Tracer 5045 - Wi-Fi repeater Adtran - Free user manual and instructions

Product Type	Wi-Fi Repeater
Brand	Adtran
Model	Tracer 5045
Wireless Standard	IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac
Frequency Band	Dual-band (2.4 GHz and 5 GHz)
Maximum Data Speed	Up to 1200 Mbps (300 Mbps on 2.4 GHz + 867 Mbps on 5 GHz)
Ethernet Port	1x Gigabit LAN (10/100/1000 Mbps)
Power Supply	Built-in AC adapter (100-240V, 50/60Hz)
Dimensions (Approx.)	82 x 62 x 45 mm (without antenna)
Weight (Approx.)	150 g
Coverage Area	Up to 1500 square feet
Wireless Security	WEP, WPA/WPA2-PSK
Setup Method	WPS button, web-based configuration
Operating Modes	Repeater mode, access point mode
LED Indicators	Power, WLAN, LAN, WPS
Antenna Type	Internal omnidirectional antenna
Compliance	FCC, CE, RoHS
Mounting Options	Wall plug-in or desktop placement
Operating Temperature	0°C to 40°C (32°F to 104°F)
Maintenance	Clean with a soft dry cloth; keep vents unobstructed
Safety Precautions	Indoor use only; avoid water and extreme heat
Repairability	No user-serviceable parts; contact qualified support

Frequently Asked Questions - Tracer 5045 Adtran

How do I set up my Adtran Tracer 5045 repeater?

To set up your Tracer 5045, plug it into a power outlet near your main router, press the WPS button on the router, then press the WPS button on the repeater. Alternatively, connect to the repeater's default Wi-Fi network and follow the web-based configuration wizard. The full manual is available on this page.

What is the default IP address for the Tracer 5045?

The default IP address is typically 192.168.1.1 or 192.168.0.1. You can confirm it by checking the sticker on the device or by using the manufacturer's discovery tool.

How can I reset the device to factory settings?

To reset the Tracer 5045, insert a pointed object (like a paperclip) into the reset hole on the device and hold it for about 10 seconds until the LEDs blink. Release and wait for the device to reboot.

Which wireless standards does the Tracer 5045 support?

The Tracer 5045 supports IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac, providing dual-band AC1200 Wi-Fi speeds on both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands.

Can I use the Ethernet port to connect a wired device?

Yes, the Tracer 5045 has a Gigabit Ethernet port that allows you to connect a wired device like a smart TV or gaming console. In repeater mode, it works as a client bridge, giving you a wired connection to your network.

How do I update the firmware on my repeater?

Log into the web interface via a browser, go to the Administration/Firmware Update section, then browse for the latest firmware file from the support page. Click update and wait for the device to reboot.

What is the maximum coverage area?

Under ideal conditions, the Tracer 5045 can cover up to 1500 square feet. Actual coverage depends on walls, interference, and placement.

How can I improve the Wi-Fi signal quality?

Place the repeater halfway between your router and the dead zone, away from metal objects and appliances. Ensure the repeater is within the coverage of your main router. Adjust the antennas (if any) to a vertical position and avoid overlapping with other electronic devices.

Is the Tracer 5045 compatible with all routers?

Yes, it works with any standard Wi-Fi router. For best performance, use a router that supports the same wireless standards (802.11ac/n) and similar band capabilities.

What are the LED indicator meanings?

The LEDs indicate: Power (solid green = on), WLAN (blinking = transmitting data), LAN (solid when Ethernet is connected), and WPS (flashes during WPS pairing). Refer to the manual for detailed troubleshooting.

USER MANUAL Tracer 5045 Adtran

Any brand names and product names included in this manual are trademarks, registered trademarks, or trade names of their respective holders.

TRACER ^® is a registered trademark of ADTRAN, Inc.

To the Holder of the Manual

The contents of this manual are current as of the date of publication. ADTRAN reserves the right to change the contents without prior notice.

In no event will ADTRAN be liable for any special, incidental, or consequential damages or for commercial losses even if ADTRAN has been advised thereof as a result of issue of this publication.

About this Manual

This manual provides a complete description of the TRACER 5045 system and system software. The purpose of this manual is to provide the technician, system administrator, and manager with general and specific information related to the planning, installation, operation, and maintenance of the TRACER 5045. This manual is arranged so that needed information can be quickly and easily found.

901 Explorer Boulevard

P.O. Box 140000

Huntsville, AL 35814-4000

Phone: [phone]

© 2003 ADTRAN, Inc.

All Rights Reserved.

Printed in U.S.A.

Revision History

Document Revision	Date Description of Changes
A March	2003 Initial release of manual.

Notes provide additional useful information.

Cautions signify information that could prevent service interruption.

Warnings provide information that could prevent damage to the equipment or endangerment to human life.

Safety Instructions

When using your telephone equipment, please follow these basic safety precautions to reduce the risk of fire, electrical shock, or personal injury:

1. Do not use this product near water, such as a bathtub, wash bowl, kitchen sink, laundry tub, in a wet basement, or near a swimming pool.
2. Avoid using a telephone (other than a cordless-type) during an electrical storm. There is a remote risk of shock from lightning.
3. Do not use the telephone to report a gas leak in the vicinity of the leak.
4. Use only the power cord, power supply, and/or batteries indicated in the manual. Do not dispose of batteries in a fire. They may explode. Check with local codes for special disposal instructions.

Save These Important Safety Instructions

FCC-Required Information

Federal Communications Commission Radio Frequency Interference Statement

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio frequencies. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.

Shielded cables must be used with this unit to ensure compliance with Class A FCC limits.

WARNING

Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.

Radio Frequency Interface Statement

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for an intentional radiator, pursuant to Part 15, Subpart C of the FCC Rules. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy. If not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, it may cause interference to radio communications.

The limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference in a residential situation. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment on and off, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:

- Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna of the affected radio or television.

- Increase the separation between the equipment and the affected receiver.

- Connect the equipment and the affected receiver to power outlets on separate circuits.

- Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.

WARNING

Changes or modifications not expressly approved by ADTRAN could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.

FCC Output Power Restrictions

The FCC does not require licensing to implement this device. License-free operation in the industrial, scientific, and medical band is documented in FCC Rules Part 15.247. It is the responsibility of the individuals designing and implementing the radio system to assure compliance with any pertinent FCC Rules and Regulations. This device must be professionally installed.

Exposure to Radio Frequency Fields

The TRACER 5045 is designed to operate at 5.8 GHz with 100 mW maximum transmit power.

This level of RF energy is below the Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) levels specified in FCC OET 65:97-01. The installation of high gain antenna equipment in the system configuration may create the opportunity for exposure to levels higher than recommended for the general population at a distance less than 15 feet (4.6 meter) from the center of the antenna. The following precautions must be taken during installation of this equipment:

• The installed antenna must not be located in a manner that allows exposure of the general population to the direct beam path of the antenna at a distance less than 15 feet (4.6 meters). Installation on towers, masts, or rooftops not accessible to the general population is recommended; or
• Mount the antenna in a manner that prevents any personnel from entering the area within 15 feet (4.6 meter) from the front of the antenna.
• It is recommended that the installer place radio frequency hazard warnings signs on the barrier that prevents access to the antenna.
• Prior to installing the antenna to the TRACER 5045 output, make sure the power is adjusted to the settings specified in section 2 of this manual.
• During antenna installation, be sure that power to the TRACER equipment is turned off in order to prevent any energy presence on the coaxial connector.
• During installation and alignment of the antenna, do not stand in front of the antenna assembly.
• During installation and alignment of the antenna, do not handle or touch the front of the antenna.

These simple precautions must be taken to prevent general population and installation personnel from exposure to RF energy in excess of specified MPE levels.

Warranty and Customer Service

ADTRAN will replace or repair this product within the warranty period if it does not meet its published specifications or fails while in service. Warranty information can be found at www.adtran.com/warranty.

Customer Service, Product Support Information, and Training

ADTRAN will replace or repair this product within the warranty period if it does not meet its published specifications or fails while in service. Warranty information can be found at www.adtran.com/warranty.

A return material authorization (RMA) is required prior to returning equipment to ADTRAN. For service, RMA requests, training, or more information, use the contact information given below.

Repair and Return

If you determine that a repair is needed, please contact our Customer and Product Service (CaPS) department to have an RMA number issued. CaPS should also be contacted to obtain information regarding equipment currently in house or possible fees associated with repair.

CaPS Department [phone]

Identify the RMA number clearly on the package (below address), and return to the following address:

ADTRAN Customer and Product Service

901 Explorer Blvd. (East Tower)

Huntsville, Alabama 35806

RMA # ____

Pre-Sales Inquiries and Applications Support

Your reseller should serve as the first point of contact for support. If additional pre-sales support is needed, the ADTRAN Support web site provides a variety of support services such as a searchable knowledge base, latest product documentation, application briefs, case studies, and a link to submit a question to an Applications Engineer. All of this, and more, is available at:

http://support.adtran.com

When needed, further pre-sales assistance is available by calling our Applications Engineering Department.

Applications Engineering [phone]

Post-Sale Support

Your reseller should serve as the first point of contact for support. If additional support is needed, the ADTRAN Support web site provides a variety of support services such as a searchable knowledge base, updated firmware releases, latest product documentation, service request ticket generation and trouble-shooting tools. All of this, and more, is available at:

http://support.adtran.com

When needed, further post-sales assistance is available by calling our Technical Support Center. Please have your unit serial number available when you call.

Technical Support (888) 4ADTRAN

Installation and Maintenance Support

The ADTRAN Custom Extended Services (ACES) program offers multiple types and levels of installation and maintenance services which allow you to choose the kind of assistance you need. This support is available at:

http://www.adtran.com/aces

For questions, call the ACES Help Desk.

ACES Help Desk (888) 874-ACES (2237)

Training

The Enterprise Network (EN) Technical Training Department offers training on our most popular products. These courses include overviews on product features and functions while covering applications of ADTRAN's product lines. ADTRAN provides a variety of training options, including customized training and courses taught at our facilities or at your site. For more information about training, please contact your Territory Manager or the Enterprise Training Coordinator.

Training Phone [phone], ext. 7500

Training Fax [phone]

Training Email [e-mail]

Table of Contents

Section 1 System Description ...... 11

This section of ADTRAN's TRACER 5045 System Manual is designed for use by network engineers, planners, and designers for overview information about the TRACER 5045.

Section 2 Microwave Path Engineering Basics .... 13

Explains the basics of analyzing a wireless microwave link or path. The significant parameters are defined, and several recommendations are offered.

Section 3 Engineering Guidelines....25

Provides information to assist network designers with incorporating the TRACER 5045 system into their networks.

Section 4 Network Turnup Procedure....35

Section 5 User Interface Guide .... 39

Provides detailed descriptions of all menu options and configuration parameters available for the TRACER 5045.

Section 6 Troubleshooting Guide .... 51

Provides helpful information for troubleshooting common configuration problems for the TRACER 5045.

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

This section of ADTRAN's TRACER 5045 System Manual is designed for use by network engineers, planners, and designers for overview information about the TRACER 5045.

It contains general information and describes physical and operational concepts, network relationships, provisioning, testing, alarm status, and system monitoring. This section should be used in conjunction with Section 3, Engineering Guidelines, of the system manual.

CONTENTS

System Overview 12

Features and Benefits 12

Configuration and Management 12

Operational 12

Ethernet.... 12

1. SYSTEM OVERVIEW

The ADTRAN TRACER 5045 wireless ethernet switch to transport 10/100BaseT/TX data at 45 Mbps in point-to-point applications for up to 25 miles on a line-of-sight path. As authorized under Part 15.247 of the FCC Rules, the TRACER 5045 operates license-free in the 5.8 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band. The ISM band requires no frequency coordination or licensing of end users.

The TRACER 5045 provides four dual speed 10/100BaseT/TX interfaces that operate with both half and full-duplex capability. Backpressure flow control is provided for full-duplex communication. Each port is 802.3 and 802.3u compliant.

For configuration and testing, the TRACER 5045 provides the capability to control the remote system through a separate maintenance channel. Complete configuration and performance data is available through menus accessed using a standard RS-232 terminal interface.

2. FEATURES AND BENEFITS

The following is a brief list of the TRACER 5045 features and benefits:

Configuration and Management

• Easy to use VT100 control port (RS-232 interface) for configuration and monitoring
• Remote configuration of both ends of the wireless link, from each end of the link

Operational

• Four port Layer 2 ethernet switch and MAC bridging
• No license required per FCC Rules Part 15.247
  • Frequency: 5.725 to 5.850 GHz
• Point-to-point, up to 25 miles
  • 1-U high unit for easy rack-mounting

Ethernet

• Four 10BaseT/100BaseTX interfaces
• IEEE 802.3 and 802.3u compliant
• Backpressure flow control provided on all full-duplex interfaces

MICROWAVE PATH ENGINEERING BASICS

Explains the basics of analyzing a wireless microwave link or path. The significant parameters are defined, and several recommendations are offered.

CONTENTS

Line-of-Site 15

Terminology 15

Decibels 15

Calculating the Fade Margin 15

Receiver Power 16

Antenna Gain 17

Transmitted Power (PT) 17

Carrier Wavelength (I).... 18

System Losses (L) 18

Path Loss (LP) 19

Receiver Sensitivity 20

Antenna Information 20

Antenna Alignment 20

TRACER RSSI Test Points 21

Antenna Beam Patterns 21

Fresnel Zones, Earth Curvature, & Antenna Heights 21

Other Considerations 23

Path Availability.... 23

FIGURES

Figure 1. Example Microwave Path with Parameters ..... 17

Figure 2. Typical Antenna Beam Pattern 21

TABLES

Table 1. Antenna Gain for Given Dish Diameters ..... 17

Table 2. Typical Coaxial Loss for Common Cable Types ..... 19

Table 3. Path Loss for Given Path Lengths ..... 20

Table 4. Minimum Antenna Height for Given Path Lengths ..... 22

1. LINE-OF-SITE

The TRACER 5045 system is designed for operation in the license-free 5.725 GHz to 5.850 GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band. Radio wave propagation in this band exhibits microwave characteristics which are ideally suited for point-to-point, line-of-sight communications. Line-of-Sight requires that the transmitting antenna and receiving antenna are able to “see” each other, and that the straight-line path between the two antennas is free of obstructions, such as buildings, trees, mountains, and, in longer paths, even the curvature of the earth. In addition, for maximum signal strength the area around the visual line-of-sight where microwave signals reflect (Fresnel zone) must also be free of obstructions. Fresnel zones are discussed in more detail on page 21.

Terminology

Point-to-Point Wireless communication from a single site to another individual site. Contrast with point-to-multipoint.

Line-of-Sight An unobstructed, direct path exists between the transmitting and the receiving antennas.

2. DECIBELS

Understanding the decibel (dB) format is key when discussing microwave path engineering because the received signal power is often expressed in decibel format. In general, any quantity can be expressed in decibels. If the quantity x is a power level (in Watts), the decibel equivalent is defined as

x _ dB = 1 0 _ 1 0 x () dB

If the quantity x is referenced to a milliwatt (mW), then the decibel-milliwatt (dBm) is used instead of a generic decibel.

x _ dBm = 1 0 _ 1 0 (x/1 mW) (dBm)

Using the decibel format simplifies power calculations by reducing multiplication and division operations into addition and subtraction operations.

3. CALCULATING THE FADE MARGIN

It is imperative to determine if the proposed microwave path is suitable (at a minimum) for ideal, nondistorted signals before attempting installation.

The fade margin (F) is a value indicating the amount of extra signal power available to the receiver to operate at a maximum bit error rate (BER). Fade margin is simply the difference between the available signal power at the receiver (P_R) and the receiver sensitivity (P_sens) .

F P _ R - P _ sens dB

Higher levels of fade margin indicate stronger protection against signal fading and a more reliable link. For most applications, 20 to 30 dB of fade margin should ensure a reliable link.

The following sections further discuss the necessary power calculations and their components.

4. RECEIVER POWER

The viability of a particular microwave path is determined by the power of the transmitted microwave signal, the transmit and receive antenna gain, distance, and accumulated system losses (such as RF coaxial cable losses and path loss).

The equation relating received signal power to the other microwave parameters is

P _ R P _ T G _ T G _ R λ^ 2(4 π) ^ 2 d ^ 2 L = ( Watts, W )

or (in decibel notation)

P _ R = P _ T + G _ T + G _ R - L - L _ P ( decibels referenced to a milliwatt, dBm )

where the variables in the equations are defined as

P_R received power (dBm)

P_T transmitted power (adjustable up to 20 dBm maximum)

G_T transmit antenna gain (decibels referenced to an isotropic source – dBi)

G_R receive antenna gain (dBi)

λ carrier wavelength (meters)

d path distance (meters)

L other losses (RF coaxial cable, etc. - dB)

L_P path loss (dB)

When using decibel notation, all quantities must be individually converted to decibels prior to performing addition and subtraction.

Figure 1 on page 17 illustrates a wireless link configuration containing all the parameters necessary for the power budget analysis.

Figure 1. Example Microwave Path with Parameters

The following sections further discuss the power budget analysis and its components.

Antenna Gain

Actual transmit and receive antenna gain values depend strictly upon the physical characteristics of the antennas installed for each link. In other words, the size of the dish determines the antenna gain. Using a parabolic dish antenna results in the best performance. Antenna gains are specified in terms of decibels of gain referenced to an isotropic source (dBi). An isotropic source is a hypothetical antenna having equal radiation in all directions. Typical antenna gains are listed in Table 1; however, dish manufacturers can provide gains for specific types of antennas.

Table 1. Antenna Gain for Given Dish Diameters

Dish Diameter (in feet)	Gain at 5.8 GHz (in dBi)
2	2	8	.	5
4	3	4	.	2
6	3	7	.	5
8	4	0	.	7
10 42.5
12 44.2

Transmitted Power (P_T)

The FCC specifies the maximum transmitter power used for antennae of a given gain. FCC Rules Part 15, Subpart 247 allow for a maximum power of 1 Watt (30 dBm) into antennae of a gain less than or equal to 6 dBi. Since the TRACER 5045 maximum transmit power is 100 milliwatts, there is no reduction in transmitter output power required for antennae gains greater than 6 dBi.

Carrier Wavelength ( λ )

The carrier wavelength is the physical wavelength of the main RF carrier being used for communication, and is usually approximated at the center frequency of the band (which is 5787.5 MHz for the TRACER 5045). The carrier wavelength calculations follow:

λ = c / f ( meters )

where

c = speed of light (in meters) f = frequency (in Hz)

resulting in the following carrier wavelength:

λ = 3. 0 0 × 1 0 ^ - 8 / 5 7 8 7. 5 × 1 0 ^ 5

= 0. 0 5 1 8 mor 5. 1 8 cm

Path Distance (d)

The path distance is simply the physical distance between the transmit and receive antennas. For the TRACER 5045, these distances can range up to 30 miles.

System Losses (L)

System losses are defined by RF coaxial cable loss, connector losses, and losses added from any additional lightning protection devices for the power budget analysis. Coaxial cable is required to attach the TRACER 5045 to the antenna. The length of the cable varies from a few feet to several feet, depending upon your application and the proximity of the TRACER 5045 to the antenna. Various grades of coaxial cable will work sufficiently well for connecting the TRACER 5045 unit to the antenna. A low-loss coaxial cable will minimize cable losses.

One end of the coaxial cable requires an N-type male connector (plug) to mate with the TRACER 5045 unit. The other end of the coaxial cable requires a connector compatible with the antenna chosen for the installation (usually an N-type male connector). Additionally, ADTRAN recommends that the outdoor connector on the coaxial cable be weatherproofed to prevent corrosion and electrical shorting.

WARNING

In areas where lightning strikes are frequent, a lightning arrestor should be installed directly on the antenna coaxial cable. Installing lightning arrestors helps protect the RF electronics in the downstream path from damaging voltages and currents (including the TRACER 5045 unit).

Table 2 gives typical loss figures for some of the more common coaxial cable types (per 100 feet).

Table 2. Typical Coaxial Loss for Common Cable Types

Cable Type	5.8 GHz Loss/100 ft.(in dB)
RG58 N/A
RG8 (air) N/A
RG8 (foam) N/A
1/4” Coax 11.36
3/8” Coax 9.65
1/2” Coax 6.49
5/8” Coax 4.90
7/8” Coax	N/A
1 1/4” Coax N/A
1 5/8” Coax N/A
5.8 GHz Elliptical Waveguide	1.23

Path Loss ( L_P )

Path loss is the estimated attenuation between the transmit and receive antennas caused by signal separation and scattering. The path loss is considered basic transmission loss over the microwave link. The following expression calculates path loss:

L _ P = (4 πd/λ) ^ 2 = (4 πdf/c) ^ 2 (dB)

where

f carrier frequency (Hz)

λ carrier wavelength (c / f) (meters)

d path distance (meters)

c speed of light, free-space (meters)

or

L _ P = 9 6. 6 + 2 0 · _ 1 0 (d) + 2 0 · _ 1 0 (f) (dB)

where d is expressed in miles and f in GHz

Path loss, as shown here, increases rapidly as either the path length increases or the carrier wavelength decreases (which happens as the carrier frequency increases). Therefore, longer microwave paths naturally experience more path loss than shorter paths. Likewise, higher frequency microwave communication experiences more path loss than lower frequency microwave communication.

Table 3 lists path loss values for various path lengths for the TRACER 5045 5.8 GHz system. Values not listed in the table can be interpolated from those listed.

Table 3. Path Loss for Given Path Lengths

Path Length (miles)	Path Loss (dB)
1	112
2	118
3	121
4	124
5	126
10 132
15 135
20 138
25 140
30 141
35 143

5. RECEIVER SENSITIVITY

Receiver sensitivity is a value expressed in decibels referenced to one milliwatt (dBm) that corresponds to the minimum amount of signal power needed at the receiver to achieve a given bit error rate (BER). Receiver sensitivity is usually a negative number of decibels and smaller receiver sensitivity (higher quantity negative number) is better for a given BER. Several factors affect receiver sensitivity including the data bandwidth of the wireless link, and the amount of additional signal degradation introduced in the receiver electronics. The receiver sensitivity of the TRACER 5045 is -78 dBm at 10^-6 BER.

Should an interferer be present nearby, three software selectable bandplans are provided for frequency agility. Changing the TRACER 5045 bandplan does not require additional components, or opening of the radio. See TRACER System Configuration > RF Bandplan on page 47 for additional details.

6. ANTENNA INFORMATION

The overall wireless system is directly affected by the antenna selection and installation. The following sections discuss several factors concerning antenna selection and installation.

Antenna Alignment

With line-of-sight microwave communications, optimum system performance requires that the transmitting and receiving antennas are properly aligned. This ensures maximum received signal power at each receiver. Antenna alignment must be achieved in both azimuth (along a horizontal plane) and elevation (along a vertical plane). A received signal strength indicator (RSSI) aids the equipment installer in determining when alignment is maximized by simply ensuring maximum RSSI.

TRACER RSSI Test Points

The RSSI indicator for the TRACER 5045 system is provided through the VT100 terminal menus accessed through the RS-232 interface, and it is presented as a series of bars indicating signal strength. More bars means more RSSI, which ensures more received signal strength and better link performance.

If the local system has acquired a useful signal from the remote system, then the remote TRACER 5045 RSSI can be viewed from the local TRACER 5045 VT100 terminal menu interface.

An RSSI test point, located on the front panel, represents the voltage (relative to the GND test point) of a relative signal level of receive strength from the far end. The voltage at this test point can vary from approximately 0 to greater than 4 Volts DC, with 0 Volts corresponding to no signal and 4 Volts or better to full signal strength.

Antenna Beam Patterns

Directly related to the subject of antenna alignment is the topic of antenna beam patterns. Antennas used with the TRACER 5045 system have a particular beam shape determined in part by the physical construction and geometry of the antenna. The antenna beam patterns are characterized by a dominant main lobe, which is the preferred lobe to use for point-to-point communications, and several side lobes, as shown in Figure 1. When setting up a microwave link, antenna alignment is nothing more than steering the main lobes of both antennas until the main lobe of one transmitter is centered on the receiving element of the receiving antenna.

Figure 2. Typical Antenna Beam Pattern

Antennas are also designed to radiate RF energy efficiently for a specific range of frequencies. Please consult the data sheet for your particular antenna make and model to ensure that it is specified to operate in the 5725 MHz to 5850 MHz frequency band for the TRACER 5045 system.

Fresnel Zones, Earth Curvature, & Antenna Heights

Fresnel zones correspond to regions in the microwave path where reflections of the intended signal occur and combine in both constructive and destructive manners with the main signal, thereby either enhancing or reducing the net power at the receiver.

In general, the odd numbered Fresnel zones (1, 3, 5, ...) add constructively at the receiver, while the even numbered Fresnel zones (2, 4, 6, ...) add destructively at the receiver.

The first Fresnel zone corresponds to the main lobe, 60% of which must be free of physical obstructions for the path calculations to be valid. Since the main lobe contains the vast majority of the microwave energy, this zone is typically used to determine proper antenna heights when placing antennas on towers or buildings.

The curvature of the Earth becomes a legitimate obstruction for path lengths of 7 miles or greater, and must also be accounted for when determining minimum antenna heights.

The aggregate expression for minimum antenna height that incorporates both the 60% first Fresnel zone and the Earth's curvature is given by

h = 7 √ 2 d/4 f +. 0. 1 2 5 d ^ 2 ( feet )

where f is in GHz and d is in miles.

Table 4 tabulates minimum antenna heights for given path lengths.

Table 4. Minimum Antenna Height for Given Path Lengths

Path Length (miles)	Min. Antenna Height (ft)
2	22
4	32
6	41
8	50
10 60
14 81
16 92
18 104
20 117
22 131
24 145
26 161
28 177
30 194
32 213
34 232
36 252

7. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

Path Availability

The path availability of a wireless link is a metric that expresses the fractional amount of time a link is available over some fixed amount of time, and depends on several factors. Path availability is expressed as

A = [1 - (2.5 × 10^-6)abfd³(10^{-F / 10}) ] × 100% (%)

where the parameters are

a terrain factor
b climate factor
f carrier frequency (GHz)
d path length (miles)
F fade margin (dB)

Terrain Factor (a)

The terrain factor is a quantity that compensates the link availability for different types of terrain. Generally speaking, the more smooth an area's terrain is, the less availability a wireless link running over that terrain will have, primarily due to multipath reflections. In contrast, secondary microwave signals will be randomly dispersed over rough terrain, and will not interfere with the main signal lobe as badly as in the smooth terrain case. The terrain factor values normally used are listed below:

Terrain Terrain Factor Description
Smooth 4 water, flat desert
Average 1 moderate roughness
Mountainous	1/4	very rough, mountainous

Climate Factor (b)

The climate factor is a quantity that compensates the link availability for different types of climates (weather). In general, microwave links operating in areas with high humidity will have less availability than those in arid areas, primarily because water is a dispersive mechanism to microwave energy, and causes the main signal lobe to refract and disperse away from the receiver location. The climate factor values normally used are listed below:

Climate	Climate Factor	Description
Very Dry	1/8	desert regions
Temperate 1/4	mainland, interior region
Humid	1/2	humid and coastal regions

ENGINEERING GUIDELINES

Provides information to assist network designers with incorporating the TRACER 5045 system into their networks.

CONTENTS

Equipment Dimensions 26

Power Requirements 26

Reviewing the Front Panel Design 26

RSSI Monitoring Interface 26

Front Panel LEDs 26

Reviewing the TRACER 5045 Rear Panel Design 27

RS-232 Connection (DB-25) — Terminal Use 28

RS-232 Connection (Modem Use) 29

10/100BaseT/TX Connections (RJ-48C).... 30

Alarm Contacts (Plug-In Terminal Block) 30

DC Power Connection (Plug-In Terminal Block).... 31

Fuse 31

Antenna Interface (N-Type connector) 31

At-A-Glance Specifications 31

FIGURES

Figure 1. TRACER 5045 Front Panel Layout 26

Figure 2. TRACER 5045 Rear Panel 27

TABLES

Table 1. TRACER 5045 Front Panel Description 26

Table 2. TRACER 5045 LEDs 27

Table 1. Rear Panel Description .....28

Table 2. RS-232 Connection Pinout 28

Table 3. TRACER 5045 (DCE) to Terminal (DTE) Diagram (DB-25) ..... 29

Table 4. TRACER 5045 (DCE) to Personal Computer (DB-9) 29

Table 5. TRACER 5045 (DCE) to Modem (DCE - DB-25) 30

Table 6. 10/100BaseT/Tx Interface Pinout 30

Table 7. Alarm Contact Connector Pinout ..... 31

Table 8. DC Power Connector Pinout ..... 31

Table 9. At-A-Glance Specifications ..... 32

1. EQUIPMENT DIMENSIONS

The TRACER 5045 unit is 17.22" W, 9.34" D, and 1.72" H, weighs 7 lbs, and can be used in rack-mount configurations.

2. POWER REQUIREMENTS

The TRACER 5045 system has a maximum power consumption of 23 Watts and a maximum current draw of 1.1 Amps (at 21 VDC).

3. REVIEWING THE FRONT PANEL DESIGN

The front panel contains RSSI monitoring interface, a GND interface for reference with RSSI, and status LEDs to provide visual information about the TRACER 5045 system. Figure 1 identifies the various bantam interfaces and the LEDs.

Figure 1. TRACER 5045 Front Panel Layout

RSSI Monitoring Interface

The RSSI voltage is a function of the signal strength at the receiver and is used to measure the received signal strength. RSSI varies approximately from 0 to greater than 4 Volts (V), with 0V corresponding to a weaker received signal and 4V or better corresponding to a stronger received signal.

The voltage level present at the RSSI test point represents only a relative signal level of receive strength from the far end. No direct correlation can be made between RSSI voltage levels and actual receive levels in dBm. This test point is provided to assess relative signal level for alignment of antennas.

Front Panel LEDs

With the TRACER 5045 powered-on, the front panel LEDs provide visual information about the status of the TRACER 5045 system. Table 1 provides a brief description of the front panel features, and Table 2 on page 27 provides detailed information about the LEDs.

Table 1. TRACER 5045 Front Panel Description

Feature Description
RSSI Interface DC voltage indicating strength of the received signal at the antenna
GND Interface	Ground reference for the RSSI interface
Status LEDs Status information about the system

Table 2. TRACER 5045 LEDs

For these LEDs...	This color light... Indicates that...
PWR	Green (solid) the TRACER 5045 is connected to a power source.
	Off the TRACER 5045 is not currently powered up.
TST Amber (solid) there is an active test being performed by the system.
LAN (1-4)	Green there is a valid 10/100BaseT/TX link.
	Amber (blinks with activity)	there is data activity (transmit or receive data) on the 10/100BaseT/TX LAN interface.
WAN	Green there is a valid wireless link.
	Amber (blinks with activity)	there is data activity (transmit or receive data) over the wireless link.
PLAN A	Green (solid) the TRACER 5045 is transmitting on Frequency Plan A.
	Off the TRACER 5045 is not transmitting on Frequency Plan A.
PLAN B	Green (solid) the TRACER 5045 is transmitting on Frequency Plan B.
	Off the TRACER 5045 is not transmitting on Frequency Plan B.
RF LOW Red (solid)		the RSSI level is below suggested minimum threshold (approximately 10 dBm above the minimum receive sensitivity).
RF DOWN	Red (solid)	there is a communication problem between the local and remote TRACER 5045 systems.

4. REVIEWING THE TRACER 5045 REAR PANEL DESIGN

Figure 2 identifies the various features of the TRACER 5045 rear panel and Table 1 on page 26 provides a brief description of each interface.

Figure 2. TRACER 5045 Rear Panel

Table 1. Rear Panel Description ¹
Name Connector Description

A	RS-232 DB-25 (female)		VT100 terminal (or PC with terminal emulation software) connection
B	Test	1/4" bantam	Factory test connection
C	10/100BaseT/TX	RJ-48C	10/100BaseT/TX Ethernet interfaces for LAN connections.
D	Alarm	Terminal block	External alarm monitoring system connection
E	DC Power	Terminal block	21-60 VDC power source connection
F	Fuse	N/A	2 A, 250 V, 2 inch slow-blo fuse
G	Antenna	N-Type	Antenna feedline cable connection
H	Ground Lug	N/A	Earth ground connection

1 Detailed discussions (including pinouts) of rear panel components (where applicable) follow the table.

RS-232 Connection (DB-25) — Terminal Use

The RS-232 connector provides a female DB-25 terminal connection (wired as a DCE interface), which is used for terminal access to the TRACER 5045 system. The RS-232 port provides the following functions:

• Accepts EIA-232 input from a PC or terminal for controlling the TRACER 5045 system
• Operates at 9600 bps

Table 2 on page 28 shows the pinout. Wiring diagrams for connecting to the RS-232 connector (for various applications) are provided following the pinout.
Table 2. RS-232 Connection Pinout

PIN	NAME	DESCRIPTION
1, 7	GND	Ground
2	TX	Transmit
3	RX	Receive
4	RTS	Request To Send
5	CTS	Clear To Send
6	DSR	Data Set Ready (Modem Control Only)
8	CD	Carrier Detect
9-19	—	Unused
20	DTR	Data Terminal Ready (Modem Control Only)
21	—	Unused
22	RI	Ring Indicator
23-25	—	Unused

Table 3. TRACER 5045 (DCE) to Terminal (DTE) Diagram (DB-25)
PIN NAME PIN NAME

2 TX 2 TX
3 RX 3 RX
4 RTS		RTS
5 CTS		CTS
6	DSR	6	DSR
7	GND	7	GND

Table 4. TRACER 5045 (DCE) to Personal Computer (DB-9)

PIN NAME PIN NAME

2 TX 2 TX	←→
3 RX 3 RX	←→
4 RTS	←→7	RTS
5 CTS	←→8	CTS
6 DSR	←→	6	DSR
7 GND	←→	5	GND

RS-232 Connection (Modem Use)

Modem controls, discussed in Section 5, User Interface Guide, enable or disable modem control through the RS-232 interface. When this option is enabled from a standard terminal connection, all RS-232 communications cease until a modem with a null modem adapter is attached between the TRACER 5045 and the data modem. Configure the data modem for AUTO ANSWER and 9600 BPS. When the user connects via the modem to the TRACER 5045 unit, communications via the RS-232 port resume. If a user accidentally enables modem control from a terminal and disrupts the RS-232 communication, pressing three times will temporarily disable the modem control option (until the system is reset) and will access the system configuration to disable modem control.

The TRACER 5045 must be interfaced to a modem via an RS-232 null modem adapter or cable. The null modem converts Clear To Send (CTS) and Data Set Ready (DSR) into Ready To Send (RTS) and Data Terminal Ready (DTR), respectively. These signals indicate (to most modems) that a valid DTE terminal device is present. The null modem interface must route Carrier Detect (CD) on pin 8 directly from the modem. When using the RS-232 interface for modem control, the modem must source CD only when actually connected to a carrier.

When MODEM CONNECTION is selected in the menu system, the TRACER 5045 will de-assert DTR and DSR for a time greater than 20 msec. The null modem consequently drops DTR and RTS at the modem interface, signaling the modem to hang up the line. If password functionality is enabled in the TRACER 5045, selecting MODEM CONNECTION resets the TRACER 5045 to the password entry screen.

Hangup-on-DTR-drop may need to be explicitly enabled on some modems.

Table 5 contains the wiring diagram needed for connecting the TRACER 5045 RS-232 interface to a modem using the null modem adapter.

The null modem interface must route Carrier Detect (CD) on pin 8 directly from the modem. When using the RS-232 interface for modem control, the modem must source CD only when actually connected to a carrier.

Table 5. TRACER 5045 (DCE) to Modem (DCE - DB-25)
PIN NAME PIN NAME

2 TX 3 RX
3 RX 2 TX
4	RTS	←→	5	CTS
5	CTS	←→	4	RTS
6	DSR	←→	20	DTR
7	GND	←→	7	GND
8	CD 8	←CD→

10/100BaseT/TX Connections (RJ-48C)

The physical Ethernet interfaces are provided by four RJ-48C jacks that deliver 10/100BaseT/TX interfaces for LAN connectivity. Each port has a green LINK LED to indicate a valid link and an amber ACT LED that blinks with data activity on the interface.

Table 6. 10/100BaseT/Tx Interface Pinout

PIN	NAME	DESCRIPTION
1	TX1	Transmit positive
2	TX2	Transmit negative
3	RX1	Receive positive
4,5	—	Unused
6	RX2	Receive negative
7, 8	—	Unused

Alarm Contacts (Plug-In Terminal Block)

Normally open (NO) and normally closed (NC) alarm contacts are provided on the rear panel of the TRACER 5045 system. In normal operation, the NC contact is electrically connected to the common contact (COM) and the NO contact is isolated. During an alarm condition, the NC contact becomes isolated and the NO is electrically connected to COM. This allows alarm conditions to be reported to external alarm monitoring systems.

Table 7. Alarm Contact Connector Pinout

PIN NAME DESCRIPTION
1 COM	Common Contact
2 NO	Normally-Open Contact
3 NC	Normally-Closed Contact

DC Power Connection (Plug-In Terminal Block)

The TRACER 5045 can operate from a supply between 21 and 60 VDC, with either polarity referenced to ground, and consumes less than 23 Watts (W). Power supplies should be able to provide up to 24 W at the selected voltage. Current required (in Amps) is determined by dividing the power consumed (in Watts) by the applied voltage (in Volts). For example, at 48 V, TRACER 5045 would draw approximately 0.48 A (23 W/48 V).

The + terminal of the DC power connection must be connected to the most positive voltage rail, while the - terminal must be connected to the most negative voltage rail. For example, a +24 V source should be delivered to the TRACER 5045 by connecting +24 V to the + terminal of the TRACER 5045 power terminal block and ground (the most negative voltage) to the TRACER 5045 - terminal. Alternately, a -48V supply should be delivered to the TRACER 5045 by connecting ground (the most positive voltage) to the + terminal of the TRACER 5045 power terminal block and -48 V to the - terminal.

WARNING

If the power supply voltages are incorrectly connected to the TRACER 5045 system, the fuse will blow.

Table 8. DC Power Connector Example Pinout

PIN	NAME	+ Voltage	- Voltage
1	+	+ Voltage	Ground (GND)
2	-	Ground (GND)	- Voltage

Fuse

The fuse holder, accessible from the rear panel of the TRACER 5045, accepts a generic 2 A, 250 V, 2-inch slow-blo fuse.

Antenna Interface (N-Type connector)

The ANTENNA interface (N-Type connector) connects to the customer-supplied antenna using standard antenna feedline cable. When determining the cable specifications for your application, refer to Section 2, Microwave Path Engineering Basics (System Losses (L) on page 18) for a discussion on cable length and loss factors.

5. AT-A-GLANCE SPECIFICATIONS

Table 9 on page 32 contains a list of specifications for the TRACER 5045 system.

Table 9. At-A-Glance Specifications

Hardware Description Specification
Transmitter
	Output Power +20 dBm, max
	Frequency Range 5725 to 5850 MHz
Receiver
	Receive Level, Minimum -78 dBm
	Receive Level, Maximum -30 dBm
	Receive Level, Nominal -55 dBm
Frequency Plan
	Plan A Tx 5.747 GHz, Rx 5.827 GHz
	Plan B Tx 5.827 GHz, Rx 5.747 GHz
10/100BaseT/TX Interfaces
	Connection four RJ-48C jacks with auto MDI/MDIX crossover
	Flow Control backpressure flow control on all full-duplex interfaces
User Interface
	Panel Alarm LEDs
	Diagnostics	RF link diagnostics and error history, transmit and receive packets history
	Test Points	RSSI
	Alarms	Normally Open (NO) and Normally Closed (NC)
	VT100 Terminal	Menu Driven User Interface, Control of the Remote End, Optional Password Protection, Event History, Ethernet Statistics
VT100 Terminal Interface
	Data Rate	9600 bps
	Data Bits	8
	Parity None
	Stop Bits	1
	Terminal Emulation	VT100
Mechanical and Environmental
	Operating Temperature	-25°C to 65°C
	Size	17.22"W x 9.34"D x 1.72"H
	Humidity	95%, Non-condensing
	Weight	7 lbs
Power
	Input Voltage 21 to 60 VDC, either polarity referenced to ground
	Power Consumption < 23 Watts	-
	Connector 2 pin terminal block (DC)
	Fuse 2 A, 250 V slow-blo fuse (2-inch)

NETWORK TURNUP PROCEDURE

CONTENTS

Introduction 36

Tools Required 36

Unpack and Inspect the System 36

Contents of ADTRAN Shipment 36

Customer Provides 36

Channel Selection 37

Grounding Instructions 37

Supplying Power to the Unit 38

Mounting Options 38

Connecting the Ethernet Interfaces 38

FIGURES

Figure 1. 5.8 GHz Bandwidth Division.... 37

1. INTRODUCTION

This section discusses the installation process of the TRACER 5045 system.

Changes or modifications not expressly approved by ADTRAN could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.

2. TOOLS REQUIRED

The tools required for the installation of the TRACER 5045 are:

• VT100 terminal or PC with terminal emulation software
  • RS-232 (DB-25 male for TRACER 5045) cable for connecting to terminal

To prevent electrical shock, do not install equipment in a wet location or during a lightning storm.

3. UNPACK AND INSPECT THE SYSTEM

Each TRACER 5045 is shipped in its own cardboard shipping carton. Open each carton carefully and avoid deep penetration into the carton with sharp objects.

After unpacking the unit, inspect it for possible shipping damage. If the equipment has been damaged in transit, immediately file a claim with the carrier, then contact ADTRAN Customer Service (see Customer Service, Product Support Information, and Training information in the front of this manual).

Contents of ADTRAN Shipment

Your ADTRAN shipment includes the following items:

• TRACER 5045 Unit
• TRACER 5045 Quick Start Guide
• TRACER 5045 Documentation CD

Customer Provides

The following items are necessary for the installation of the TRACER 5045 system and are not provided by ADTRAN:

• 21 to 60 VDC power source (or AC adapter available from ADTRAN P/N 1280650L1), either polarity referenced to ground
• Antenna and mounting hardware
• Antenna feedline cable
• Ethernet cables

4. CHANNEL SELECTION

The FCC has allocated 125MHz of spectrum in the 5.8 GHz band where the TRACER 5045 operates. Figure 1 illustrates the bandwidth division.

Figure 1. 5.8 GHz Bandwidth Division

To designate the utilization of the ISM bandwidth, there are two different channel plans, labeled A and B. The letter of each channel plan setting is preset by the factory and refers to the physical configuration of the diplexer filter inside the chassis. The channel plan (A or B) refers to which half of the band the radio transmits in. For example, a Plan A radio will transmit in Channel A and receive in Channel B. A Plan B radio will transmit in channel B and receive in Channel A. The transmitter at one end of the link must transmit in the lower portion of the spectrum and receive in the upper portion. Consequently, the receiver at the other end must receive in the lower portion and transmit in the upper portion.

The letter of the channel plan (A or B) must be different on both ends. Shipment of a link will consist of one Plan A and Plan B unit. The channel plan of the unit may be changed in the field, if necessary, by rewiring the internal diplexer. Contact ADTRAN Technical Support for more information on this procedure.

5. GROUNDING INSTRUCTIONS

The following provides grounding instruction information from the Underwriters' Laboratory UL 60950 Standard for Safety of Information Technology Equipment Including Electrical Business Equipment, of December, 2000.

An equipment grounding conductor that is not smaller in size than the ungrounded branch-circuit supply conductors is to be installed as part of the circuit that supplies the product or system. Bare, covered, or insulated grounding conductors are acceptable. Individually covered or insulated equipment grounding conductors shall have a continuous outer finish that is either green, or green with one or more yellow stripes. The equipment grounding conductor is to be connected to ground at the service equipment.

The attachment-plug receptacles in the vicinity of the product or system are all to be of a grounding type, and the equipment grounding conductors serving these receptacles are to be connected to earth ground at the service equipment.

A supplementary equipment grounding conductor shall be installed between the product or system and ground that is in addition to the equipment grounding conductor in the power supply cord.

The supplementary equipment grounding conductor shall not be smaller in size than the ungrounded branch-circuit supply conductors. The supplementary equipment grounding conductor shall be connected to the product at the terminal provided, and shall be connected to ground in a manner that will retain the ground connection when the product is unplugged from the receptacle. The connection to ground of the supplementary equipment grounding conductor shall be in compliance with the rules for terminating bonding jumpers at Part K or Article 250 of the National Electrical Code, ANSI/NFPA 70. Termination of the supplementary equipment grounding conductor is permitted to be made to building steel, to a metal electrical raceway system, or to any grounded item that is permanently and reliably connected to the electrical service equipment ground.

The supplemental grounding conductor shall be connected to the equipment using a number 8 ring terminal and should be fastened to the grounding lug provided on the rear panel of the equipment. The ring terminal should be installed using the appropriate crimping tool (AMP P/N 59250 T-EAD Crimping Tool or equivalent.)

The supplemental equipment grounding terminal is located on the rear panel of the TRACER 5045.

• This unit shall be installed in accordance with Article 400 and 364.8 of the NEC NFPA 70 when installed outside of a Restricted Access Location (i.e., central office, behind a locked door, service personnel only area).
  • Power to the TRACER 5045 DC system must be from a reliably grounded 21-60 VDC source which is electrically isolated from the AC source.
• The branch circuit overcurrent protection shall be a fuse or circuit breaker rated minimum 60 VDC, maximum 10A.
• A readily accessible disconnect device that is suitably approved and rated shall be incorporated in the field wiring.

6. SUPPLYING POWER TO THE UNIT

The TRACER 5045 can operate from a supply between 21 and 60 VDC, with either polarity referenced to ground. Power supplies should be able to provide up to 24 Watts at the selected voltage. A dual pin terminal plug accepts power at the rear panel of the unit, providing a + and - polarity reference point. Adapters for this plug are available (P/N 1175043L2) and are furnished with the unit and optional power supply (P/N 1280650L1).

7. MOUNTING OPTIONS

Install the TRACER 5045 in a location that requires minimal antenna feedline length (the loss in this cable directly affects overall system performance). The TRACER 5045 is designed to be mounted in a rack. If multiple units are installed in one location, one half inch of spacing is recommended above and below the unit.

8. CONNECTING THE ETHERNET INTERFACES

The physical Ethernet interfaces are provided using four RJ-48C jacks. Ethernet cables are not supplied with your shipment. Connect any standard Ethernet device to one of the switch ports located on the rear of the unit.

USER INTERFACE GUIDE

Provides detailed descriptions of all menu options and configuration parameters available for the TRACER 5045.

This section of ADTRAN's TRACER 5045 System Manual is designed for use by network administrators and others who will configure and provision the system. It contains information about navigating the VT100 user interface, configuration information, and menu descriptions.

CONTENTS

Navigating the Terminal Menu 62

Terminal Menu Window 62

Navigating using the Keyboard Keys 63

Terminal Menu and System Control

Selecting the Appropriate Menu 63

Security Levels 63

Menu Descriptions

Menu 1 64

FIGURES

Figure 1. Top-Level Terminal Menu Window 64

Figure 2. Alternate Menu View 65

Figure 3. System Info Menu 70

Figure 4. System Status Menu 72

Figure 5. System Config Menu 79

Figure 6. System Utility Menu 92

Figure 7. View Selftest Log 97

Figure 8. Modules Menu 102

Figure 9. T1/PRI Loopback Test Diagram.... 109

Figure 10. E1/PRA Network Loopback Test Diagram.... 116

Figure 11. T1/PRI Loopback Test Diagram.... 128

Figure 12. T1/PRI Loopback Test Diagram.... 169

Figure 13. HSSI Interface Loopback Test Diagram.... 171

Figure 14. Packet Manager Menu.... 190

Figure 15. Router Menu (IP Selected).... 218

Figure 16. Dedicated Maps Menu.... 233

Figure 17. Circuit Status Menu 250

Figure 18. Dial Plan Menu.... 253

1. NAVIGATING THE TERMINAL MENU

The TRACER 5045 menu system can be accessed with a VT100 compatible terminal that is connected to the RS-232 port located on the back of the unit and set to 9600 bits per second, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, and no parity. Flow control on the serial interface should be configured to NONE for proper operation. Once a terminal is connected, press to refresh the current screen. If password access has been enabled, the ENTER PASSWORD message displays at the bottom of the TRACER 5045 System Status menu.

All TRACER 5045 systems are shipped factory default with password protection disabled.

Terminal Menu Window

The TRACER 5045 uses a series of menu pages and a single main menu page to access its many features. The main menu page (see Figure 1) provides a link to all available configuration/status pages.

After connecting a VT100 terminal to the TRACER 5045, press <Ctrl+L> to redraw the current screen.

Figure 1. Main Menu Screen

Navigating using the Keyboard Keys

You can use various keystrokes to move through the terminal menu, to manage a terminal menu session, and to configure the system.

Moving Through the Menus

To do this... Press this key...
Move up to select items Up Arrow
Move down to select items Down Arrow
Edit a selected menu item Enter
Scroll through configuration parameters for a menu item Spacebar	Left/Right ArrowsP or N (Prev/Next)
Cancel an edit Escape
Return to Main Menu page M
Access the TRACER 5045 Status page 0
Access the STRACER 5045 System Configuration Menu	1
Display the TRACER 5045 Link Performance History	2
Display the TRACER 5045 Ethernet Switch Status page	3

Session Management Keystrokes

To do this...	Press this key...
Log into a session	Spacebar
Refresh the screen

2. TERMINAL MENU AND SYSTEM CONTROL

Password Protection

The TRACER 5045 provides optional password protection of the terminal interface. If enabled, a password prompt is presented at power-up, reboot, modem logout, or after ten minutes of inactivity on the terminal. The password is enabled and defined via the system configuration menu.

All TRACER 5045 systems are shipped factory default with password protection disabled.

3. MENU DESCRIPTIONS

The remainder of this section describes the TRACER 5045 menus and submenus.

The menu structure of the TRACER 5045 system is depicted below as follows:

MENU PAGE
MENU PAGE > MENU SELECTION
MENU PAGE > MENU SELECTION > SUB-MENU

>TRACER SYSTEM STATUS

Figure 2 shows the TRACER 5045 System Status menu page. The status of major system components for both sides of the TRACER link are displayed, but no configuration can be performed from this view.

	A
	Elapsed Time
B
Contact Information
	D
	Ethernet Status
F
Local Tracer STATUS
	E
	Remote TRACER Status
G	C RF Status
Frequency Plan
H
Rx Quality
I
Rx Power
J
Tx Power	K Navigation Reminder

Figure 2. TRACER 5045 System Status

A. Elapsed Time

The top of the TRACER 5045 System Status menu page displays the elapsed time the TRACER 5045 system has been operational since the last power reset.

B. Contact Information

The ADTRAN technical Support toll-free contact number is located directly beneath the elapsed time display at the top of the TRACER 5045 System Status menu page.

C. RF Status

A graphical indicator of the TRACER RF links is located beneath the Technical Support contact number. The status of the received radio link is indicated as RF UP or RF DOWN for each direction. This RF status display corresponds to the RF DOWN LED on the front of the unit.

D. Ethernet Status

A visual status of the current configuration for each 10/100BaseT/TX ethernet interface (for both the local and remote TRACER systems) is provided on the TRACER 5045 System Status menu page. The current operational speed of each ethernet interface (10BT or 100BT) indicates whether the interface is 10BaseT or 100BaseTX. A blank line next to the port number indicates there is no active ethernet link on the interface. A separate ethernet status page is accessible from the main menu to provide detailed ethernet information.

E. Remote TRACER Status

The right portion of the TRACER 5045 System Status menu page reports the status of the remote TRACER 5045 (the system across the wireless link from the active terminal). If the RF link is down, DATA NOT AVAILABLE is displayed in place of the remote system status information.

F. Local TRACER Status

The left portion of the TRACER 5045 System Status menu page reports the status of the local TRACER 5045 (the system where the active terminal is attached).

G. Frequency Plan

Displays the frequency plan (A or B) for the TRACER 5045 unit. For an operational TRACER 5045 system you should have one A and one B frequency plan.

H. Rx Quality

Displays an indicator of receive signal quality that is not necessarily related to receive signal level (for both the local and remote units) using a series of symbols (#). The more symbols displayed, the better the signal quality. This indicator is related to signal-to-noise ratio and features a colon (:) marker to indicate 10^-6 bit error rate. This indicator is useful as a diagnostic tool to help identify interference, as the system may have high receive signal level and poor signal quality in situations where interference is an issue.

I. Rx Power

Displays the approximate receiver levels (for both the local and remote units) using a series of symbols (#). The more symbols (#) displayed, the stronger the signal. If the link is down and remote end data is unavailable, DATA NOT AVAILABLE is displayed in place of the symbols (#).

J. Tx Power

Displays the approximate transmitter levels (for both the local and remote units) using a series of symbols (#). The more symbols (#) displayed, the stronger the signal. If the link is down and remote end data is unavailable, DATA NOT AVAILABLE is displayed in place of the symbols (#).

K. Navigation Reminders

Displays system navigation reminders. For more details on system navigation, refer to Navigating the Terminal Menu on page 40.

>MAIN MENU

The TRACER 5045 Main Menu page provides access to all other configuration/status pages.

Figure 3 shows the TRACER 5045 Main Menu page.

Figure 3. TRACER 5045 Main Menu

From the keyboard, use the up and down arrow keys to scroll through the available pages, or enter the number or letter of the selected page (to highlight the menu page) and press .

Press from any menu in the TRACER 5045 VT100 menu structure to access the TRACER 5045 Main Menu page.

>TRACER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

Figure 4 shows the TRACER 5045 System Configuration menu page. System configuration parameters for both the local and remote TRACER 5045 units are available through this menu page.

Figure 4. TRACER 5045 System Configuration

Press <1> from any menu in the TRACER 5045 VT100 menu structure to access the TRACER System Configuration menu page.

Displays the approximate receiver levels (for both the local and remote units) using a series of symbols (#). The more symbols (#) displayed, the stronger the signal. If the link is down and remote end data is unavailable, DATA NOT AVAILABLE displays in place of the symbols (#). This parameter is display only.

Allows the transmitter levels (for both the local and remote units) to be adjusted. The current transmitter level is displayed using a series of symbols (#). The more symbols (#) displayed, the stronger the signal. If the link is down and remote end data is unavailable, DATA NOT AVAILABLE displays in place of the symbols (#).

Reducing the transmitter power of the remote TRACER 5045 could negatively impact the TRACER RF link.

>TRACER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION > SITE NAME

Provides a user-defined alphanumeric description (up to 25 characters) for the TRACER 5045 system.

>TRACER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION > MODEM CONTROL

Configures the modem control leads on the RS-232 port (terminal interface located on the rear panel of the unit). Set MODEM CONTROL to ENABLED when connecting the unit to a modem (using a null modem adapter). Setting MODEM CONTROL to DISABLED prevents the TRACER 5045 from monitoring DCD and enables data to be sent to the VT100 continuously. MODEM CONTROL must be set to DISABLED when the VT100 terminal is in use. The TRACER 5045 comes factory programmed with MODEM CONTROL set to DISABLED.

Press three times from the terminal interface to disable MODEM CONTROL when the modem control leads are active.

>TRACER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION > MODEM CONNECTION (LOGOUT)

Causes the TRACER 5045 to de-assert Clear To Send (CTS) and DSR for a time greater than 20 msec. This signals the modem to disconnect the analog connection. Hangup-On-DTR-Drop may need to be explicitly enabled on some modems. If PASSWORD PROTECTION is ENABLED, this menu also causes the unit to close the current session and return to the TRACER System Status menu page and wait for password input.

>TRACER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION > PASSWORD ENABLE

Configures password protection for the VT100 terminal interface. Password protection for the TRACER 5045 requires password input from the TRACER 5045 System Status menu page when connecting to the unit. When configured for password protection, the TRACER 5045 closes any terminal session that remains inactive for more than 10 minutes. The TRACER 5045 comes factory programmed with PASSWORD ENABLE set to DISABLED.

Sets the password for password protection of the TRACER 5045 VT100 terminal interface. Enter up to 8 alphanumeric characters. The system password is case sensitive.

The default password for the TRACER 5045 is tracer.

>TRACER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION > PERFORMANCE STATS (CLEAR)

Resets all system error counters for the TRACER 5045.

>TRACER LINK PERFORMANCE HISTORY

Figure 5 shows the TRACER 5045 Link Performance History menu page, which displays detailed error statistics and received signal level for the RF link (from both the local and remote TRACER 5045 units) in 15-minute increments.

Figure 5. TRACER Link Performance History

The minimum received signal level (MIN RSL) is represented as a numerical value from 0 to 255 with 0 corresponding to no receive power and 255 corresponding to an extremely strong signal. The minimum received signal level is directly related to RSSI.

The error count and received signal level for the most recent 24 hours are recorded and displayed on the right side of the page. The left side of the page displays the 24 hour totals for the most recent 7 days.

Press to view the next 8 hours worth of 15-minute totals and

to view the previous 8 hours.

Press <2> from any menu in the TRACER 5045 VT100 menu structure to access the TRACER Link Performance History menu page.

>ETHERNET SWITCH STATUS

Figure 5 shows the Ethernet Switch Status menu page, which displays transmit and receive data statistics for the ethernet interfaces (from both the local and remote TRACER 5045 units).

Figure 6. TRACER Link Performance History

>ETHERNET SWITCH STATUS > TX PACKETS

Displays a counter of all data packets transmitted out the local and remote TRACER ethernet interfaces. Use this data as an indicator for how many packets are being transmitted between the four ethernet interfaces versus being transmitted over the wireless link.

>ETHERNET SWITCH STATUS > TX PACKETS DROPPED

Displays a counter of all transmit data packets that were unable to be transmitted out the individual ethernet interfaces (for both the local and remote TRACER units). Use this data as an indicator of congestion on the ethernet network segments.

>ETHERNET SWITCH STATUS > Rx PACKETS

Displays a counter of all data packets received on the local and remote TRACER ethernet interfaces. Use this data as an indicator for how many packets are being received on the four ethernet interfaces versus being received over the wireless link.

>ETHERNET SWITCH STATUS > RX PACKETS DROPPED

Displays a counter of all received data packets that were unable to be processed due to congestion inside the TRACER 5045 bridge (for both the local and remote TRACER 5045 units). Use this data as an indicator of congestion inside the TRACER 5045 bridge.

>ETHERNET SWITCH STATUS > Rx PACKET ERRORS

Displays a counter of all received data packets that are greater than or equal to 64 bytes in length and have either a FCS error or an alignment error (for both the local and remote TRACER units).

TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

Provides helpful information for troubleshooting common configuration problems for the TRACER 5045.

CONTENTS

Overview....52

LED Indicators 52

PWR LED 52

TST LED 52

RF DOWN LED....52

RF LOW LED 53

LAN LEDs....53

RF Errors 53

Step-by-Step Troubleshooting....53

Installing/Troubleshooting the TRACER Hardware 54

Installing/Configuring T1 Hardware....55

1. OVERVIEW

This troubleshooting guide provides recommended actions for various conditions of the TRACER 5045 system. The status LEDs (located on the front panel of the unit) provide information to help determine the necessary troubleshooting action. Recommended actions for resolving possible status LED indicators are contained in this guide.

2. LED INDICATORS

PWR LED

If the PWR LED is not ON and solid green, it is an indicator that the TRACER 5045 is not receiving adequate DC power.

Recommended Actions:

1. Verify that the power source is delivering between 21 and 60 VDC.
2. Check the polarity of the power connection (referenced to ground) of both the TRACER 5045 unit and the power source.
3. Check the internal fuse. The fuse is accessed from the rear panel of the unit. If this fuse is open, replace with a 2 A, 250 V (2-inch) slow-blo fuse.

TST LED

The TST LED will remain ON (solid amber) during power-up to indicate a self-test is in progress. If the TST LED is blinking or remains ON after 10 seconds, this indicates that the TRACER 5045 unit has failed the self-test. This is an internal failure, and ADTRAN technical support should be contacted.

RF DOWN LED

If the RF DOWN LED is ON (solid red), it is an indicator that there is a problem with the RF link to the TRACER 5045.

Recommended Actions:

1. Check the RF coaxial cable connection.
2. Measure the RSSI voltage. If the signal is acceptable (> 2.0 VDC at RSSI test point), go to Step 6.
3. Verify that one end of the link is configured as Plan A and the other end as Plan B.
4. Verify that the antenna polarization is the same at both ends of the RF signal transmit and receive path.
5. Verify the RF signal path is clear.
6. Check for possible interference at both ends of the link. If necessary, change polarization and/or bandplans at both ends.
7. Check the integrity of the lightning arrestors.

RF LOW LED

If the RF LOW LED is ON (solid red), it is an indicator that the received signal is within 10 dB (approximately) of the minimum operable signal. This condition is typically indicative of a path problem.

Recommended Actions:

1. Verify the far-end transmitter power setting is the value that the link planning budget allows.
2. Check all coaxial cable connectors for solid connections. Check for water and corrosion around any of the connectors. If water is apparent in the coaxial connectors, replace the coaxial cable and the connectors, making sure to properly weatherproof the replacements.
3. Verify the RF signal path by verifying the antenna alignment.
4. Check the integrity of the cable plant.
5. Check the integrity of lightning arrestors.

LAN LEDs

If the LAN LED is OFF, it is an indication that the TRACER 5045 does not detect an active ethernet link on the particular 10/100BaseT/TX interface.

Recommended Actions:

1. Check all ethernet cable connections to verify they are properly plugged in (making sure the tab on the connector snaps into place).
2. Connect the 10/100BaseT/TX interface to a "known good" ethernet port to verify the TRACER port is functioning properly.
3. Try another ethernet cable.

3. RF ERRORS

RF errors can range anywhere from a nonviable microwave path to loose RF connectors.

Nonviable path conditions could be caused by physical obstructions such as buildings, moutainous terrain, trees, etc., as well as other physical limitations such as excessive path distances and in-band RF interference. These types of errors are remedied by performing a detailed line-of-site microwave path study to determine whether a microwave link is feasible for the terrain and environment under consideration.

If after performing a microwave path study the system is still not operational, ensure that the antennas are properly aligned. Note that alignment must be achieved in both elevation and azimuth for optimal link performance. The TRACER 5045 can be used to aid in antenna alignment by looking at the Rx POWER “fuel gauge” on the System Status or System Configuration menu pages. Optimal antenna alignment will correspond to the maximum number of RSSI bars on the TRACER 5045 terminal display.

4. STEP-BY-STEP TROUBLESHOOTING

The logical troubleshooting flow presented in this section can be used to set up your TRACER 5045 system, and also to diagnose a previously installed system. Please contact ADTRAN Technical support at any stage during installation and/or troubleshooting if you require assistance.

5. INSTALLING/TROUBLESHOOTING THE TRACER HARDWARE

1. Perform a detailed path profile and link budget for each TRACER 5045 microwave link. A thorough path study can be used to estimate signal power budgets, fade margins at each receiver, identity potential line-of-site obstacles, properly size antenna dishes, and determine minimum antenna dish heights above the earth.

ADTRAN provides a wireless link planning tool on our website. This link budget tool is constructed as an easy to use spreadsheet with dropdown menus so that the user can quickly change any of the link parameters (antenna size, coaxial cable type and length, frequency band, link distance, etc) and instantly see how the microwave path availability is affected. This tool is available at www.adtran.com/wireless and can be used online or downloaded for standalone use.

1. Setup all of the TRACER hardware on a workbench. ADTRAN recommends that the actual cables used in the permanent installation be used in the workbench setup. A rigorous workbench "simulation" of the link will help alleviate and avoid time-consuming errors.
2. Examine the PLAN A and PLAN B LEDs on the front panel of each unit. These LEDs indicate the frequency plan for each TRACER 5045 unit. The frequency plan (Plan A, Plan B) LED should be the opposite on the TRACER 5045 units.
3. Attach the RF coaxial cables to be used in the permanent installation to the N-type connectors on the back of the TRACER 5045 unit. Attach the other end of the coaxial cable(s) to an RF power meter or spectrum analyzer, if either is available. The power measured by the meter/analyzer will be the RF power available at the input of the antenna. The TRACER 5045 unit is programmed at the factory to output approximately 100 mW (20 dBm) of RF power. The actual power level measured by the meter/analyzer will be less than 100 mW due to RF losses through the coaxial cable, and is a function of the cable type and length being used. In any event, the power level at the output of the coaxial cable should be a significant fraction of 100 mW. A power meter/analyzer reading that is not on the order of at least tens-of-milliwatts could be an indication of any combination of either unsuitable RF, faulty, or unreasonably long coaxial cable.
4. Resolve all RF coaxial cabling errors before proceeding.
5. Attach the RF coaxial cables to a high-quality attenuator, if possible. If you do not have an attenuator, attach the coaxial cables to the antennas to be used in the permanent installation. If the installation antennas are not available, small, inexpensive dipole or patch antennas can be used for verification purposes. If an adjustable attenuator is being used, dial in the amount of attenuation that corresponds to the path loss value expected for the microwave link in which the TRACER hardware will be installed. The path loss value can be calculated from a knowledge of the path length, or provided by a path study. Remember to subtract both antenna gain values from the attenuator level if these values have not already be accounted for.
6. After setting up the RF pieces, examine the RF DOWN LED on the front panel of each TRACER 5045 unit. If the RF DOWN LED is illuminated (red), the corresponding TRACER 5045 is not receiving a suitable RF signal from the other TRACER 5045 unit. In this case, the receiving TRACER 5045 is either receiving a very weak signal, or no signal at all. If the RF DOWN LED is not illuminated, then the TRACER 5045 units are receiving a suitable RF signal. Suitable RF power levels for low error rate communication will range from -30 dBm to -78 dBm measured at the N-type connector input on the TRACER 5045 unit.

7. Resolve any signal level issues before proceeding.

8. Examine the RF LOW LED on the front panel of each TRACER 5045. If this LED is illuminated, then the TRACER 5045 is receiving a relatively weak signal; however, if the RF DOWN LED is not illuminated, then the received signal is being suitably processed by the TRACER 5045 system. If you are receiving a weak signal (RF LOW is ON), please verify that the weak signal is not being caused by a faulty cable, an insufficiently tightened cable, or some other installation-related problem. Also, make sure an unreasonably large attenuation value has not been selected if you are using an attenuator on a workbench setup.

Use the tables in Section 2, Microwave Path Engineering Basics, of this manual to select the proper free-space attenuation value (in dB) based on the estimated length of the microwave path. Remember to subtract both antenna gains (local and remote) from the attenuator setting.

1. Connect a computer (or ethernet test equipment) to the TRACER 5045 ethernet interfaces. Perform a “ping” from one test station across the wireless link to another test station connected to the remote TRACER 5045. This will verify the data path between the test equipment and the TRACER 5045 unit.

Installing/Configuring Ethernet Hardware

1. If possible, attach any or all of the intended ethernet hardware to the TRACER 5045 units using the same workbench setup. This step offers the perfect opportunity to configure your ethernet hardware for proper functioning with the TRACER hardware.

2. To significantly reduce the probability of an unsuccessful field installation, resolve any remaining ethernet equipment-to-TRACER 5045 configuration issues before field installation.