: Field Value Issuer Secure Server Certification Au... Valid from Wednesday, November 09, 19... Valid to Friday, January 08, 2010 7:59... Subject Secure Server Certification Au... Public key RSA (1000 Bits) Thumbprint algorithm sha1 Thumbprint 4463 C531 D7CC C100 6794 6... 4463 C531 D7CC C100 6794 612B B656 D3BF 8257 846F Edit Properties... Copy to File... OK

4 Use a secure method to verify that the certificate owner has the same information in the Thumbprint Algorithm and Thumbprint fields. The secure method may vary according to your situation. Possible examples would be over the telephone or through an HTTPS connection.

Log Settings

10.1 Overview

This chapter provides information on viewing and generating logs on your NWA.

Logs are files that contain recorded network activity over a set period. They are used by administrators to monitor the health of the system(s) they are managing. Logs enable administrators to effectively monitor events, errors, progress, etc. so that when network problems or system failures occur, the cause or origin can be traced. Logs are also essential for auditing and keeping track of changes made by users.

Figure 56 Accessing Logs in the Network

graph TD
    A["Router"] --> B["Switch"]
    B --> C["Laptop"]
    C --> D["Email"]
    D --> B
    B --> A
    style A fill:#f9f,stroke:#333
    style B fill:#bbf,stroke:#333
    style C fill:#bfb,stroke:#333
    style D fill:#ffb,stroke:#333

The figure above illustrates three ways to access logs. The user (U) can access logs directly from the NWA (A) via the Web configurator. Logs can also be located in an external log server (B). An email server (C) can also send harvested logs to the user's email account.

10.2 What You Can Do in this Chapter

Use the Log Settings screen to configure where and when the NWA will send the logs, and which logs it will send (Section 10.4 on page 112). Use the Monitor > Logs screen to display all logs or logs for a certain category.

10.3 What You Need To Know

Alerts and Logs

An alert is a type of log that warrants more serious attention. Some categories such as System Error consist of both logs and alerts. You can differentiate them by their color in the Monitor > Logs screen. Alerts are displayed in red and logs are displayed in black.

Receiving Logs via E-mail

If you want to receive logs in your e-mail account, you need to have the necessary details ready, such as the Server Name or Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Address of your e-mail account. Ensure that you have a valid e-mail address.

Enabling Syslog Logging

To enable Syslog Logging, obtain your Syslog server's IP address (or server name).

10.4 Log Settings Screen

Use this screen to configure to where and when the NWA is to send the logs and which logs and/or immediate alerts it is to send.

To change your NWA's log settings, click Configuration > Log Settings. The screen appears as shown.

Figure 57 Log Settings

Log Settings E-mail Log Settings Mail Server: (Outgoing SMTP Server NAME or IP Address) Mail Subject: Send Log to: (E-Mail Address) SMTP Authentication: Enabled User Name: Password: Syslog Logging Syslog Logging: Enabled Syslog Server IP Address: 0.0.0.0 (Server NAME or IP Address) Syslog Port Number: 514 Send Log Log Schedule: When Log is Full Day for Sending Log: Sunday Time for Sending Log: 0 (Hour) 0 (Minute) Clear log after sending mail Enabled Log Category ✓ System Maintenance ✓ 802.1x ✓ System Error ✓ Wireless E-Mail Log Now Apply Cancel

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 33 Log Settings

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
E-mail Log Settings
Mail Server	Enter the server name or the IP address of the mail server for the e-mail addresses specified below. If this field is left blank, logs and alert messages will not be sent via e-mail.
Mail Subject	Type a title that you want to be in the subject line of the log e-mail message that the NWA sends.
Send Log to	Logs are sent to the e-mail address specified in this field. If this field is left blank, logs will not be sent via e-mail.
SMTP Authentication	SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is the message-exchange standard for the Internet. Select the check box to activate SMTP authentication. If mail server authentication is needed but this feature is disabled, you will not receive the e-mail logs.If you use SMTP authentication, the mail receiver should be the owner of the SMTP account.
User Name	If your e-mail account requires SMTP authentication, enter the username here.
Password	Enter the password associated with the above username.
Syslog Logging	Syslog logging sends a log to an external syslog server used to store logs.
Syslog Logging	Select the check box to enable syslog logging.
Syslog Server IP Address	Enter the IP address of the syslog server that will log the selected categories of logs.
Syslog Port Number	Enter the port number of the syslog server that will log the selected categories of logs.
Send Log
Log Schedule	This drop-down menu is used to configure the frequency of log messages being sent as E-mail:When Log is FullHourlyDailyWeeklyNone.If the Weekly or the Daily option is selected, specify a time of day when the E-mail should be sent. If the Weekly option is selected, then also specify which day of the week the E-mail should be sent. If the When Log is Full option is selected, an alert is sent when the log fills up. If you select None, no log messages are sent.
Day for Sending Log	This field is only available when you select Weekly in the Log Schedule field.Use the drop down list box to select which day of the week to send the logs.
Time for Sending Log	Enter the time of the day in 24-hour format (for example 23:00 equals 11:00 pm) to send the logs.
Clear log after sending mail	Select the check box to clear all logs after logs and alert messages are sent via e-mail.
Log Category
System Maintenance	Click this to receive logs related to system maintenance.
System Error	Click this to receive logs related to system errors.
802.1x	Click this to receive logs related to the 802.1x mode.
Wireless	Click this to receive logs related to the wireless function.
Email Log Now	Select the categories of alerts for which you want the NWA to immediately send e-mail alerts.
Apply	Click Apply to save your customized settings.
Cancel	Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.

Maintenance

11.1 Overview

This chapter describes the maintenance screens. It discusses how you can upload new firmware, manage configuration and restart your NWA without turning it off and on.

This chapter provides information and instructions on how to identify and manage your NWA over the network.

Figure 58 NWA Setup

graph LR
    A["NWA"] --> B["Router"]
    B --> C["INTERNET"]
    C --> D["DNS"]
    C --> E["NTP"]

In the figure above, the NWA connects to a Domain Name Server (DNS) server to avail of a domain name. It also connects to an Network Time Protocol (NTP) server to set the time on the device.

11.2 What You Can Do in this Chapter

• Use the General screen to specify the system name (see Section 11.4 on page 116).
• Use the Password screen to manage the password for your NWA (see Section 11.5 on page 117).
• Use the Time screen to change your NWA's time and date. This screen allows you to configure the NWA's time based on your local time zone (see Section 11.6 on page 118).
• Use the Firmware Upgrade screen to upload the latest firmware for your NWA (see Section 11.7 on page 119).
• Use the Configuration File screen to view information related to factory defaults, backup configuration, and restoring configuration (see Section 11.8 on page 120).
• Use Restart screen to reboot the NWA without turning the power off (see Section 11.9 on page 121).

11.3 What You Need To Know

You can find the firmware for your device at www.zyxel.com. It is a file that uses the system project code with a "*.bin" extension, for example "V100AAEO0.bin". The upload process uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and may take up to two minutes. After a successful upload, the system will reboot.

11.4 General Screen

Use the General screen to identify your NWA over the network. Click Maintenance > General. The following screen displays.

Figure 59 Maintenance > General

General System Settings System Name : (max. 15 alphanumeric, printable characters and no spaces) Apply Cancel

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 34 Maintenance > General

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
System Settings
System Name	Type a descriptive name to identify the NWA in the Ethernet network.This name can be up to 15 alphanumeric characters long. Spaces are not allowed, but dashes "-" are accepted.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.

11.5 Password Screen

Use this screen to control access to your NWA by assigning a password to it. Click Maintenance >Password. The following screen displays.

Figure 60 Maintenance > Password

Password Password Setup Current Password : New Password : (1-32 characters) Retype to Confirm : Apply Cancel

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 35 Maintenance > Password

LABEL	DESCRIPTIONS
Current Password	Type in your existing system password.
New Password	Type your new system password. Note that as you type a password, the screen displays a dot (.) for each character you type.
Retype to Confirm	Retype your new system password for confirmation.
Apply	Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel	Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.

11.6 Time Screen

Use this screen to change your NWA's time and date, click Maintenance > Time. The following screen displays.

Figure 61 Maintenance > Time

Time Current Time and Date Current Time : 23 40 34 (hh:mm:ss) Current Date : 1970 Jan 7 (YY:MM:DD) Time and Date Setup NTP Client Update: ✓ Enabled ○ NTP Server: ntp1.cs.wisc.edu ○ Manual IP : Time Zone Setup Time Zone : (GMT) Greenwich Mean Time : Dublin, Edinburgh, Lisbon, London Apply Cancel

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 36 Maintenance > Time

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
Current Time and Date
Current Time	This field displays the time of your NWA.Each time you reload this page, the NWA synchronizes the time with the time server (if configured).When you disableNTP Client Update, you can manually enter the new time in this field and then clickApply.
Current Date	This field displays the last updated date from the time server.When you disableNTP Client Update, you can manually enter the new date in this field and then clickApply.
Time and Date Setup
NTP Client Update	Select this to have the NWA get the time and date from the time server you specified below.
NTP server	Select this option to use the predefined list of Network Time Protocol (NTP) servers. Select an NTP server from the drop-list box.
Manual IP	Select this option to enter the IP address or URL of your time server. Check with your ISP/network administrator if you are unsure of this information.
Time Zone Setup
Time Zone	Choose the time zone of your location. This will set the time difference between your time zone and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
Apply	ClickApplyto save your changes.
Cancel	Click Cancelto reload the previous configuration for this screen.

11.7 Firmware Upgrade Screen

Use this screen to upload a firmware to your NWA. Click Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade. Follow the instructions in this section to upload firmware to your NWA.

Figure 62 Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade

Firmware Upgrade Firmware Upgrade To upgrade the internal device firmware, browse to the location of the binary (.BIN) upgrade file and click Upload. Upgrade files can be downloaded from website. If the upgrade file is compressed (.ZIP file), you must first extract the binary (.BIN) file. In some cases, you may need to reconfigure. File Path: Browse... Upload

The following table describes the labels in this screen.

Table 37 Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
File Path	Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to find it.
Browse...	Click Browse... to find the .bin file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress compressed (.zip) files before you can upload them.
Upload	Click Upload to begin the upload process. This process may take up to two minutes.

Do not turn off the NWA while firmware upload is in progress!

Figure 63 Firmware Upload In Process

Firmware Upgrade Rebooting... AP is rebooting now, system will upgrade firmware. As there will be no indication of when the process is complete, please wait for 141 seconds before attempting to access AP again.

The NWA automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.

Figure 64 Network Temporarily Disconnected

Local Area Connection Network cable unplugged

After the upload was finished, log in again and check your new firmware version in the Dashboard screen.

11.8 Configuration File Screen

Use this screen to backup, restore and reset the configuration of your NWA.

Click Maintenance > Configuration File. The screen appears as shown next.

Figure 65 Maintenance > Configuration File

Configuration File Backup Configuration Click Backup to save the current configuration of your system to your computer. Restore Configuration To restore a previously saved configuration file to your system, browse to the location of the configuration file and click Upload. File Path: Browse... Upload Back to Factory Defaults Click Reset to clear all user-entered configuration information and return to factory defaults. After resetting, the - Password will be 1234 - LAN IP address will be 192.168.1.2

11.8.1 Backup Configuration

Backup configuration allows you to back up (save) the NWA's current configuration to a file on your computer. Once your NWA is configured and functioning properly, it is highly recommended that you back up your configuration file before making configuration changes. The backup configuration file will be useful in case you need to return to your previous settings.

Click Backup to save the NWA's current configuration to your computer.

11.8.2 Restore Configuration

Restore configuration allows you to upload a new or previously saved configuration file from your computer to your NWA.

Table 38 Restore Configuration

LABEL	DESCRIPTION
File Path	Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to find it.
Browse...	Click Browse... to find the file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress compressed (.ZIP) files before you can upload them.
Upload	Click Upload to begin the upload process.

Do not turn off the NWA while configuration file upload is in progress.

You must then wait one minute before logging into the NWA again.

The NWA automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.

Figure 66 Network Temporarily Disconnected

Local Area Connection Network cable unplugged

If you uploaded the default configuration file you may need to change the IP address of your computer to be in the same subnet as that of the default NWA IP address (192.168.1.2). See Appendix A on page 129 for details on how to set up your computer's IP address.

11.8.3 Back to Factory Defaults

Pressing the Reset button in this section clears all user-entered configuration information and returns the NWA to its factory defaults as shown on the screen. The following screen will appear.

Figure 67 Reset Message

Configuration File Rebooting... AP is rebooting now, system will back to factory defaults. As there will be no indication of when the process is complete, please wait for 52 seconds before attempting to access AP again.

You can also press the RESET button to reset your NWA to its factory default settings. Refer to Section 2.2 on page 20 for more information.

11.9 Restart Screen

Use this screen to reboot the NWA without turning the power off.

Click Maintenance > Restart. The following screen displays.

Figure 68 Maintenance > Restart

Restart System Restart Click Restart to have the device perform a software. The SYS LED blinks as the device restarts and then stays steady off if the restart is successful. Wait 80 sec before logging into the device again.

Click Restart to have the NWA reboot. This does not affect the NWA's configuration.

Troubleshooting

This chapter offers some suggestions to solve problems you might encounter. The potential problems are divided into the following categories.

• Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs
• NWA Access and Login
- Internet Access
- Wireless LAN

12.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs

The NWA does not turn on. None of the LEDs turn on.

1 Make sure you are using the power adaptor or cord included with the NWA.
2 Make sure the power adaptor or cord is connected to the NWA and plugged in to an appropriate power source. Make sure the power source is turned on.
3 Disconnect and re-connect the power adaptor or cord to the NWA.
4 If the problem continues, contact the vendor.

One of the LEDs does not behave as expected.

1 Make sure you understand the normal behavior of the LED. See Section 1.7 on page 18.
2 Check the hardware connections. See the Quick Start Guide.
3 Inspect your cables for damage. Contact the vendor to replace any damaged cables.
4 Disconnect and re-connect the power adaptor to the NWA.
5 If the problem continues, contact the vendor.

12.2 NWA Access and Login

I forgot the IP address for the NWA.

1 The default IP address is 192.168.1.2.
2 If the NWA is working as a DHCP client and receives an IP address from a DHCP server, check the DHCP server for the NWA's IP address.
3 If you configured a static IP address and have forgotten it, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 2.2 on page 20.

I forgot the password.

1 The default password is 1234.
2 If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 2.2 on page 20.

I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web configurator.

1 Make sure you are using the correct IP address.
- The default IP address is 192.168.1.2.
- If you changed the IP address (Section 7.4 on page 93), use the new IP address.
- If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, see the troubleshooting suggestions for I forgot the IP address for the NWA.
2 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 1.7 on page 18.
3 Make sure your Internet browser does not block pop-up windows and has JavaScript and Java enabled. See Section 12.1 on page 123.
4 Make sure your computer is in the same subnet as the NWA. (If you know that there are routers between your computer and the NWA, skip this step.)
- If there is no DHCP server on your network, make sure your computer's IP address is in the same subnet as the NWA.
5 Reset the device to its factory defaults, and try to access the NWA with the default IP address. See Chapter 2 on page 20.
6 If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced suggestions.

Advanced Suggestions

• Try to access the NWA using another service, such as Telnet. If you can access the NWA, check the remote management settings to find out why the NWA does not respond to HTTP.
• If your computer is connected wirelessly, use a computer that is connected to a LAN/Ethernet port.

I can see the Login screen, but I cannot log in to the NWA.

1 Make sure you have entered the user name and password correctly. The default user name is admin and default password is 1234. This fields are case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on.
2 Disconnect and re-connect the power adaptor or cord to the NWA.
3 If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 2.2 on page 20.

I cannot use FTP to upload new firmware.

See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser.

12.3 Internet Access

I cannot access the Internet through the NWA.

1 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 12.1 on page 123.
2 Make sure your NWA is connected to a networking device that provides Internet access.
3 Make sure your computer is set to obtain a dynamic IP address or has an IP address which is in the same subnet as the broadband modem or router.
4 If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure the wireless settings on the wireless client are the same as the settings on the AP.
5 Disconnect all the cables from your device, and follow the directions in the Quick Start Guide again.
6 If the problem continues, contact your ISP.

I cannot access the Internet anymore. I had access to the Internet (with the NWA), but my Internet connection is not available anymore.

1 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 1.7 on page 18.
2 Reboot the NWA.
3 If the problem continues, contact your ISP or network administrator.

The Internet connection is slow or intermittent.

1 There might be a lot of traffic on the network. Look at the LEDs, and check Section 1.7 on page 18. If the NWA is sending or receiving a lot of information, try closing some programs that use the Internet, especially peer-to-peer applications.
2 Check the signal strength. If the signal is weak, try moving the NWA (in wireless client mode) closer to the AP (if possible), and look around to see if there are any devices that might be interfering with the wireless network (microwaves, other wireless networks, and so on).
3 Reboot the NWA.
4 If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced suggestions.

Advanced Suggestions

- Check the settings for QoS. If it is disabled, you might consider activating it.

12.4 Wireless LAN

I cannot access the NWA or ping any computer from the WLAN.

1 Make sure the wireless LAN is enabled on the NWA.
2 Make sure the wireless adapter on the wireless station is working properly.
3 Make sure the wireless adapter installed on your computer is IEEE 802.11 compatible and supports the same wireless standard as the NWA.
4 Make sure your computer (with a wireless adapter installed) is within the transmission range of the NWA.

5 Check that both the NWA and your wireless client are using the same wireless and wireless security settings.

Setting Up Your Computer's IP Address

Note: Your specific NWA may not support all of the operating systems described in this appendix. See the product specifications for more information about which operating systems are supported.

This appendix shows you how to configure the IP settings on your computer in order for it to be able to communicate with the other devices on your network. Windows Vista/XP/2000, Mac OS 9/OS X, and all versions of UNIX/LINUX include the software components you need to use TCP/IP on your computer.

If you manually assign IP information instead of using a dynamic IP, make sure that your network's computers have IP addresses that place them in the same subnet.

In this appendix, you can set up an IP address for:

• Windows XP/NT/2000 on page 129
• Windows Vista on page 133
• Windows 7 on page 137
• Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4 on page 141
• Mac OS X: 10.5 and 10.6 on page 144
• Linux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME) on page 147
• Linux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE) on page 151

Windows XP/NT/2000

The following example uses the default Windows XP display theme but can also apply to Windows 2000 and Windows NT.

1 Click Start > Control Panel.

user Internet Explorer Outlook Express Paint Files and Settings Transfer W... Command Prompt Acrobat Reader 4.0 Tour Windows XP Windows Movie Maker My Documents My Recent Documents My Pictures My Music My Computer Control Panel Printers and Faxes Help and Support Search Run... All Programs Log Off Turn Off Computer start untitled - Paint

2 In the Control Panel, click the Network Connections icon.

Control Panel File Edit View Favorites Tools Help Back Search Folders Address Control Panel Control Panel Switch to Category View Network Connections Add Hardware Se Aso Windows Update Fonts Game Controllers

3 Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.

Local Area Connection Enabled Standard PCI Fast Ethernet Adapter Disable Status Repair Bridge Connections Create Shortcut Delete Rename Properties

4 On the General tab, select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and then click Properties.

Local Area Connection Properties General Authentication Advanced Connect using: Accton EN1207D-TX PCI Fast Ethernet Adapter Configure... This connection uses the following items: Client for Microsoft Networks File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks QoS Packet Scheduler Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Install... Uninstall Properties Description Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. The default wide area network protocol that provides communication across diverse interconnected networks. Show icon in notification area when connected OK Cancel

5 The Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window opens.

Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties General Alternate Configuration You can get IP settings assigned automatically if your network supports this capability. Otherwise, you need to ask your network administrator for the appropriate IP settings. Obtain an IP address automatically Use the following IP address: IP address: .... Subnet mask: .... Default gateway: .... Obtain DNS server address automatically Use the following DNS server addresses: Preferred DNS server: .... Alternate DNS server: .... Advanced... OK Cancel

6 Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP address dynamically.

Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS server, if that information was provided.

7 Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
8 Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.

Verifying Settings

1 Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
2 In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER].

You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP address and connection information.

Windows Vista

This section shows screens from Windows Vista Professional.

1 Click Start > Control Panel.

Dr.eye 7.0 Professional Media Player Classic All Programs Connect To Control Panel Default Programs Help and Support Start Search

2 In the Control Panel, click the Network and Internet icon.

Control Panel Home Classic View System and Maintenance Get started with Windows Back up your computer Security Check for updates Allow a program through Windows Firewall Network and Internet Connect to the Internet View network status and tasks Set up file sharing User Accounts Change account type Appearance and Personalization Change desktop background Change the color scheme Adjust screen resolution Clock, Language, and Region Change keyboards or other input methods Change display language

3 Click the Network and Sharing Center icon.

Control Panel > Network and Internet > Search File Edit View Tools Help Control Panel Home System and Maintenance Security • Network and Internet Hardware and Sound Programs Network and Sharing Center View network status and tools | Connect to a network | View network computers and devices | Add a device to the network | Set up file sharing Internet Options Connect to the Internet | Change your homepage | Manage browser add-ons | Delete browsing history and cookies

4 Click Manage network connections.

Network and Internet ▶ Network and Sharing Center File Edit View Tools Help Tasks View computers and devices Connect to a network Set up a connection or network Manage network connections Diagnose and repair Network and Sharing Center TWPC99111 (This computer) Internet Not connected

5 Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.

LAN or High-Speed Internet (1) Local Conne Netwo Intel Collapse group Left Arrow Expand all groups Collapse all groups Disable Status Diagnose Bridge Connections Create Shortcut Delete Rename Properties

Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying that it needs your permission to continue.

6 Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and then select Properties.

Local Area Connection Properties Networking Connect using: Intel(R) PRO/1000 MT Desktop Connection Configure... This connection uses the following items: Client for Microsoft Networks Network Monitor3 Driver File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks Internet Protocol Version 5 (TCP/IPv6) Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Link-Layer Topology Discovery Mapper I/O Driver Link-Layer Topology Discovery Responder Install... Uninstall Properties Description Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. The default wide area network protocol that provides communication across diverse interconnected networks. OK Cancel

7 The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens.

Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties General Alternate Configuration You can get IP settings assigned automatically if your network supports this capability. Otherwise, you need to ask your network administrator for the appropriate IP settings. Obtain an IP address automatically Use the following IP address: IP address: . Subnet mask: . Default gateway: . Obtain DNS server address automatically Use the following DNS server addresses: Preferred DNS server: . Alternate DNS server: . Advanced... OK Cancel

8 Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP address dynamically.
Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS server, if that information was provided.Click Advanced.
9 Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
10 Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.

Verifying Settings

1 Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
2 In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER].

You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP address and connection information.

Windows 7

This section shows screens from Windows 7 Enterprise.

1 Click Start > Control Panel.

Snipping Tool Calculator XPS Viewer Windows Fax and Scan Magnifier All Programs Search programs and files Computer Control Panel Devices and Printers Default Programs Help and Support Shut down

2 In the Control Panel, click View network status and tasks under the Network and Internet category.

Control Panel Adjust your computer's settings System and Security Review your computer's status Back up your computer Find and fix problems Network and Internet View network status and tasks Choose homegroup and sharing options Hardware and Sound View devices and printers Add a device Programs Uninstall a program User Accounts and Family Safety Add or remove user accounts Set up parental controls for any user Appearance and Personalization Change the theme Change desktop background Adjust screen resolution Clock, Language, and Region Change keyboards or other input methods Change display language Ease of Access Let Windows suggest settings Optimize visual display

3 Click Change adapter settings.

Control Panel Home Manage wireless networks Change adapter settings Change advanced sharing settings View your basic network information and set up connections TW-PC (This computer) ZyXEL.com Internet See full map View your active networks Connect or disconnect ZyXEL.com Work network Access type: Internet Connections: Local Area Connection

4 Double click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.

Control Panel ▶ Network and Internet ▶ Network Connections ▶ Organize ▼ Disable this network device Diagnose this connection Rename this Local Area Connection Unidentified network Broadcom NetXtreme Gigabit Eth... Wireless Network Connection ZyXEL_RT3062_AP1 4 802.11n Wireless USB Adapter Local Area Connection Status General Connection IPv4 Connectivity: No network access IPv6 Connectivity: No network access Media State: Enabled Duration: 00:04:36 Speed: 100.0 Mbps Details... Activity Sent — Received Packets: 432 0 Properties Disable Diagnose Close

Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying that it needs your permission to continue.

5 Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and then select Properties.

Local Area Connection Properties Networking Sharing Connect using: Broadcom NetXtreme Gigabit Ethernet Configure... This connection uses the following items: ✓ Client for Microsoft Networks ✓ QoS Packet Scheduler ✓ File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks ✓ Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) ✓ Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) ✓ Link-Layer Topology Discovery Mapper I/O Driver ✓ Link-Layer Topology Discovery Responder Install... Uninstall Properties Description Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. The default wide area network protocol that provides communication across diverse interconnected networks. OK Cancel

6 The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens.

Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties General You can get IP settings assigned automatically if your network supports this capability. Otherwise, you need to ask your network administrator for the appropriate IP settings. Obtain an IP address automatically Use the following IP address: IP address: 192 . 168 . 1 . 7 Subnet mask: 255 . 255 . 255 . 0 Default gateway: . Obtain DNS server address automatically Use the following DNS server addresses: Preferred DNS server: . . . . Alternate DNS server: . . . . Validate settings upon exit Advanced... OK Cancel

7 Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP address dynamically.

Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS server, if that information was provided. Click Advanced if you want to configure advanced settings for IP, DNS and WINS.

8 Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
9 Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.

Verifying Settings

1 Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
2 In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER].

3 The IP settings are displayed as follows.

C:\>ipconfig Windows 2000 IP Configuration Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : P-2612HNU-F3v2 IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.7 Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.1 C:\>

Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4

The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.4 but can also apply to 10.3.

1 Click Apple > System Preferences.

Finder File Edit View About This Mac Software Update... Mac OS X Software... System Preferences... Dock Location Recent Items Force Quit... Sleep Restart... Shut Down...

2 In the System Preferences window, click the Network icon.

System Preferences Show All Personal Appearance Dashboard & Exposé Desktop & Screen Saver Dock International Security Spotlight Hardware Bluetooth CDs & DVDs Displays Energy Saver Keyboard & Mouse Print & Fax Sound Internet & Network .Mac Network QuickTime Sharing System Accounts Date & Time Software Update Speech Startup Disk Universal Access

3 When the Network preferences pane opens, select Built-in Ethernet from the network connection type list, and then click Configure.

Network Location: Automatic Show: Network Status Built-in Ethernet Built-in Ethernet is currently active and has the IP address 10.0.1.2. You are connected to the Internet via Built-in Ethernet. AirPort Internet Sharing is on and is using AirPort to share the connection. Configure... Disconnect... Click the lock to prevent further changes. Assist me... Apply Now

4 For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP from the Configure IPv4 list in the TCP/IP tab.

Network Show All Location: Automatic Show: Built-in Ethernet TCP/IP PPPoE AppleTalk Proxies Ethernet Configure IPv4: Using DHCP IP Address: 0.0.0.0 Renew DHCP Lease Subnet Mask: DHCP Client ID: Router: (If required) DNS Servers: Search Domains: (Optional) IPv6 Address: Configure IPv6... Click the lock to prevent further changes. Assist me... Apply Now

5 For statically assigned settings, do the following:

• From the Configure IPv4 list, select Manually.
• In the IP Address field, type your IP address.
• In the Subnet Mask field, type your subnet mask.
• In the Router field, type the IP address of your device.

Network Show All Location: Automatic Show: Built-in Ethernet TCP/IP PPPoE AppleTalk Proxies Ethernet Configure IPv4: Manually IP Address: 0.0.0.0 Subnet Mask: 0.0.0.0 Router: 0.0.0.0 DNS Servers: Search Domains: (Optional) IPv6 Address: Configure IPv6... Click the lock to prevent further changes. Assist me... Apply Now

6 Click Apply Now and close the window.

Verifying Settings

Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network Utilities, and then selecting the appropriate Network Interface from the Info tab.

Figure 69 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Utility

Network Utility Info Netstat AppleTalk Ping Lookup Traceroute Whois Finger Port Scan Please select a network interface for information Network Interface (en0) Interface Information Hardware Address 00:16:cb:8b:50:2e IP Address(es) 118.169.44.203 Link Speed 100 Mb Link Status Active Vendor Marvell Model Yukon Gigabit Adapter 88E8053 Transfer Statistics Sent Packets 20607 Send Errors 0 Recv Packets 22626 Recv Errors 0 Collisions 0

Mac OS X: 10.5 and 10.6

The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.5 but can also apply to 10.6.

1 Click Apple > System Preferences.

Finder File Edit View About This Mac Software Update... Mac OS X Software... System Preferences... Dock Recent Items Force Quit... Sleep Restart... Shut Down...

2 In System Preferences, click the Network icon.

System Preferences Show All Personal Appearance Desktop & Screen Saver Dock Exposé & Spaces International Security Spotlight Hardware CDs & DVDs Displays Energy Saver Keyboard & Mouse Print & Fax Sound Internet & Network .Mac Network QuickTime Sharing System Accounts Date & Time Parental Controls Software Update Speech Startup Disk Time Machine Universal Access

3 When the Network preferences pane opens, select Ethernet from the list of available connection types.

Network Show All Location: Automatic Internal Modem Not Connected PPPoE Not Connected Ethernet Not Connected FireWire Not Connected AirPort Off Status: Not Connected The cable for Ethernet is connected, but your computer does not have an IP address. Configure: Using DHCP DNS Server: Search Domains: 802.1X: WPA: ZyXEL04 Connect Advanced... Click the lock to prevent further changes. Assist me... Revert Apply

4 From the Configure list, select Using DHCP for dynamically assigned settings.
5 For statically assigned settings, do the following:

• From the Configure list, select Manually.
• In the IP Address field, enter your IP address.
• In the Subnet Mask field, enter your subnet mask.
• In the Router field, enter the IP address of your NWA.

Network Show All Location: Automatic Internal Modem Not Connected PPPoE Not Connected Ethernet Not Connected FireWire Not Connected AirPort Off Status: Not Connected The cable for Ethernet is connected, but your computer does not have an IP address. Configure: Manually IP Address: 0.0.0.0 Subnet Mask: Router: DNS Server: Search Domains: 802.1X: WPA: ZyXEL04 Connect Advanced... Click the lock to prevent further changes. Assist me... Revert Apply

6 Click Apply and close the window.

Verifying Settings

Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network Utilities, and then selecting the appropriate Network interface from the Info tab.

Figure 70 Mac OS X 10.5: Network Utility

Network Utility Info Netstat AppleTalk Ping Lookup Traceroute Whois Finger Port Scan Please select a network interface for information Network Interface (en1) Interface information Hardware Address: 00:30:65:25:6a:b3 IP Address(es): 10.0.2.2 Link Speed: 11 Mbit/s Link Status: Active Vendor: Apple Model: Wireless Network Adapter (802.11) Transfer Statistics Sent Packets: 1230 Send Errors: 0 Recv Packets: 1197 Recv Errors: 0 Collisions: 0

Linux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME)

This section shows you how to configure your computer's TCP/IP settings in the GNU Object Model Environment (GNOME) using the Ubuntu 8 Linux distribution. The procedure, screens and file locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual configuration. The following screens use the default Ubuntu 8 installation.

Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator.

Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in GNOME:

1 Click System > Administration > Network.

System Preferences Administration Help and Support About GNOME About Ubuntu Quit... Authorizations Hardware Drivers Hardware Testing Language Support Login Window Network Network Tools

2 When the Network Settings window opens, click Unlock to open the Authenticate window. (By default, the Unlock button is greyed out until clicked.) You cannot make changes to your configuration unless you first enter your admin password.

Network Settings Location: Connections General DNS Hosts Wired connection Roaming mode enabled Point to point connec... This network interface is not c... Help Unlock Close

3 In the Authenticate window, enter your admin account name and password then click the Authenticate button.

Authenticate System policy prevents modifying the configuration An application is attempting to perform an action that requires privileges. Authentication as one of the users below is required to perform this action. C.J.,..., (chris) Password for chris: Details Cancel Authenticate

4 In the Network Settings window, select the connection that you want to configure, then click Properties.

Network Settings Location: Connections General DNS Hosts Wired connection Roaming mode enabled Properties Point to point connec... This network interface is not c... Help Unlock Close

5 The Properties dialog box opens.

eth0 Properties Enable roaming mode Connection Settings Configuration: IP address: Subnet mask: Gateway address: Cancel OK

• In the Configuration list, select Automatic Configuration (DHCP) if you have a dynamic IP address.
• In the Configuration list, select Static IP address if you have a static IP address. Fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Gateway address fields.

6 Click OK to save the changes and close the Properties dialog box and return to the Network Settings screen.

7 If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the DNS tab in the Network Settings window and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.

Network Settings Location: Connections General DNS Hosts DNS Servers 10.0.2.3 Search Domains + Add Delete + Add Delete ? Help Unlock Close

8 Click the Close button to apply the changes.

Verifying Settings

Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking System > Administration > Network Tools, and then selecting the appropriate Network device from the Devices tab. The Interface Statistics column shows data if your connection is working properly.

Figure 71 Ubuntu 8: Network Tools

Devices - Network Tools Tool Edit Help Devices Ping Netstat Traceroute Port Scan Lookup Finger Whois Network device: Ethernet Interface (eth0) Configure IP Information Protocol IP Address Netmask / Prefix Broadcast Scope IPv4 10.0.2.15 255.255.255.0 10.0.2.255 IPv6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe30:e16c 64 Link Interface Information Interface Statistics Hardware address: 08:00:27:30:e1:6c Transmitted bytes: 684.6 KiB Multicast: Enabled Transmitted packets: 1425 MTU: 1500 Transmission errors: 0 Link speed: not available Received bytes: 219.5 KiB State: Active Received packets: 1426 Reception errors: 0 Collisions: 0

Linux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE)

This section shows you how to configure your computer's TCP/IP settings in the K Desktop Environment (KDE) using the openSUSE 10.3 Linux distribution. The procedure, screens and file locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual configuration. The following screens use the default openSUSE 10.3 installation.

Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator.

Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in the KDE:

1 Click K Menu > Computer > Administrator Settings (YaST).

Search: Applications Administrator Settings YaST Install Software System Information sysinfo./ System Folders Home Folder /home/zyxel My Documents /home/zyxel/Documents Network Folders remote./ Media 2.4G Media (2.0 GB available) /home Favorites Applications Computer History Leave User zyxel on linux-h2oz openSUSE™

2 When the Run as Root - KDE su dialog opens, enter the admin password and click OK.

Run as root - KDE su Please enter the Administrator (root) password to continue. Command: /sbin/yast2 Password: ****** Ignore ✓ OK ✗ Cancel

3 When the YaST Control Center window opens, select Network Devices and then click the Network Card icon.

YaST Control Center @ linux-h2oz File Edit Help Software Hardware System Network Devices Network Services Novell AppArmor Security and Users Miscellaneous DSL ISDN Modem Network Card Search...

4 When the Network Settings window opens, click the Overview tab, select the appropriate connection Name from the list, and then click the Configure button.

YaST2@linux-h2oz Network Card Overview Obtain an overview of installed network cards. Additionally, edit their configuration. Adding a Network Card: Press Add to configure a new network card manually. Configuring or Deleting: Choose a network card to change or remove. Then press Configure or Delete as desired. Network Settings Global Options Overview Hostname/DNS Routing Name IP Address AMD PCnet - Fast 79C971 DHCP AMD PCnet - Fast 79C971 MAC : 08:00:27:96:ed:3d • Device Name: eth-eth0 • Started automatically at boot • IP address assigned using DHCP Add Configure Delete Back Abort Finish

5 When the Network Card Setup window opens, click the Address tab

Figure 72 openSUSE 10.3: Network Card Setup

YaST2@linux-h2oz Address Setup Select No Address Setup if you do not want any IP address for this device. This is particularly useful for bonding ethernet devices. Select Dynamic address if you do not have a static IP address assigned by the system administrator or your cable or DSL provider. You can choose one of the dynamic address assignment method. Select DHCP if you have a DHCP server running on your local network. Network addresses are then obtained automatically from the server. To automatically search for free IP and then assign it statically, select Zeroconf. To use Network Card Setup General Address Hardware Device Type Configuration Name Ethernet eth0 No IP Address (for Bonding Devices) Dynamic Address DHCP Statically assigned IP Address IP Address Subnet Mask Hostname Additional Addresses Alias Name IP Address Netmask Add Edit Delete Back Cancel Next

6 Select Dynamic Address (DHCP) if you have a dynamic IP address.

Select Statically assigned IP Address if you have a static IP address. Fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Hostname fields.

7 Click Next to save the changes and close the Network Card Setup window.

8 If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the Hostname/DNS tab in Network Settings and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.

YaST2@linux-h2oz Enter the name for this computer and the DNS domain that it belongs to. Optionally enter the name server list and domain search list. Note that the hostname is global--it applies to all interfaces, not just this one. The domain is especially important if this computer is a mail server. If you are using DHCP to get an IP address, check whether to get a hostname via DHCP. The hostname of your host (which can be seen by issuing the hostname command) will be set automatically by the DHCP client. You may want to disable this option if you connect to different networks Network Settings Global Options Overview Hostname/DNS Routing Hostname and Domain Name Hostnamewerings linux-h2oz Domain Name site Change Hostname via DHCP Write Hostname to /etc/hosts Change /etc/resolv.conf manually Name Servers and Domain Search List Name Server 1 Domain Search 10.0.2.3 Name Server 2 Name Server 3 Update DNS data via DHCP Back Abort Finish

9 Click Finish to save your settings and close the window.

Verifying Settings

Click the KNetwork Manager icon on the Task bar to check your TCP/IP properties. From the Options sub-menu, select Show Connection Information.

Figure 73 openSUSE 10.3: KNetwork Manager

Enable Wireless Disable Wireless Switch to Online Mode Switch to Offline Mode Show Connection Information... Configure... KNetworkManager Wired Devices Wired Network Dial-Up Connections Options Help Quit Ctrl+Q

When the Connection Status - KNetwork Manager window opens, click the Statistics tab to see if your connection is working properly.

Figure 74 openSUSE: Connection Status - KNetwork Manager

Connection Status - KNetworkManager Device Addresses Statistics Network Received Transmitted Bytes 2317441 841875 MBytes 2.2 0.8 Packets 3621 3140 Errors 0 0 Dropped 0 0 KBytes/s 0.0 0.0 OK

Pop-up Windows, JavaScript and Java Permissions

In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:

• Web browser pop-up windows from your device.
• JavaScript (enabled by default).
• Java permissions (enabled by default).

Note: The screens used below belong to Internet Explorer version 6, 7 and 8. Screens for other Internet Explorer versions may vary.

Internet Explorer Pop-up Blockers

You may have to disable pop-up blocking to log into your device.

Either disable pop-up blocking (enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2) or allow pop-up blocking and create an exception for your device's IP address.

Disable Pop-up Blockers

1 In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Pop-up Blocker and then select Turn Off Pop-up Blocker.

Figure 75 Pop-up Blocker

Tools Mail and News Pop-up Blocker Manage Add-ons... Synchronize... Windows Update Windows Messenger Internet Options... Turn Off Pop-up Blocker Pop-up Blocker Settings...

You can also check if pop-up blocking is disabled in the Pop-up Blocker section in the Privacy tab.

1 In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options, Privacy.

2 Clear the Block pop-ups check box in the Pop-up Blocker section of the screen. This disables any web pop-up blockers you may have enabled.

Figure 76 Internet Options: Privacy

Internet Options General Security Privacy Content Connections Programs Advanced Settings Move the slider to select a privacy setting for the Internet zone. Medium - Blocks third-party cookies that do not have a compact privacy policy - Blocks third-party cookies that use personally identifiable information without your implicit consent - Restricts first-party cookies that use personally identifiable information without implicit consent Sites... Import... Advanced... Default Pop-up Blocker Prevent most pop-up windows from appearing. Block pop-ups Settings... OK Cancel Apply

3 Click Apply to save this setting.

Enable Pop-up Blockers with Exceptions

Alternatively, if you only want to allow pop-up windows from your device, see the following steps.

1 In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options and then the Privacy tab.

2 Select Settings...to open the Pop-up Blocker Settings screen.

Figure 77 Internet Options: Privacy

Internet Options General Security Privacy Content Connections Programs Advanced Settings Move the slider to select a privacy setting for the Internet zone. Medium - Blocks third-party cookies that do not have a compact privacy policy - Blocks third-party cookies that use personally identifiable information without your implicit consent - Restricts first-party cookies that use personally identifiable information without implicit consent Sites... Import... Advanced... Default Pop-up Blocker Prevent most pop-up windows from appearing. Block pop-ups Settings... OK Cancel Apply

3 Type the IP address of your device (the web page that you do not want to have blocked) with the prefix "http://". For example, http://192.168.167.1.

4 Click Add to move the IP address to the list of Allowed sites.

Figure 78 Pop-up Blocker Settings

Pop-up Blocker Settings Exceptions Pop-ups are currently blocked. You can allow pop-ups from specific Web sites by adding the site to the list below. Address of Web site to allow: http://192.168.1.1 Add Allowed sites: Remove Remove All Notifications and Filter Level ✓ Play a sound when a pop-up is blocked. ✓ Show Information Bar when a pop-up is blocked. Filter Level: Medium: Block most automatic pop-ups Pop-up Blocker FAQ Close

5 Click Close to return to the Privacy screen.
6 Click Apply to save this setting.

JavaScript

If pages of the web configurator do not display properly in Internet Explorer, check that JavaScript are allowed.

1 In Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.

Figure 79 Internet Options: Security

Internet Options General Security Privacy Content Connections Programs Advanced Select a Web content zone to specify its security settings. Internet Local intranet Trusted sites Restricted sites Internet This zone contains all Web sites you haven't placed in other zones Sites... Security level for this zone Move the slider to set the security level for this zone. Medium - Safe browsing and still functional - Prompts before downloading potentially unsafe content - Unsigned ActiveX controls will not be downloaded - Appropriate for most Internet sites Custom Level... Default Level OK Cancel Apply

2 Click the Custom Level... button.
3 Scroll down to Scripting.
4 Under Active scripting make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
5 Under Scripting of Java applets make sure that Enable is selected (the default).

6 Click OK to close the window.

Figure 80 Security Settings - Java Scripting

Security Settings Settings: Scripting Active scripting Disable Enable Prompt Allow paste operations via script Disable Enable Prompt Scripting of Java applets Disable Enable Prompt User Authentication Reset custom settings Reset to: Medium Reset OK Cancel

Java Permissions

1 From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.
2 Click the Custom Level... button.
3 Scroll down to Microsoft VM.
4 Under Java permissions make sure that a safety level is selected.

5 Click OK to close the window.

Figure 81 Security Settings - Java

Security Settings Settings: Disable Enable Font download Disable Enable Prompt Microsoft VM Java permissions Custom Disable Java High safety Low safety Medium safety Reset custom settings Reset to: Medium Reset OK Cancel

JAVA (Sun)

1 From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Advanced tab.
2 Make sure that Use Java 2 for under Java (Sun) is selected.

3 Click OK to close the window.

Figure 82 Java (Sun)

Internet Options General Security Privacy Content Connections Programs Advanced Settings: Use inline AutoComplete Use Passive FTP (for firewall and DSL modem compatibility) Use smooth scrolling HTTP 1.1 settings Use HTTP 1.1 Use HTTP 1.1 through proxy connections Java (Sun) Use Java 2 v1.4.1_07 for (requires restart) Microsoft VM Java console enabled (requires restart) Java logging enabled JIT compiler for virtual machine enabled (requires restart) Multimedia Always show Internet Explorer (5.0 or later) Radio toolbar Don't display online media content in the media bar Enable Automatic Image Resizing Restore Defaults OK Cancel Apply

Mozilla Firefox

Mozilla Firefox 2.0 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary slightly. The steps below apply to Mozilla Firefox 3.0 as well.

You can enable Java, Javascript and pop-ups in one screen. Click Tools, then click Options in the screen that appears.

Figure 83 Mozilla Firefox: TOOLS > Options

Tools Help Web Search Ctrl+K Downloads Ctrl+J Add-ons Web Developer Error Console Adblock Plus... Ctrl+Shift+A Page Info FireFTP Clear Private Data... Ctrl+Shift+Del Tab Mix Plus Options Session Manager Options...

Click Content to show the screen below. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen.

Figure 84 Mozilla Firefox Content Security

Options Main Tabs Content Feeds Privacy Security Advanced ✓ Block pop-up windows Exceptions... ✓ Load images automatically Exceptions... ✓ Enable JavaScript Advanced... ✓ Enable Java Fonts & Colors Default font: Times New Roman Size: 16 Advanced... Colors... File Types Configure how Firefox handles certain types of files Manage... OK Cancel Help

Opera

Opera 10 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary slightly.

Allowing Pop-Ups

From Opera, click Tools, then Preferences. In the General tab, go to Choose how you prefer to handle pop-ups and select Open all pop-ups.

Figure 85 Opera: Allowing Pop-Ups

Preferences General Forms Search Web Pages Advanced Opera can start with your favorite Web pages or continue from last time Startup Continue from last time Home page http://portal.opera.com Use Current Choose how you prefer to handle pop-ups Pop-ups Open all pop-ups Open all pop-ups Open pop-ups in background Block unwanted pop-ups Block all pop-ups Select your preferred language for Opera and Web pages Language English (US) [en-US] Details... OK Cancel Help

Enabling Java

From Opera, click Tools, then Preferences. In the Advanced tab, select Content from the left-side menu. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen.

Figure 86 Opera: Enabling Java

Preferences General Forms Search Web Pages Advanced Tabs Browsing Notifications Content Fonts Downloads Programs History Cookies Security Network Toolbars Shortcuts Voice Enable animated images Enable sound in Web pages Enable JavaScript Enable plug-ins JavaScript Options... Style Options... Content settings can be adapted to each site Manage Site Preferences... Blocked Content... OK Cancel Help

To customize JavaScript behavior in the Opera browser, click JavaScript Options.

Figure 87 Opera: JavaScript Options

JavaScript Options ✓ Allow resizing of windows ✓ Allow moving of windows ☐ Allow raising of windows ☐ Allow lowering of windows ✓ Allow changing of status field ✓ Allow scripts to detect context menu events ✓ Allow script to hide address bar ☐ Open console on error User JavaScript folder Choose... OK Cancel

Select the items you want Opera's JavaScript to apply.

IP Addresses and Subnetting

This appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks.

IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device (including computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the network. These networking devices are also known as hosts.

Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.

Introduction to IP Addresses

One part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host ID. In the same way that houses on a street share a common street name, the hosts on a network share a common network number. Similarly, as each house has its own house number, each host on the network has its own unique identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network number to send packets to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on the network the packets are delivered.

Structure

An IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for example, 192.168.1.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is an eight-digit binary number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal notation).

Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 1111111 in binary, or 0 to 255 in decimal.

The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets (192.168.1) are the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID.

Figure 88 Network Number and Host ID

graph TD
    A["Switch"] --> B["Client 1"]
    A --> C["Client 2"]
    A --> D["Client 3"]
    A --> E["Client 4"]
    A --> F["Client 5"]
    A --> G["Client 6"]
    A --> H["Client 7"]
    A --> I["Client 8"]
    A --> J["Client 9"]
    A --> K["Client 10"]
    A --> L["Client 11"]
    A --> M["Client 12"]
    A --> N["Client 13"]
    A --> O["Client 14"]
    A --> P["Client 15"]
    A --> Q["Client 16"]
    A --> R["Client 17"]
    A --> S["Client 18"]
    A --> T["Client 19"]
    A --> U["Client 20"]
    A --> V["Client 21"]
    A --> W["Client 22"]
    A --> X["Client 23"]
    A --> Y["Client 24"]
    A --> Z["Client 25"]

How much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID varies according to the subnet mask.

Subnet Masks

A subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number, and which bits are part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term "subnet" is short for "sub-network".

A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a "1" then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the network number. If a bit in the subnet mask is "0" then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the host ID.

The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in bold text) and host ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal).

Table 39 Subnet Masks

	1ST OCTET:(192)	2NDOCTET:(168)	3RDOCTET:(1)	4TH OCTET(2)
IP Address (Binary)	11000000	10101000	00000001	00000010
Subnet Mask (Binary)	11111111	11111111	11111111	00000000
Network Number	11000000	10101000	00000001
Host ID				00000010

By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones beginning from the leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of zeros, for a total number of 32 bits.

Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits with a "1" value). For example, an "8-bit mask" means that the first 8 bits of the mask are ones and the remaining 24 bits are zeroes.

Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The following examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit and 29-bit subnet masks.

Table 40 Subnet Masks

	BINARY				DECIMAL
	1ST OCTET	2ND OCTET	3RD OCTET	4TH OCTET
8-bit mask	11111111	00000000	00000000	00000000	255.0.0.0
16-bit mask	11111111	11111111	00000000	00000000	255.255.0.0
24-bit mask	11111111	11111111	11111111	00000000	255.255.255.0
29-bit mask	11111111	11111111	11111111	11111000	255.255.255.248

Network Size

The size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible hosts you can have on your network. The larger the number of network number bits, the smaller the number of remaining host ID bits.

An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network (192.168.1.0 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host IDs of all ones is the broadcast address for that network (192.168.1.255 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example).

As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the maximum number of possible hosts in a network as follows:

Table 41 Maximum Host Numbers

SUBNET MASK		HOST ID SIZE		MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HOSTS
8 bits	255.0.0.0	24 bits	2^24 - 2	16777214
16 bits	255.255.0.0	16 bits	2^16 - 2	65534
24 bits	255.255.255.0	8 bits	2^8 - 2	254
29 bits	255.255.255.248	3 bits	2^3 - 2	6

Notation

Since the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left, followed by a continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask, you can simply specify the number of ones instead of writing the value of each octet. This is usually specified by writing a "/" followed by the number of bits in the mask after the address.

For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with subnet mask 255.255.255.128.

The following table shows some possible subnet masks using both notations.

Table 42 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation

SUBNET MASK	ALTERNATIVE NOTATION	LAST OCTET (BINARY)	LAST OCTET (DECIMAL)
255.255.255.0	/24	0000 0000	0
255.255.255.128	/25	1000 0000	128
255.255.255.192	/26	1100 0000	192
255.255.255.224	/27	1110 0000	224
255.255.255.240	/28	1111 0000	240
255.255.255.248	/29	1111 1000	248
255.255.255.252	/30	1111 1100	252

Subnetting

You can use subnetting to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. In the following example a network administrator creates two sub-networks to isolate a group of servers from the rest of the company network for security reasons.

In this example, the company network address is 192.168.1.0. The first three octets of the address (192.168.1) are the network number, and the remaining octet is the host ID, allowing a maximum of 2^8 - 2 or 254 possible hosts.

The following figure shows the company network before subnetting.

Figure 89 Subnetting Example: Before Subnetting

You can "borrow" one of the host ID bits to divide the network 192.168.1.0 into two separate sub-networks. The subnet mask is now 25 bits (255.255.255.128 or /25).

The "borrowed" host ID bit can have a value of either 0 or 1, allowing two subnets; 192.168.1.0 /25 and 192.168.1.128 /25.

The following figure shows the company network after subnetting. There are now two sub-networks, A and B.

Figure 90 Subnetting Example: After Subnetting

graph TD
    subgraph A
        A1["Computer 1"] --> A2["Router"]
        A3["Computer 2"] --> A2
        A4["Computer 3"] --> A2
        A5["Computer 4"] --> A2
        A6["Computer 5"] --> A2
        A7["Computer 6"] --> A2
    end
    subgraph B
        B1["Server 1"] --> B2["Server 2"]
        B3["Server 3"] --> B2
        B4["Server 4"] --> B2
    end
    A1 --> B1
    A2 --> B2
    A3 --> B3
    A4 --> B4
    A5 --> B3
    A6 --> B4
    A7 --> B3
    B1 --> Internet["Internet"]
    B2 --> Internet
    B3 --> Internet
    B4 --> Internet

In a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of 2^7 - 2 or 126 possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet's address itself, all ones is the subnet's broadcast address).

192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.1.127 with mask 255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP address that can be assigned to an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.1.1 and the highest is 192.168.1.126.

Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254.

Example: Four Subnets

The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit address into two subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets, you need to "borrow" two host ID bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01, 10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits (11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192.

Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 2^6 - 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnet's broadcast address).

Table 43 Subnet 1

IP/SUBNET MASK	NETWORK NUMBER	LAST OCTET BIT VALUE
IP Address (Decimal)	192.168.1.	0
IP Address (Binary)	11000000.10101000.00000001.	00000000
Subnet Mask (Binary)	11111111.11111111.11111111.	11000000
Subnet Address: 192.168.1.0	Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1
Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.63	Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62

Table 44 Subnet 2

IP/SUBNET MASK	NETWORK NUMBER	LAST OCTET BIT VALUE
IP Address	192.168.1.	64
IP Address (Binary)	11000000.10101000.00000001.	01000000
Subnet Mask (Binary)	11111111.11111111.11111111.	11000000
Subnet Address: 192.168.1.64	Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65
Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.127	Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126

Table 45 Subnet 3

IP/SUBNET MASK	NETWORK NUMBER	LAST OCTET BIT VALUE
IP Address	192.168.1.	128
IP Address (Binary)	11000000.10101000.00000001.	10000000
Subnet Mask (Binary)	11111111.11111111.11111111.	11000000
Subnet Address: 192.168.1.128	Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129
Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.191	Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.190

Table 46 Subnet 4

IP/SUBNET MASK	NETWORK NUMBER	LAST OCTET BIT VALUE
IP Address	192.168.1.	192
IP Address (Binary)	11000000.10101000.00000001.	11000000
Subnet Mask (Binary)	11111111.11111111.11111111.	11000000
Subnet Address: 192.168.1.192	Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.193
Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.255	Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254

Example: Eight Subnets

Similarly, use a 27-bit mask to create eight subnets (000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 and 111).

The following table shows IP address last octet values for each subnet.

Table 47 Eight Subnets

SUBNET	SUBNET ADDRESS	FIRST ADDRESS	LAST ADDRESS	BROADCAST ADDRESS
1	0	1	30	31
2	32	33	62	63
3	64	65	94	95
4	96	97	126	127
5	128	129	158	159
6	160	161	190	191
7	192	193	222	223
8	224	225	254	255

Subnet Planning

The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 24-bit network number.

Table 48 24-bit Network Number Subnet Planning

NO. “BORROWED” HOST BITS	SUBNET MASK	NO. SUBNETS	NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET
1	255.255.255.128 (/25)	2	126
2	255.255.255.192 (/26)	4	62
3	255.255.255.224 (/27)	8	30
4	255.255.255.240 (/28)	16	14
5	255.255.255.248 (/29)	32	6
6	255.255.255.252 (/30)	64	2
7	255.255.255.254 (/31)	128	1

The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 16-bit network number.

Table 49 16-bit Network Number Subnet Planning

NO. “BORROWED” HOST BITS	SUBNET MASK	NO. SUBNETS	NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET
1	255.255.128.0 (/17)	2	32766
2	255.255.192.0 (/18)	4	16382
3	255.255.224.0 (/19)	8	8190
4	255.255.240.0 (/20)	16	4094
5	255.255.248.0 (/21)	32	2046
6	255.255.252.0 (/22)	64	1022
7	255.255.254.0 (/23)	128	510
8	255.255.255.0 (/24)	256	254
9	255.255.255.128 (/25)	512	126
10	255.255.255.192 (/26)	1024	62
11	255.255.255.224 (/27)	2048	30
12	255.255.255.240 (/28)	4096	14
13	255.255.255.248 (/29)	8192	6
14	255.255.255.252 (/30)	16384	2
15	255.255.255.254 (/31)	32768	1

Configuring IP Addresses

Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.

If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. You must also enable Network Address Translation (NAT) on the NWA.

Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address for your NWA that is easy to remember (for instance, 192.168.1.1) but make sure that no other device on your network is using that IP address.

The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your NWA will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the NWA unless you are instructed to do otherwise.

Private IP Addresses

Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the Internet (running only between two branch offices, for example) you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:

• 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
• 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
• 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP, or it can be assigned from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP addresses.

Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.

Overview

IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), is designed to enhance IP address size and features. The increase in IPv6 address size to 128 bits (from the 32-bit IPv4 address) allows up to 3.4 × 10^38 IP addresses.

IPv6 Addressing

The 128-bit IPv6 address is written as eight 16-bit hexadecimal blocks separated by colons (:). This is an example IPv6 address 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000.

IPv6 addresses can be abbreviated in two ways:

• Leading zeros in a block can be omitted. So 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000 can be written as 2001:db8:1a2b:15:0:0:1a2f:0.
• Any number of consecutive blocks of zeros can be replaced by a double colon. A double colon can only appear once in an IPv6 address. So 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f:0000:0000:0015 can be written as 2001:0db8::1a2f:0000:0000:0015, 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f::0015, 2001:db8::1a2f:0:0:15 or 2001:db8:0:0:1a2f::15.

Prefix and Prefix Length

Similar to an IPv4 subnet mask, IPv6 uses an address prefix to represent the network address. An IPv6 prefix length specifies how many most significant bits (start from the left) in the address compose the network address. The prefix length is written as "/x" where x is a number. For example,

2001:db8:1a2b:15::1a2f:0/32

means that the first 32 bits (2001:db8) is the subnet prefix.

Link-local Address

A link-local address uniquely identifies a device on the local network (the LAN). It is similar to a "private IP address" in IPv4. You can have the same link-local address on multiple interfaces on a device. A link-local unicast address has a predefined prefix of fe80::/10. The link-local unicast address format is as follows.

Table 50 Link-local Unicast Address Format

1111 1110 10	0	Interface ID
10 bits	54 bits	64 bits

Global Address

A global address uniquely identifies a device on the Internet. It is similar to a "public IP address" in IPv4. A global unicast address starts with a 2 or 3.

Unspecified Address

An unspecified address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or ::) is used as the source address when a device does not have its own address. It is similar to "0.0.0.0" in IPv4.

Loopback Address

A loopback address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1) allows a host to send packets to itself. It is similar to "127.0.0.1" in IPv4.

Multicast Address

In IPv6, multicast addresses provide the same functionality as IPv4 broadcast addresses. Broadcasting is not supported in IPv6. A multicast address allows a host to send packets to all hosts in a multicast group.

Multicast scope allows you to determine the size of the multicast group. A multicast address has a predefined prefix of ff00::/8. The following table describes some of the predefined multicast addresses.

Table 51 Predefined Multicast Address

MULTICAST ADDRESS	DESCRIPTION
FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1	All hosts on a local node.
FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:2	All routers on a local node.
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1	All hosts on a local connected link.
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2	All routers on a local connected link.
FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:2	All routers on a local site.
FF05:0:0:0:0:0:1:3	All DHCP severs on a local site.

The following table describes the multicast addresses which are reserved and can not be assigned to a multicast group.

Table 52 Reserved Multicast Address

Both an IPv6 address and IPv6 subnet mask compose of 128-bit binary digits, which are divided into eight 16-bit blocks and written in hexadecimal notation. Hexadecimal uses four bits for each character (1 \~ 10, A \~ F). Each block's 16 bits are then represented by four hexadecimal characters. For example, FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FC00:0000:0000:0000.

Interface ID

In IPv6, an interface ID is a 64-bit identifier. It identifies a physical interface (for example, an Ethernet port) or a virtual interface (for example, the management IP address for a VLAN). One interface should have a unique interface ID.

EUI-64

The EUI-64 (Extended Unique Identifier) defined by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) is an interface ID format designed to adapt with IPv6. It is derived from the 48-bit (6-byte) Ethernet MAC address as shown next. EUI-64 inserts the hex digits fffe between the third and fourth bytes of the MAC address and complements the seventh bit of the first byte of the MAC address. See the following example.

Table 53

With stateless autoconfiguration in IPv6, addresses can be uniquely and automatically generated. Unlike DHCPv6 (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version six) which is used in IPv6 stateful autoconfiguration, the owner and status of addresses don't need to be maintained by a DHCP server. Every IPv6 device is able to generate its own and unique IP address automatically when IPv6 is initiated on its interface. It combines the prefix and the interface ID (generated from its own Ethernet MAC address, see Interface ID and EUI-64) to form a complete IPv6 address.

When IPv6 is enabled on a device, its interface automatically generates a link-local address (beginning with fe80).

When the interface is connected to a network with a router and the NWA is set to automatically obtain an IPv6 network prefix from the router for the interface, it generates ^1 another address which

combines its interface ID and global and subnet information advertised from the router. This is a routable global IP address.

DHCPv6

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6, RFC 3315) is a server-client protocol that allows a DHCP server to assign and pass IPv6 network addresses, prefixes and other configuration information to DHCP clients. DHCPv6 servers and clients exchange DHCP messages using UDP.

Each DHCP client and server has a unique DHCP Unique IDentifier (DUID), which is used for identification when they are exchanging DHCPv6 messages. The DUID is generated from the MAC address, time, vendor assigned ID and/or the vendor's private enterprise number registered with the IANA. It should not change over time even after you reboot the device.

Identity Association

An Identity Association (IA) is a collection of addresses assigned to a DHCP client, through which the server and client can manage a set of related IP addresses. Each IA must be associated with exactly one interface. The DHCP client uses the IA assigned to an interface to obtain configuration from a DHCP server for that interface. Each IA consists of a unique IAID and associated IP information.

The IA type is the type of address in the IA. Each IA holds one type of address. IA_NA means an identity association for non-temporary addresses and IA_TA is an identity association for temporary addresses. An IA_NA option contains the T1 and T2 fields, but an IA_TA option does not. The DHCPv6 server uses T1 and T2 to control the time at which the client contacts with the server to extend the lifetimes on any addresses in the IA_NA before the lifetimes expire. After T1, the client sends the server (S1) (from which the addresses in the IA_NA were obtained) a Renew message. If the time T2 is reached and the server does not respond, the client sends a Rebind message to any available server (S2). For an IA_TA, the client may send a Renew or Rebind message at the client's discretion.

graph LR
    A["T1"] --> B["T2"]
    B --> C["..."]
    C --> D["Rebind to S2"]
    C --> E["Rebind to S1"]
    B --> F["Renew to S1"]
    B --> G["Renew to S1"]
    B --> H["Renew to S1"]
    style A fill:#fff,stroke:#000
    style B fill:#fff,stroke:#000
    style C fill:#fff,stroke:#000
    style D fill:#fff,stroke:#000
    style E fill:#fff,stroke:#000
    style F fill:#fff,stroke:#000
    style G fill:#fff,stroke:#000
    style H fill:#fff,stroke:#000

DHCP Relay Agent

A DHCP relay agent is on the same network as the DHCP clients and helps forward messages between the DHCP server and clients. When a client cannot use its link-local address and a well-known multicast address to locate a DHCP server on its network, it then needs a DHCP relay agent to send a message to a DHCP server that is not attached to the same network.

The DHCP relay agent can add the remote identification (remote-ID) option and the interface-ID option to the Relay-Forward DHCPv6 messages. The remote-ID option carries a user-defined string,

such as the system name. The interface-ID option provides slot number, port information and the VLAN ID to the DHCPv6 server. The remote-ID option (if any) is stripped from the Relay-Reply messages before the relay agent sends the packets to the clients. The DHCP server copies the interface-ID option from the Relay-Forward message into the Relay-Reply message and sends it to the relay agent. The interface-ID should not change even after the relay agent restarts.

Prefix Delegation

Prefix delegation enables an IPv6 router to use the IPv6 prefix (network address) received from the ISP (or a connected uplink router) for its LAN. The NWA uses the received IPv6 prefix (for example, 2001:db2::/48) to generate its LAN IP address. Through sending Router Advertisements (RAs) regularly by multicast, the NWA passes the IPv6 prefix information to its LAN hosts. The hosts then can use the prefix to generate their IPv6 addresses.

ICMPv6

Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6 (ICMPv6 or ICMP for IPv6) is defined in RFC 4443. ICMPv6 has a preceding Next Header value of 58, which is different from the value used to identify ICMP for IPv4. ICMPv6 is an integral part of IPv6. IPv6 nodes use ICMPv6 to report errors encountered in packet processing and perform other diagnostic functions, such as "ping".

Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP)

The Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) is a protocol used to discover other IPv6 devices and track neighbor's reachability in a network. An IPv6 device uses the following ICMPv6 messages types:

• Neighbor solicitation: A request from a host to determine a neighbor's link-layer address (MAC address) and detect if the neighbor is still reachable. A neighbor being "reachable" means it responds to a neighbor solicitation message (from the host) with a neighbor advertisement message.
• Neighbor advertisement: A response from a node to announce its link-layer address.
• Router solicitation: A request from a host to locate a router that can act as the default router and forward packets.
• Router advertisement: A response to a router solicitation or a periodical multicast advertisement from a router to advertise its presence and other parameters.

IPv6 Cache

An IPv6 host is required to have a neighbor cache, destination cache, prefix list and default router list. The NWA maintains and updates its IPv6 caches constantly using the information from response messages. In IPv6, the NWA configures a link-local address automatically, and then sends a neighbor solicitation message to check if the address is unique. If there is an address to be resolved or verified, the NWA also sends out a neighbor solicitation message. When the NWA receives a neighbor advertisement in response, it stores the neighbor's link-layer address in the neighbor cache. When the NWA uses a router solicitation message to query for a router and receives a router advertisement message, it adds the router's information to the neighbor cache, prefix list and destination cache. The NWA creates an entry in the default router list cache if the router can be used as a default router.

When the NWA needs to send a packet, it first consults the destination cache to determine the next hop. If there is no matching entry in the destination cache, the NWA uses the prefix list to

determine whether the destination address is on-link and can be reached directly without passing through a router. If the address is onlink, the address is considered as the next hop. Otherwise, the NWA determines the next-hop from the default router list or routing table. Once the next hop IP address is known, the NWA looks into the neighbor cache to get the link-layer address and sends the packet when the neighbor is reachable. If the NWA cannot find an entry in the neighbor cache or the state for the neighbor is not reachable, it starts the address resolution process. This helps reduce the number of IPv6 solicitation and advertisement messages.

Multicast Listener Discovery

The Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) protocol (defined in RFC 2710) is derived from IPv4's Internet Group Management Protocol version 2 (IGMPv2). MLD uses ICMPv6 message types, rather than IGMP message types. MLDv1 is equivalent to IGMPv2 and MLDv2 is equivalent to IGMPv3.

MLD allows an IPv6 switch or router to discover the presence of MLD listeners who wish to receive multicast packets and the IP addresses of multicast groups the hosts want to join on its network.

MLD snooping and MLD proxy are analogous to IGMP snooping and IGMP proxy in IPv4.

MLD filtering controls which multicast groups a port can join.

MLD Messages

A multicast router or switch periodically sends general queries to MLD hosts to update the multicast forwarding table. When an MLD host wants to join a multicast group, it sends an MLD Report message for that address.

An MLD Done message is equivalent to an IGMP Leave message. When an MLD host wants to leave a multicast group, it can send a Done message to the router or switch. The router or switch then sends a group-specific query to the port on which the Done message is received to determine if other devices connected to this port should remain in the group.

Example - Enabling IPv6 on Windows XP/2003/Vista

By default, Windows XP and Windows 2003 support IPv6. This example shows you how to use the ipv6 install command on Windows XP/2003 to enable IPv6. This also displays how to use the ipconfig command to see auto-generated IP addresses.

C:\>ipv6 install
Installing...
Succeeded.

C:\>ipconfig

Windows IP Configuration

Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:

Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :
IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 10.1.1.46
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . . : fe80::2d0:59ff:feb8:103c%4
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 10.1.1.254 

IPv6 is installed and enabled by default in Windows Vista. Use the ipconfig command to check your automatic configured IPv6 address as well. You should see at least one IPv6 address available for the interface on your computer.

Example - Enabling DHCPv6 on Windows XP

Windows XP does not support DHCPv6. If your network uses DHCPv6 for IP address assignment, you have to additionally install a DHCPv6 client software on your Windows XP. (Note: If you use static IP addresses or Router Advertisement for IPv6 address assignment in your network, ignore this section.)

This example uses Dibbler as the DHCPv6 client. To enable DHCPv6 client on your computer:

1 Install Dibbler and select the DHCPv6 client option on your computer.
2 After the installation is complete, select Start > All Programs > Dibbler-DHCPv6 > Client Install as service.
3 Select Start > Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Services.
4 Double click Dibbler - a DHCPv6 client.

Services File Action View Help Services (Local) Dibbler - a DHCPv6 client Start the service Description: Dibbler - a portable DHCPv6. This is DHCPv6 client, version 0.7.2. Name Description Status Startup Type Log On As DCOM Server Process Launcher Provides la... Started Automatic Local System DHCP Client Manages n... Started Automatic Local System Dibbler - a DHCPv6 client Dibbler - a ... Automatic Local System Distributed Link Tracking Client Maintains li... Started Automatic Local System Distributed Transaction Coordinator Coordinate... Manual Network S... DNS Client Resolves a... Started Automatic Network S... Error Reporting Service Allows erro... Started Automatic Local System Event Log Enables ev... Started Automatic Local System Extensible Authentication Protocol... Provides wi... Manual Local System Fast User Switching Compatibility Provides m... Manual Local System FLEXnet Licensing Service This servic... Manual Local System Extended Standard

5 Click Start and then OK.

Dibbler - a DHCPv6 client Properties (Local Computer) General Log On Recovery Dependencies Service name: DHCPv6Client Display name: Dibbler - a DHCPv6 client Description: Dibbler - a portable DHCPv6. This is DHCPv6 client. version 0.7.2. Path to executable: C:\Program Files\DHCPv6Client_dibbler\dibbler-client.exe service -d "C:\Pr Startup type: Automatic Service status: Stopped Start Stop Pause Resume You can specify the start parameters that apply when you start the service from here. Start parameters: OK Cancel Apply

6 Now your computer can obtain an IPv6 address from a DHCPv6 server.

Example - Enabling IPv6 on Windows 7

Windows 7 supports IPv6 by default. DHCPv6 is also enabled when you enable IPv6 on a Windows 7 computer.

To enable IPv6 in Windows 7:

1 Select Control Panel > Network and Sharing Center > Local Area Connection.
2 Select the Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) checkbox to enable it.
3 Click OK to save the change.

Local Area Connection Properties Networking Connect using: Broadcom NetXtreme Gigabit Ethernet Configure... This connection uses the following items: Client for Microsoft Networks QoS Packet Scheduler File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Install... Uninstall Properties Description TCP/IP version 6. The latest version of the internet protocol that provides communication across diverse interconnected networks. OK Cancel

4 Click Close to exit the Local Area Connection Status screen.
5 Select Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
6 Use the ipconfig command to check your dynamic IPv6 address. This example shows a global address (2001:b021:2d::1000) obtained from a DHCP server.

C:>ipconfig

Windows IP Configuration

Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:

Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :
IPv6 Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 2001:b021:2d::1000
Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . . : fe80::25d8:dcab:c80a:5189%11
IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 172.16.100.61
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . . : fe80::213:49ff:feaa:7125%11
172.16.100.254 

Wireless LAN Topologies

This section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies.

Ad-hoc Wireless LAN Configuration

The simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects a set of computers with wireless adapters (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless adapters are within range of each other, they can set up an independent network, which is commonly referred to as an ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an example of notebook computers using wireless adapters to form an ad-hoc wireless LAN.

Figure 91 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc Network

A B C

BSS

A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or between a wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP).

Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is enabled, wireless client A and B can access the wired network and communicate with each other. When Intra-BSS is

disabled, wireless client A and B can still access the wired network but cannot communicate with each other.

Figure 92 Basic Service Set

graph TD
    A["Server"] -->|Wireless| B["Ethernet"]
    C["Client"] -->|Wireless| B
    D["Server"] -->|Wireless| B
    E["Printer"] -->|Wireless| B
    F["Laptop"] -->|Wireless| B
    G["AP"] -->|Wireless| B
    H["BSS"] -->|Wireless| B
    B --> I["Ap"]
    style B fill:#f9f,stroke:#333

ESS

An Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each containing an access point, with each access point connected together by a wired network. This wired connection between APs is called a Distribution System (DS).

This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access Points not only provide communication with the wired network but also mediate wireless network traffic in the immediate neighborhood.

An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and their associated wireless clients within the same ESS must have the same ESSID in order to communicate.

Figure 93 Infrastructure WLAN

graph TD
    subgraph Ethernet
        A["Server"] --> B["Printer"]
        C["Computer"] --> D["Desktop"]
        B --> E["AP 1"]
        D --> F["AP 2"]
        E --> G["BSS 1"]
        F --> H["BSS 2"]
        G --> I["A"]
        H --> J["B"]
    end
    subgraph ESS
        K["A"] --> L["BSS 1"]
        M["B"] --> N["BSS 1"]
        O["C"] --> P["BSS 2"]
    end
    style Ethernet fill:#f9f,stroke:#333
    style ESS fill:#bbf,stroke:#333

Channel

A channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by wireless devices to transmit and receive data. Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of channels (for your region) so you should use a channel different from an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce interference. Interference occurs when radio signals from different access points overlap causing interference and degrading performance.

Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap, your AP should be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an adjacent AP is using. For example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent AP is using channel 1, then you need to select a channel between 6 or 11.

RTS/CTS

A hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access point, but are not within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a hidden node. Both stations (STA) are within range of the access point (AP) or wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other, so they

cannot "hear" each other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being used. Therefore, they are considered hidden from each other.

Figure 94 RTS/CTS

graph TD
    A["Wireless Station"] -->|RTS| B["AP"]
    A -->|CTS| B
    A -->|Data| B
    A -->|ACK| B
    B --> C["AP"]
    C --> D["MT1"]
    C --> E["MT2"]
    D --> F["MT3"]
    E --> F
    F --> G["MT3"]
    style A fill:#f9f,stroke:#333
    style B fill:#ccf,stroke:#333
    style C fill:#cfc,stroke:#333
    style D fill:#fcc,stroke:#333
    style E fill:#fcc,stroke:#333
    style F fill:#cff,stroke:#333
    style G fill:#ffc,stroke:#333

When station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is already using the channel. If these two stations send data at the same time, collisions may occur when both sets of data arrive at the AP at the same time, resulting in a loss of messages for both stations.

RTS/CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/CTS defines the biggest size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is invoked.

When a data frame exceeds the RTS/CTS value you set (between 0 to 2432 bytes), the station that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS (Request To Send) message to the AP for permission to send it. The AP then responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other stations within its range to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms with the requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission.

Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/CTS directly to the AP without the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.

You should only configure RTS/CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on your network and the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra network overhead involved in the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.

If the RTS/CTS value is greater than the Fragmentation Threshold value (see next), then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.

Note: Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy.

Fragmentation Threshold

A Fragmentation Threshold is the maximum data fragment size (between 256 and 2432 bytes) that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will fragment the packet into smaller data frames.

A large Fragmentation Threshold is recommended for networks not prone to interference while you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or networks that are prone to interference.

If the Fragmentation Threshold value is smaller than the RTS/CTS value (see previously) you set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.

Preamble Type

Preamble is used to signal that data is coming to the receiver. Short and long refer to the length of the synchronization field in a packet.

Short preamble increases performance as less time sending preamble means more time for sending data. All IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless adapters support long preamble, but not all support short preamble.

Use long preamble if you are unsure what preamble mode other wireless devices on the network support, and to provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks.

Use short preamble if you are sure all wireless devices on the network support it, and to provide more efficient communications.

Use the dynamic setting to automatically use short preamble when all wireless devices on the network support it, otherwise the NWA uses long preamble.

Note: The wireless devices MUST use the same preamble mode in order to communicate.

Wireless LAN Standards

The IEEE 802.11b wireless access standard was first published in 1999. IEEE 802.11b has a maximum data rate of 11 Mbps and uses the 2.4 GHz band.

IEEE 802.11g also works in the 2.4 GHz band and is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard. This means an IEEE 802.11b adapter can interface directly with an IEEE 802.11g access point (and vice versa) at 11 Mbps or lower depending on range. IEEE 802.11g has several intermediate rate steps between the maximum and minimum data rates (54 Mbps and 1 Mbps respectively).

IEEE 802.11a has a data rate of up to 54 Mbps using the 5 GHz band. IEEE 802.11a is not interoperable with IEEE 802.11b or IEEE 802.11g.

IEEE 802.11n can operate both in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands and is backward compatible with the IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, and IEEE 802.11g standards. It improves network throughput and increases the maximum raw data rate from 54 Mbps to 300 Mbps by using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), a channel width of 40 MHz, frame aggregation and short guard interval.

Table 55 Wireless LAN Standards Comparison Table

WIRELESS LAN STANDARD	MAXIMUM NET DATA RATE	FREQUENCY BAND	COMPATIBILITY
IEEE 802.11b	11 Mbps	2.4 GHz	IEEE 802.11gIEEE 802.11n
IEEE 802.11g	54 Mbps	2.4 GHz	IEEE 802.11bIEEE 802.11n

Table 55 Wireless LAN Standards Comparison Table

WIRELESS LAN STANDARD	MAXIMUM NET DATA RATE	FREQUENCY BAND	COMPATIBILITY
IEEE 802.11a	54 Mbps	5 GHz	IEEE 802.11n
IEEE 802.11n	300 Mbps	2.4 GHz, 5 GHz	IEEE 802.11bIEEE 802.11gIEEE 802.11a

Wireless Security Overview

Wireless security is vital to your network to protect wireless communication between wireless clients, access points and the wired network.

Wireless security methods available on the NWA are data encryption, wireless client authentication, restricting access by device MAC address and hiding the NWA identity.

The following figure shows the relative effectiveness of these wireless security methods available on your NWA.

Table 56 Wireless Security Levels

SECURITY LEVEL	SECURITY TYPE
Least SecureMost Secure	Unique SSID (Default)
	Unique SSID with Hide SSID Enabled
	MAC Address Filtering
	WEP Encryption
	IEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server Authentication
	Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
	WPA2

Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the NWA and on all wireless clients that you want to associate with it.

IEEE 802.1x

In June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of IEEE 802.11 to support extended authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control features. It is supported by Windows XP and a number of network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x are:

• User based identification that allows for roaming.
• Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138, 2139) for centralized user profile and accounting management on a network RADIUS server.
• Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows additional authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access point or the wireless clients.

RADIUS

RADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server handles the following tasks:

- Authentication

Determines the identity of the users.

- Authorization

Determines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the network.

- Accounting

Keeps track of the client's network activity.

RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the wireless client and the network RADIUS server.

Types of RADIUS Messages

The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user authentication:

- Access-Request

Sent by an access point requesting authentication.

- Access-Reject

Sent by a RADIUS server rejecting access.

- Access-Accept

Sent by a RADIUS server allowing access.

- Access-Challenge

Sent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access. The access point sends a proper response from the user and then sends another Access-Request message.

The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user accounting:

- Accounting-Request

Sent by the access point requesting accounting.

- Accounting-Response

Sent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting.

In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared secret key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over the network. In addition to the shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the network from unauthorized access.

Types of EAP Authentication

This section discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, PEAP and LEAP. Your wireless LAN device may not support all authentication types.

EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is an authentication protocol that runs on top of the IEEE 802.1x transport mechanism in order to support multiple types of user authentication. By using EAP to interact with an EAP-compatible RADIUS server, an access point helps a wireless station and a RADIUS server perform authentication.

The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server and an intermediary AP(s) that supports IEEE 802.1x.

For EAP-TLS authentication type, you must first have a wired connection to the network and obtain the certificate(s) from a certificate authority (CA). A certificate (also called digital IDs) can be used to authenticate users and a CA issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner.

EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5)

MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The authentication server sends a challenge to the wireless client. The wireless client 'proves' that it knows the password by encrypting the password with the challenge and sends back the information. Password is not sent in plain text.

However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication server needs to get the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus someone other than the authentication server may access the password file. In addition, it is possible to impersonate an authentication server as MD5 authentication method does not perform mutual authentication. Finally, MD5 authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session key. You must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption.

EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security)

With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless clients for mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client. After validating the identity of the server, the client sends a different certificate to the server. The exchange of certificates is done in the open before a secured tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive attacks. A digital certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the sender's identity. However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle certificates, which imposes a management overhead.

EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service)

EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the server-side authentications to establish a secure connection. Client authentication is then done by sending username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client authentication, EAP-TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP, CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2.

PEAP (Protected EAP)

Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure connection, then use simple username and password methods through the secured connection to authenticate the clients, thus hiding client identity. However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5, EAP-MSCHAPv2 and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is implemented only by Cisco.

LEAP

LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of IEEE 802.1x.

Dynamic WEP Key Exchange

The AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key expires when the wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication times out. A new WEP key is generated each time reauthentication is performed.

If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key in the wireless security configuration screen. You may still configure and store keys, but they will not be used while dynamic WEP is enabled.

Note: EAP-MD5 cannot be used with Dynamic WEP Key Exchange

For added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and PEAP) use dynamic keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate environments, but for public deployment, a simple user name and password pair is more practical. The following table is a comparison of the features of authentication types.

Table 57 Comparison of EAP Authentication Types

	EAP-MD5	EAP-TLS	EAP-TTLS	PEAP	LEAP
Mutual Authentication	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Certificate – Client	No	Yes	Optional	Optional	No
Certificate – Server	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Dynamic Key Exchange	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Credential Integrity	None	Strong	Strong	Strong	Moderate
Deployment Difficulty	Easy	Hard	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Client Identity Protection	No	No	Yes	Yes	No

WPA and WPA2

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management than WPA.

Key differences between WPA or WPA2 and WEP are improved data encryption and user authentication.

If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external RADIUS server, use WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an external RADIUS server, you should use WPA2-PSK (WPA2-Pre-Shared Key) that only requires a single (identical) password entered into each access point, wireless gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a wireless client will be granted access to a WLAN.

If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK depending on whether you have an external RADIUS server or not.

Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2. WEP is less secure than WPA or WPA2.

Encryption

WPA improves data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), Message Integrity Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. WPA2 also uses TKIP when required for compatibility reasons, but offers stronger encryption than TKIP with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter mode with Cipher block chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP).

TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the authentication server. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that uses a 256-bit mathematical algorithm called Rijndael. They both include a per-packet key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check (MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying mechanism.

WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same encryption key is never used twice.

The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients. This all happens in the background automatically.

The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing data packets, altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a strong mathematical function in which the receiver and the transmitter each compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is assumed that the data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped.

By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating an integrity checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to decrypt data on a Wi-Fi network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break into the network.

The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific credentials. The common-password approach makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to brute-force password-guessing attacks but it's still an improvement over WEP as it employs a consistent, single, alphanumeric password to derive a PMK which is used to generate unique temporal encryption keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same encryption keys. (a weakness of WEP)

User Authentication

WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to authenticate wireless clients using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces the number of key exchange messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake) and shortens the time required to connect to a network. Other WPA2 authentication features that are different from WPA include key caching and pre-authentication. These two features are optional and may not be supported in all wireless devices.

Key caching allows a wireless client to store the PMK it derived through a successful authentication with an AP. The wireless client uses the PMK when it tries to connect to the same AP and does not need to go with the authentication process again.

Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already connecting to an AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP before connecting to it.

Wireless Client WPA Supplicants

A wireless client supplicant is the software that runs on an operating system instructing the wireless client how to use WPA. At the time of writing, the most widely available supplicant is the WPA patch for Windows XP, Funk Software's Odyssey client.

The Windows XP patch is a free download that adds WPA capability to Windows XP's built-in "Zero Configuration" wireless client. However, you must run Windows XP to use it.

WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example

To set up WPA(2), you need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number (default is 1812), and the RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example with an external RADIUS server looks as follows. "A" is the RADIUS server. "DS" is the distribution system.

1 The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server.
2 The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and grants or denies network access accordingly.
3 A 256-bit Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is derived from the authentication process by the RADIUS server and the client.
4 The RADIUS server distributes the PMK to the AP. The AP then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys. The keys are used to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients.

Figure 95 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example

graph TD
    A["Laptop 1"] -->|Wireless Signal| B["DS"]
    C["Laptop 2"] -->|Wireless Signal| B["DS"]
    D["Internet"] -->|Wireless Signal| B["DS"]
    B["DS"] --> E["A"]

WPA(2)-PSK Application Example

A WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows.

1 First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared Key (PSK) must consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal characters (including spaces and symbols).
2 The AP checks each wireless client's password and allows it to join the network only if the password matches.
3 The AP and wireless clients generate a common PMK (Pairwise Master Key). The key itself is not sent over the network, but is derived from the PSK and the SSID.
4 The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process, the PMK and information exchanged in a handshake to create temporal encryption keys. They use these keys to encrypt data exchanged between them.

Figure 96 WPA(2)-PSK Authentication

graph TD
    A["Laptop"] <-->|PSK| B["Internet"]
    C["Laptop"] <-->|PSK| B["INTERNET"]
    D["Laptop"] <-->|PSK| B["INTERNET"]

Security Parameters Summary

Refer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for each authentication method or key management protocol type. MAC address filters are not dependent on how you configure these security features.

Table 58 Wireless Security Relational Matrix

AUTHENTICATION METHOD/ KEYMANAGEMENT PROTOCOL	ENCRYPTION METHOD	ENTERMANUAL KEY	IEEE 802.1X
Open	None	No	Disable
			Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
Open	WEP	No	Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
		Yes	Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
		Yes	Disable
Shared	WEP	No	Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
		Yes	Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
		Yes	Disable
WPA	TKIP/AES	No	Enable
WPA-PSK	TKIP/AES	Yes	Disable
WPA2	TKIP/AES	No	Enable
WPA2-PSK	TKIP/AES	Yes	Disable

Antenna Overview

An antenna couples RF signals onto air. A transmitter within a wireless device sends an RF signal to the antenna, which propagates the signal through the air. The antenna also operates in reverse by capturing RF signals from the air.

Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a wireless LAN.

Antenna Characteristics

Frequency

An antenna in the frequency of 2.4GHz or 5GHz is needed to communicate efficiently in a wireless LAN

Radiation Pattern

A radiation pattern is a diagram that allows you to visualize the shape of the antenna's coverage area.

Antenna Gain

Antenna gain, measured in dB (decibel), is the increase in coverage within the RF beam width. Higher antenna gain improves the range of the signal for better communications.

For an indoor site, each 1 dB increase in antenna gain results in a range increase of approximately 2.5%. For an unobstructed outdoor site, each 1dB increase in gain results in a range increase of approximately 5%. Actual results may vary depending on the network environment.

Antenna gain is sometimes specified in dBi, which is how much the antenna increases the signal power compared to using an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna is a theoretical perfect antenna that sends out radio signals equally well in all directions. dBi represents the true gain that the antenna provides.

Types of Antennas for WLAN

There are two types of antennas used for wireless LAN applications.

- Omni-directional antennas send the RF signal out in all directions on a horizontal plane. The coverage area is torus-shaped (like a donut) which makes these antennas ideal for a room environment. With a wide coverage area, it is possible to make circular overlapping coverage areas with multiple access points.

- Directional antennas concentrate the RF signal in a beam, like a flashlight does with the light from its bulb. The angle of the beam determines the width of the coverage pattern. Angles typically range from 20 degrees (very directional) to 120 degrees (less directional). Directional antennas are ideal for hallways and outdoor point-to-point applications.

Positioning Antennas

In general, antennas should be mounted as high as practically possible and free of obstructions. In point-to-point application, position both antennas at the same height and in a direct line of sight to each other to attain the best performance.

For omni-directional antennas mounted on a table, desk, and so on, point the antenna up. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a wall or ceiling, point the antenna down. For a single AP application, place omni-directional antennas as close to the center of the coverage area as possible.

For directional antennas, point the antenna in the direction of the desired coverage area.

Legal Information

Copyright

Copyright © 2012 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation.

The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation.

Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved.

Disclaimers

ZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or software described herein. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right to make changes in any products described herein without notice. This publication is subject to change without notice.

Your use of the NWA is subject to the terms and conditions of any related service providers.

Trademarks

Trademarks mentioned in this publication are used for identification purposes only and may be properties of their respective owners.

Certifications

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Interference Statement

The device complies with Part 15 of FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:

• This device may not cause harmful interference.
- This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operations.

This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This device generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy, and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.

If this device does cause harmful interference to radio/television reception, which can be determined by turning the device off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:

1 Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
2 Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver.
3 Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.
4 Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.

FCC Caution: Any changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate this equipment.

FCC Radiation Exposure Statement

• This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter.
• For operation within 5.15 \~ 5.25GHz frequency range, it is restricted to indoor environment.
• IEEE 802.11b, 802.11g or 802.11n (20MHz) operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-limited to channels 1 through 11. IEEE 802.11n (40MHz) operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-limited to channels 3 through 9.
• To comply with FCC RF exposure compliance requirements, a separation distance of at least 20 cm must be maintained between the antenna of this device and all persons.

Industry Canada Statement

This device complies with RSS-210 of the Industry Canada Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:

1) this device may not cause interference and
2) this device must accept any interference, including interference that may cause undesired operation of the device
This device has been designed to operate with an antenna having a maximum gain of 3dBi.

Antenna having a higher gain is strictly prohibited per regulations of Industry Canada. The required antenna impedance is 50 ohms.

To reduce potential radio interference to other users, the antenna type and its gain should be so chosen that the EIRP is not more than required for successful communication.

IC Radiation Exposure Statement

This equipment complies with IC radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment. End users must follow the specific operating instructions for satisfying RF exposure compliance.

注意！

依據 低功率電波輻射性電機管理辦法

Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.

This device is designed for the WLAN 2.4 GHz and/or 5 GHz networks throughout the EC region and Switzerland, with restrictions in France.

This Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.

ErP (Energy-related Products) Declaration of Conformity

All ZyXEL products put on the EU market in compliance with the requirement of the European Parliament and the Council published Directive 2009/125/EC establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-related products (recast), so called as "ErP Directive (Energy-related Products directive).

This product has been outside the scope of Energy efficiency limitation requirement in the light of the terms of Regulation (EC) No 1275/2008, Annex II:

1. Four years after this Regulation has come into force:

(c) Availability of off mode and/or standby mode

Equipment shall, except where this is inappropriate for the intended use, provide off mode and/or standby mode, and/or another condition which does not exceed the applicable power consumption requirements for off mode and/or standby mode when the equipment is connected to the mains power source.

-another condition which does not exceed the applicable power consumption requirements for off mode and/or standby mode when the equipment is connected to the mains power source. The power anagement function shall be activated before delivery.

1. Information to be provided by manufacturers:

(c) the characteristics of equipment relevant for assessing conformity with the requirements set out in point 1(c), or the requirements set out in points 2(c) and/or 2(d), as applicable, including the time taken to automatically reach standby, or off mode, or another condition which does not exceed the applicable power consumption requirements for off mode and/or standby mode.

In particular, if applicable, the technical justification shall be provided that the requirements set out in point 1(c), or the requirements set out in points 2(c) and/or 2(d), are inappropriate for the intended use of equipment.

EU Directive & Regulation:

ErP Directive: Directive 2009/125/EC

Standby & off mode: Regulation (EC) No 1275/2008,

Guidance accompanying Commission Regulation (EC) No 1275/2008,

source: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/ecodesign/eco_design_en.htm

Viewing Certifications

Go to http://www.zyxel.com to view this product's documentation and certifications.

ZyXEL Limited Warranty

ZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in material or workmanship for a specific period (the Warranty Period) from the date of purchase. The Warranty Period varies by region. Check with your vendor and/or the authorized ZyXEL local distributor for details about the Warranty Period of this product. During the warranty period, and upon proof of purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship and/or materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective products or components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it shall deem necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating condition. Any replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally equivalent product of equal or higher value, and will be solely at the discretion of ZyXEL. This warranty shall not apply if the product has been modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected to abnormal working conditions.

Note

Repair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser. This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for indirect or consequential damages of any kind to the purchaser.

To obtain the services of this warranty, contact your vendor. You may also refer to the warranty policy for the region in which you bought the device at http://www.zyxel.com/web/support_warranty_info.php.

Registration

Register your product online to receive e-mail notices of firmware upgrades and information at www.zyxel.com.

Open Source Licenses

This product contains in part some free software distributed under GPL license terms and/or GPL like licenses. Open source licenses are provided with the firmware package. You can download the latest firmware at www.zyxel.com. To obtain the source code covered under those Licenses, please contact [e-mail] to get it.

Regulatory Information

European Union

The following information applies if you use the product within the European Union.

Declaration of Conformity with Regard to EU Directive 1999/5/EC (R&TTE Directive)

Compliance Information for 2.4GHz and 5GHz Wireless Products Relevant to the EU and Other Countries Following the EU Directive 1999/5/EC (R&TTE Directive)

[Czech]	ZyXEL tímto prohlašuje, že tento zařízení je ve shodě se základními požadavky a dalšími příslušnými ustanoveními směrnice 1999/5/EC.
[Danish]	Undertegnede ZyXEL erklærer herved, at følgende udstyr udstyr overholder de væsentlige krav og øvrige relevante krav i direktiv 1999/5/EF.
[German]	Hiermit erklärt ZyXEL, dass sich das Gerät Ausstattung in Übereinstimmung mit den grundlegenden Anforderungen und den übrigen einschlägigen Bestimmungen der Richtlinie 1999/5/EU befindet.
[Estonian]	Käesolevaga kinnitab ZyXEL seadme seadmed vastavust direktiivi 1999/5/EÜ põhinõuetele ja nimetatud direktiivist tulenevatele teistele asjakohastele sätetele.
English	Hereby, ZyXEL declares that this equipment is in compliance with the essential requirements and other relevant provisions of Directive 1999/5/EC.
[Spanish]	Por medio de la presente ZyXEL declara que el equipo cumple con los requisitos esenciales y cualesquiera otras disposiciones aplicables o exigibles de la Directiva 1999/5/CE.
[Greek]	ME THN ΠΑΡΟΥΣΑ ZyXEL ΔΗΛΩΝΕΙ ΟΤΙ εξοπλισμός ΣΥΜΜΟΡΦΩΝΕΤΑΙ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΙΣ ΟΥΣΙΩΔΕΙΣ ΑΠΑΙΤΗΣΕΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΙΣ ΛΟΙΠΕΣ ΣΧΕΤΙΚΕΣ ΔΙΑΤΑΞΕΙΣ ΤΗΣ ΟΔΗΓΙΑΣ 1999/5/EC.
[French]	Par la présente ZyXEL déclare que l'appareil équipements est conforme aux exigences essentielles et aux autres dispositions pertinentes de la directive 1999/5/EC.
[Italian]	Con la presente ZyXEL dichiara che questo attrezzatura è conforme ai requisiti essenziali ed alle altre disposizioni pertinenti stabilite dalla direttiva 1999/5/CE.
[Latvian]	Ar šo ZyXEL deklarē, ka iekārtas atbilst Direktīvas 1999/5/EK būtiskajām prasībām un citiem ar to saistītajiem noteikumiem.
[Lithuanian]	Šiuo ZyXEL deklaruoja, kad šis įranga atitinka esminius reikalavimus ir kitas 1999/5/EB Direktyvos nuostatas.
[Dutch]	Hierbij verklaart ZyXEL dat het toestel uitrusting in overeenstemming is met de essentiële eisen en de andere relevante bepalingen van richtlijn 1999/5/EC.
[Maltese]	Hawnhekk, ZyXEL, jiddikjara li dan taghmir jikkonforma mal-ħtigijiet essenzjali u ma provvedimenti oħrajn relevanti li hemm fid-Dirrettiva 1999/5/EC.
[Hungarian]	Alulírott, ZyXEL nyilatkozom, hogy a berendezés megfelel a vonatkozó alapvető követelményeknek és az 1999/5/EK irányelv egyéb előírásainak.
[Polish]	Niniejszym ZyXEL oświadcza, že sprzęt jest zgodny z zasadniczymi wymogami oraz pozostałymi stosownymi postanowieniami Dyrektywy 1999/5/EC.
[Portuguese]	ZyXEL declara que este equipamento está conforme com os requisitos essenciais e outras disposições da Directiva 1999/5/EC.
[Slovenian]	ZyXEL izjavlja, da je ta oprema v skladu z bistvenimi zahtevami in ostalimi relevantnimi določili direktive 1999/5/EC.
[Slovak]	ZyXEL týmto vyhlasuje, že zariadenia spíňa základné požiadavky a všetky príslušné ustanovenia Smernice 1999/5/EC.
[Finnish]	ZyXEL vakuuttaa täten että laitteet tyyppinen laite on direktiivin 1999/5/EY oleellisten vaatimusten ja sitä koskevien direktiivin muiden ehtojen mukainen.
[Swedish]	Härmed intygar ZyXEL att denna utrustning står I överensstämmelse med de väsentliga egenskapskrav och övriga relevanta bestämmelser som framgår av direktiv 1999/5/EC.
[Bulgarian]	С настоящото ZyXEL декларира, че това оборудване е в съответствие със съществените изисквания и другите приложими разпоредбите на Директива 1999/5/EC.
[Icelandic]	Hér með lýsir, ZyXEL því yfir að þessi búnaður er í samræmi við grunnkröfur og önnur viðeigandi ákvæði tilskipunar 1999/5/EC.
[Norwegian]	Erklærer herved ZyXEL at dette utstyret er I samsvar med de grunnleggende kravene og andre relevante bestemmelser I direktiv 1999/5/EF.
[Romanian]	Prin prezenta, ZyXEL declară că acest echipament este în conformitate cu cerințele esențiale și alte prevederi relevante ale Directivei 1999/5/EC.

National Restrictions

This product may be used in all EU countries (and other countries following the EU directive 1999/5/EC) without any limitation except for the countries mentioned below:

In the majority of the EU and other European countries, the 2, 4- and 5-GHz bands have been made available for the use of wireless local area networks (LANs). Later in this document you will find an overview of countries in which additional restrictions or requirements or both are applicable.

The requirements for any country may evolve. ZyXEL recommends that you check with the local authorities for the latest status of their national regulations for both the 2,4- and 5-GHz wireless LANs.

The following countries have restrictions and/or requirements in addition to those given in the table labeled "Overview of Regulatory Requirements for Wireless LANs":.

Overview of Regulatory Requirements for Wireless LANs
Frequency Band (MHz)	Max Power Level (EIRP) ^1 (mW)	Indoor ONLY	Indoor and Outdoor
2400-2483.5	100		V
5150-5350	200	V
5470-5725	1000		V

Belgium

The Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunications (BIPT) must be notified of any outdoor wireless link having a range exceeding 300 meters. Please check http://www.bipt.be for more details.

In Denmark, the band 5150 - 5350 MHz is also allowed for outdoor usage.

For 2.4 GHz, the output power is restricted to 10 mW EIRP when the product is used outdoors in the band 2454 - 2483.5 MHz. There are no restrictions when used indoors or in other parts of the 2.4 GHz band. Check http://www.arcep.fr/ for more details.

This product meets the National Radio Interface and the requirements specified in the National Frequency Allocation Table for Italy. Unless this wireless LAN product is operating within the boundaries of the owner's property, its use requires a "general authorization." Please check http://www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/ for more details.

The outdoor usage of the 2.4 GHz band requires an authorization from the Electronic Communications Office. Please check http://www.esd.lv for more details.

2.4 GHz frekvenėu joslas izmantođanai ârpus telpâm nepiecieðama atïauja no Elektronisko sakaru direkcijas. Vairâk informâcijas: http://www.esd.lv.

Notes:

1. Although Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are not EU member states, the EU Directive 1999/5/EC has also been implemented in those countries.
2. The regulatory limits for maximum output power are specified in EIRP. The EIRP level (in dBm) of a device can be calculated by adding the gain of the antenna used(specified in dBi) to the output power available at the connector (specified in dBm).

List of national codes

COUNTRY	ISO 3166 2 LETTER CODE	COUNTRY	ISO 3166 2 LETTER CODE
Austria	AT	Malta	MT
Belgium	BE	Netherlands	NL
Cyprus	CY	Poland	PL
Czech Republic	CR	Portugal	PT
Denmark	DK	Slovakia	SK
Estonia	EE	Slovenia	SI
Finland	FI	Spain	ES
France	FR	Sweden	SE
Germany	DE	United Kingdom	GB
Greece	GR	Iceland	IS
Hungary	HU	Liechtenstein	LI
Ireland	IE	Norway	NO
Italy	IT	Switzerland	CH
Latvia	LV	Bulgaria	BG
Lithuania	LT	Romania	RO
Luxembourg	LU	Turkey	TR

Safety Warnings

• Do NOT use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming pool.
• Do NOT expose your device to dampness, dust or corrosive liquids.
• Do NOT store things on the device.
• Do NOT install, use, or service this device during a thunderstorm. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning.
• Connect ONLY suitable accessories to the device.
• Do NOT open the device or unit. Opening or removing covers can expose you to dangerous high voltage points or other risks. ONLY qualified service personnel should service or disassemble this device. Please contact your vendor for further information.
  • Make sure to connect the cables to the correct ports.
• Place connecting cables carefully so that no one will step on them or stumble over them.
  • Always disconnect all cables from this device before servicing or disassembling.
• Use ONLY an appropriate power adaptor or cord for your device. Connect it to the right supply voltage (for example, 110V AC in North America or 230V AC in Europe).
• Do NOT allow anything to rest on the power adaptor or cord and do NOT place the product where anyone can walk on the power adaptor or cord.
• Do NOT use the device if the power adaptor or cord is damaged as it might cause electrocution.
• If the power adaptor or cord is damaged, remove it from the device and the power source.
• Do NOT attempt to repair the power adaptor or cord. Contact your local vendor to order a new one.
• Do not use the device outside, and make sure all the connections are indoors. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning.
• Do NOT obstruct the device ventilation slots, as insufficient airflow may harm your device.
• Antenna Warning! This device meets ETSI and FCC certification requirements when using the included antenna(s). Only use the included antenna(s).
• If you wall mount your device, make sure that no electrical lines, gas or water pipes will be damaged.
• The PoE (Power over Ethernet) devices that supply or receive power and their connected Ethernet cables must all be completely indoors.
• This product is for indoor use only (utilisation intérieure exclusivement).

Your product is marked with this symbol, which is known as the WEEE mark. WEEE stands for Waste Electronics and Electrical Equipment. It means that used electrical and electronic products should not be mixed with general waste. Used electrical and electronic equipment should be treated separately.

RoHS

ENGLISH		DEUTSCH		ESPAÑOL		FRANÇAIS
Green Product DeclarationRoHS Directive 2011/65/EU WEEE Directive 2002/96/EC (WEEE: Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) 2003/108/EC;2008/34/ECDeclaration Signature. Name/Title: Thomas Wei / Quality Management Department/ Senior Director.Date (yyyy/mm/dd): 2012/07/09		Grünes Produkt ErklärungRoHS Richtlinie 2011/65/EU ElektroG Richtlinie 2002/96/EG (ElektroG: Über Elektro- und Elektronik-Algeräte) 2003/108/EG;2008/34/EG Unterschrift des Erklärenden: Name/Title: Thomas Wei / Quality Management Department/ Senior Director.Date (yyyy/mm/dd): 2012/07/09		Declaración de Producto EcológicoDirectiva RoHS 2011/65/UE Directiva RAEE 2002/96/CE (RAEE : Residuos de Aparatos Eléctricos y Electrónicos) 2003/108/CE;2008/34/CE Firma de declaración: Nombre/Título: Thomas Wei / Quality Management Department/ Senior Director.Fecha (aaaa/mm/dd): 2012/07/09		Déclaration de Produit VertDirective RoHS 2011/65/UE Directive DEEE 2002/96/CE (DEEE : déchets d'équipements électriques et électroniques) Signature de la déclaration : Nom/Titre : Thomas Wei / Quality Management Department/ Senior Director.Date (aaaa/mm/jj) : 2012/07/09
ITALIANO		NEDERLANDS		SVENSKA
Prodotto dichiarazione di verdeDirettiva RoHS 2011/65/UE Direttiva RAEE 2002/96/CE (RAEE: Rifiuti di Apparecchiature Elettriche ed Elettroniche) 2003/108/CE;2008/34/CE Firma dichiarazione: Nome/titolo: Thomas Wei / Quality Management Department/ Senior Director.Data (aaaa/mm/gg): 2012/07/09		ProductmilieuverklaringRoHS Richtlijn 2011/65/EU AEEA-Richtlijn 2002/96/EG (AEEA: Afgedankte Elektrische en Elektronische apparatuur) 2003/108/EG;2008/34/EG Verklaringshandtekening: Naam/titel: Thomas Wei / Quality Management Department/ Senior Director.Datum(jjj/mm/dd): 2012/07/09		MiljödeklarationRoHS Direktiv 2011/65/EU WEEE Direktiv 2002/96/EG (WEEE: om avfall som utgörs av eller innehåller elektriska eller elektroniska produkter) 2003/108/EG;2008/34/EG Deklaration undertecknad av: Namn/Titel: Thomas Wei / Quality Management Department/ Senior Director.Datum (ääää/mm/dd): 2012/07/09

Index

A

access privileges 13

Accounting Server 84

Advanced Encryption Standard See AES.

AES 196

Alerts 112

Alternative subnet mask notation 172

Antenna 89

antenna

directional 200

gain 199

omni-directional 199

AP (access point) 189

Applications

Access Point 15

AP + Bridge 15

applications

MBSSID 12

Repeater 15

ATC 76

ATC+WMM 76

B

Basic Service Set 56

see BSS

Basic Service Set, See BSS 187

beacon 56

Beacon Interval 63, 66, 72

BSS 12, 13, 56, 187

C

CA 194

Certificate

authentication 100

file format 100

Certificate Authority

See CA.

Certificates

Fingerprint 109

MD5 109

public key 100

SHA1 109

Certification Authority 108

certifications 201

notices 202

viewing 202

Channel 57

channel 189

interference 189

Controlling network access, Ways of 11

copyright 201

CTS (Clear to Send) 190

D

disclaimer 201

Distribution System 56

DNS 94, 115

documentation

related 2

Domain Name Server (DNS) 115

DS 56

DTIM Interval 63, 66, 72

dynamic WEP key exchange 195

E

EAP 59

EAP Authentication 193

Encryption 59, 78, 81

encryption 15, 196

ESS 56, 188

Ethernet device 86

Extended Service Set 56

Extended Service Set, See ESS 188

Extensible Authentication Protocol 59

F

Factory Defaults 121

restoring 21

FCC interference statement 201

Firmware 116

Fragmentation 63, 67, 69, 73

Fragmentation threshold 89

fragmentation threshold 190

FTP 99

restrictions 99

G

Generic Token Card 59

GTC 59

Guide

Quick Start 2

H

hidden node 189

|

IANA 176

IBSS 187

IEEE 802.11g 191

IEEE 802.1x 57

Import Certificate 102

Independent Basic Service Set See IBSS 187

initialization vector (IV) 196

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority See IANA

Internet Protocol version 6, see IPv6

Internet telephony 13

IP Address 91

Gateway IP address 91

IP Screen 91

DHCP 93

IPv6 92, 177

addressing 92, 177

EUI-64 179

global address 92, 178

interface ID 179

link-local address 92, 177

Neighbor Discovery Protocol 92, 177

ping 92, 177

prefix 92, 177

prefix length 92, 177

stateless autoconfiguration 179

unspecified address 178

K

key 59, 79

L

LEAP 59

LEDs 18, 123

Blinking 18

Flashing 18

Off 18

Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol 59

Log 49

Log Screens 111

Logs

accessing logs 111

receiving logs via e-mail 112

Logs Screen

Mail Server 113

Mail Subject 113

Send Log to 113

Syslog 114

Logs, Uses of 111

M

MAC Filter

Allow Association 87

Deny Association 87

Maintenance 115

Association List 116

Backup 120

Restore 120

Management Information Base (MIB) 108

managing the device good habits 17

MBSSID 12

Media Access Control 86

Message Integrity Check (MIC) 196

message relay 60

Microsoft Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol Version 2 59

MSCHAPv2 59

MSDU 63, 67, 73

N

NAT 176

Network Time Protocol (NTP) 115

NTP 115

O

Operating Mode 56

other documentation 2

Output Power Management 63, 67, 69, 72

P

Pairwise Master Key (PMK) 196, 198

Passphrase 59

Password 124

PEAP 59

Personal Information Exchange Syntax Standard 100

PFX PKCS#12 100

Preamble 89

preamble mode 191

Preamble Type 63, 67, 69, 73

Pre-Shared Key 59

priorities 90

product registration 203

Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol 59

PSK 59, 196

Q

QoS 76

Quick Start Guide 2

R

Radio Frequency 89

RADIUS 59, 193

Accounting 60

Authentication 60

Authorization 60

message types 193

messages 193

shared secret key 193

RADIUS Screen

Accounting Server 84

Accounting Server IP Address 84

RADIUS server 58

Backup 84

Primary 83

Rates Configuration 63, 67, 70, 73

registration

product 203

related documentation 2

Remote Authentication Dial In User Service 59

remote management 17

remote management limitations 98

Roaming 89

RootAP 15

RTS (Request To Send) 190

threshold 189, 190

RTS/CTS Threshold 63, 67, 69, 73, 89

s

Security Mode, Choosing the 90

Security Modes

None 58

WEP 58

WPA 58

WPA2 58

WPA2-MIX 58

WPA2-PSK 58

Service Set IDentifier 56

Service Set Identifier see SSID

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 112

SMTP 112, 114

SNMP

MIBs 108

Spanning Tree Protocol 89

SSID 12,56

SSID profile pre-configured 13

SSID profiles 12

Status Screens 25

802.11 Mode 50

Channel ID 50

Ethernet 25

FCS Error Count 50

Firmware Version 27

Interface Status 28

Poll Interval 50

Retry Count 50

Statistics 51

system statistics 25

WLAN 25

Subnet 169

Subnet Mask 91, 170

subnetting 172

Syslog Logging 112

System Screens

General 116

Password 117

Time

Time and Date Setup 118

Time Zone 118

T

telnet 102

Temporal Key Integrity Protocol 59

Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) 196

TFTP restrictions 99

Thumbprint Algorithm 109

TKIP 59

TLS 59

trademarks 201

Transport Layer Security 59

Troubleshooting 123

connection is slow or intermittent 126

DHCP 124

factory defaults 125

firmware 125

Internet 125

LAN/ETHERNET port 125

QoS 126

Web Configurator 124

TTLS 59

Tunneled Transport Layer Security 59

Tutorial 29

U

User Authentication 58

V

Virtual Local Area Network 95

VLAN 95

introduction 95

VoIP 13,76

W

warranty 202

note 202

WDS 15

Web Configurator 19

password 19

WEP 58

WEP key encrypting 90

Wi-Fi Multimedia QoS 89

Wi-Fi Protected Access 58, 195

Wired Equivalent Privacy 58

Wireless Client 42

wireless client WPA supplicants 197

Wireless Distribution System (WDS) 15

Wireless Mode 57

Wireless Mode, Choosing the

Access Point 29

Bridge 29

Wireless Client 29

Wireless Security 17

how to improve 17

Levels 58

wireless security 13, 192

Wireless Security Screen

WEP 78

WPA 79

Access Point 79

Wireless Client 80

WPA-PSK, WPA2-PSK, WPA2-PSK-MIX 81

Wireless Settings Screen 55

Access Point Mode 61

Antenna 89

AP + Bridge Mode 68

Bridge Mode 65

BSS 56

Channel 57

ESS 56

Fragmentation Threshold 89

Intra-BSS Traffic 89

Operating Mode 56

Preamble 89

Roaming 89

RTS/CTS Threshold 89

SSID 56

Wireless Client Mode 68

Wireless Mode 57

WMM QoS 89

WLAN

interference 189

security parameters 198

WMM 76

WMM QoS 89

WPA 58,195

key caching 196

pre-authentication 196

user authentication 196

vs WPA-PSK 196

wireless client supplicant 197

with RADIUS application example 197

WPA2 58, 195

user authentication 196

vs WPA2-PSK 196

wireless client supplicant 197

with RADIUS application example 197

WPA2-MIX 58

WPA2-Pre-Shared Key 195

WPA2-PSK 195, 196

application example 197

WPA2-PSK-MIX 58

WPA-PSK 195, 196

application example 197

Z

ZyXEL Device

Ethernet parameters 91

good habits 17

Introduction 11

managing 16

resetting 20, 121

Security Features 17